Risk Factors Associated Hypertension of Employees

Risa Herlianita

and Novika Reza Ajeng Issa Putri

Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Jalan Bendungan Sutami No.

188A, Malang, East Java, Indonesia

Keywords: Hypertension risk factors, hypertension, employees.

Abstract: Hypertension is called the silent killer because this disease is a deadly disease, this disease can give up

anyone, both young and old. Risk factors for hypertension include age, gender, family history, obesity, diet,

smoking habits, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. The purpose of this study was to determine risk

factors related to hypertension to employees in private university located in urban area. This study used a

descriptive research design. The sample amount to 93 respondents was taken by the purposive sampling

technique. The results of the study Showed that risk factors for hypertension include age 18-29 years

(46.2%), female sex (52.7%), family history (52.7%), body mass index in the normal category (54.8%), fruit

diet and vegetables 1-2 servings (83.9%, 78.5%), smoking in the category of never smoking (64.5%),

consuming alcohol in the category of never consuming alcohol (93.5%), physical activity in the category

High Level (63.4%). Based on the results of research that has been done, it can be concluded that the risk

factors of family history, gender and consumption patterns of fruits and vegetables have the highest

percentage in the incidence of hypertension.

1 INTRODUCTION

Hypertension is a disorder of blood vessels and the

heart which causes the supply of oxygen and

nutrients carried by the blood to be blocked to the

tissues. Hypertension is defined as an increase in

systolic blood pressure at levels> 140 mmHg and

diastolic blood pressure at levels> 90 mmHg (Black

& Hawks, 2014). Hypertension is also known as a

silent killer because this disease is a deadly disease,

this disease can affect anyone both young and old

(Pudiastuti, 2013).

Based on the World Health Organization (WHO)

in 2013, the prevalence of hypertension in the adult

population was 35% in developed countries while in

developing countries it was 40%. It is predicted that

the prevalence of hypertension in the next 2025 will

increase by 80% from 639 million cases in 2000 to

1.15 billion cases. This prediction is based on the

incidence of hypertension and the increasing

population at this time. Based on the Indonesian

Ministry of Health in 2013, the prevalence of

hypertension in Indonesia reached 31.7% suffered

starting from the age of 18 years and over.

The increasing prevalence of hypertension in

society is epidemiologically influenced by several

factors, namely increasing age and obesity, other

risk factors for hypertension are smoking, alcohol

use, and lack of physical activity (WHO, 2016).

According to the research of Rysz, Michalska,

Pencina, et al (2014) the level of knowledge and

awareness of hypertension sufferers in carrying out a

healthy lifestyle is still lacking. One effort to

overcome the high prevalence of hypertension can

be done by increasing patient awareness to identify

risk factors and preventive management (Pradono,

2013). According to Darmadi's (2013) research,

explaining that an employee spends time in the

office for about eight hours a day for one week,

many do not engage in regular physical activity on

the grounds there is no time to do it. Someone who

is not active in physical activity has a 30-50%

greater risk of experiencing hypertension.

The results of interviews from several employees

found that the average employee has a smoking

habit. Based on the above background, the

researcher is interested in identifying risk factors

associated with hypertension in employees in an

urban area.

Herlianita, R. and Putri, N.

Risk Factors Associated Hypertension of Employees.

DOI: 10.5220/0009121000480052

In Proceedings of the 2nd Health Science International Conference (HSIC 2019), pages 48-52

ISBN: 978-989-758-462-6

2 METHODS

This research is a descriptive correlational study

aimed to reveal the correlation between variables

(Nursalam, 2008). This study uses a cross sectional

approach which is a study that studies the dynamics

of the correlation between risk factors and the

effects that occur, using the observation approach or

data collection with a point time approach, meaning

that each research subject is only observed once

(Notoatmodjo, 2012).

This research was conducted in one of the private

University located in Malang in January 2019 using

a purposive sampling technique. The number of

samples in this study was 3 respondents, with

inclusion criteria: (1) Muhammadiyah University of

Malang employees with increased blood pressure,

(2) Willing to be a research respondent. Exclusion

Criteria: (1) Not willing to be research respondents.

The research instrument was a questionnaire in

the form of questions. The awareness questionnaire

consisted of 13 hypertension awareness questions to

find out someone's awareness about hypertension.

Measurement of awareness uses the Guttman scale

with answers to questions YES and NO (Kumar et

al, 2016). While the hypertension risk factor

questionnaire uses a questionnaire based on the

World Health Organization (WHO) in 2014.

The results of the data collection obtained

through the questionnaire. Then, Coding is an

activity of giving numeric codes (numbers) to data

consisting of several categories. Then Enter the data

that has been collected into the table.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A description of the results of research on risk

factors associated with hypertension in private

university in an urban area located in Malang.

Characteristics of respondents based on hypertension

risk factors are presented in table 1.



From table 1 shows that from the results of data

collection frequency distribution based on age it can

be seen that the age of respondents is mostly in the

age category 18-29 years as many as 43 (46.2%)

respondents. The frequency distribution of sex can

be seen that respondents with male sex are 44

(47.3%), while respondents with female sex are 49

(52.7%). Based on the fruit diet it can be seen that

the respondents consume fruit in one day are mostly

in the 1-2 portion category as many as 78 (83.9%)

respondents. Based on the vegetable diet, it can be

seen that the respondents consume vegetables in 1

day mostly in the 1-2 portion category as many as 73

(78.5%) respondents. Based on smoking habits it can

be seen that the majority of respondents in the

category of never smoked as many as 60 (64.5%)

respondents. Based on alcohol consumption it can be

seen that the majority of respondents have never

consumed alcohol as many as 87 (93.5%)

respondents. Based on Physical Activity it can be

seen that most of the physical activities in the high-

level category are 59 (63.4%) respondents.



Based on the results of research conducted by the

majority of respondents aged 18-29 years. The age

factor is one of the factors that influence

hypertension because the more you age, the higher

the risk of hypertension. This is caused by natural

changes in the body that affect blood vessels,

hormones and the heart (Triyanto, 2014). The study

of Sartik et al. (2017) explained that the majority of

respondents aged ≥ 40 years and those with

hypertension were 82 (31.5%). Based on statistical

tests between age and the incidence of hypertension,

it was found that 31.5% of those aged ≥ 40 years

who had hypertension and as many as 6.6% of

respondents aged <40 years suffering from

hypertension. From this it can be seen that the

incidence of hypertension at age ≥ 40 years is higher

than the incidence of hypertension at age <40 years.

This means that as we get older the more the risk of

suffering from hypertension.

Based on research that has been done, it is found

that the majority of respondents are female

calamine. Sex is also one of the factors that

influence blood pressure.

 Men and women have

different risks for the incidence of hypertension.

Men are more at risk than women. But at a certain

age, both have a risk that is almost the same as when

the age above 45 years, even women can be more at

risk (Tilong, 2014).

Based on the research that has been done, the results

show that most respondents have a history of

hypertension. The results showed that 52.7% of

respondents had the risk of hypertension. Supported

by other studies explaining that from statistical tests



with odds ratios indicate that history of hypertension

is a significant risk factor for hypertension with an

OR = 6.13. That is, respondents who have a history

of hypertension have a 6.13 times greater risk of

developing hypertension than respondents who do

not have a history of hypertension (Arda et al, 2018).

Risk Factors Associated Hypertension of Employees

Table 1: Description of hypertension risk factors based on age, gender, family history, obesity, diet, smoking habits, alcohol

consumption, physical activity.

No Risk Factor N (%)

1 Age (year):

- 18-29

- 30-44

- 45-59

- 60-69

43 (46,2)

32 (34,4)

18 (19,4)

0 (0)

2 Gender

- Male

- Female

44 (47,3)

49 (52,7)

3 Family history

- History of hypertension

- No history of hypertension

49 (52,7)

44 (47,3)

4 Body mass index

- Under

- Normal

- Overweight

- Obese

13 (14,0)

51 (54,8)

7 (7,5)

22 (23,7)

5 Fruit diet

- ≥ 5 servings

- 3-4 servings

- 1-2 servings

- Do not consume

2 (2,2)

11 (11,8)

78 (83,9)

2 (2,2)

6 Vegetable diet

- ≥ 5 servings

- 3-4 servings

- 1-2 servings

- Do not consume

0 (0)

20 (21,5)

73 (78,5)

0 (0)

7 Smoking habits

- Daily smoker

- Non-Daily Smoker

- Former Smoker

- Never smoked

20 (21,5)

2 (2,2)

11 (11,8)

60 (64,5)

8 Alcohol consumption

- Consuming the last 30 days

- Did not consume 12 months

- Consuming the last 12 months

- Never consumed

3 (3,2)

1 (1,1)

2 (2,2)

87 (93,5)

9 Physical Activity

- High Level

- Moderate Level

- Low Level

59 (63,4)

18 (19,4)

16 (17,2)

Based on research that has been done, the results

show that the body mass index mostly has a Body

Mass Index in the normal category. However, there

are some respondents who have a body mass index

in the obesity category. The study showed that as

many as 23.7% of respondents had the risk of

hypertension. The results of other studies explain

that there is a statistically significant relationship

between obesity and the incidence of hypertension.

Based on statistical tests, the value of OR = 6.47 is

obtained. That is, people who are obese have a risk

of developing hypertension by 6.47 times compared

to people who are not obese. So it can be concluded

that obesity is one of the risk factors for

hypertension (Sapitri & Suyanto, 2016).

Based on research that has been done, the results

show that for the most fruit diet in the category of

consuming fruit 1-2 servings. Study Dietary

Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet

showed that a diet high in fruits and vegetables can

lower the systolic blood pressure of 6-11 mmHg and

3-6 mmHg diastolic blood pressure (Rahadiyanti et

al, 2015). In the study of Hardati & Ahmad (2017)

explained that respondents who consumed fruit <2

servings/day were at risk of hypertension 1.01 times

HSIC 2019 - The Health Science International Conference

compared to those who consumed fruit ≥ 2

servings/day.

While the results for the vegetable diet most

respondents in the category of consuming 1-2

servings of vegetables. The study showed that as

many as 78.5% of respondents had the risk of

hypertension. In the study of Hardati & Ahmad

(2017) explained that respondents who consumed

vegetables <3 servings/day were at risk 1.04 times

suffering from hypertension compared to consuming

vegetables ≥ 3 servings/day.

Based on research that has been done, the results

show that from the number of male respondents

some respondents have smoking habits. This study

shows that as many as 22.7% of respondents have a

risk of hypertension. This is supported by the

research of Sartik et al (2017) explaining that the

results of the study showed a statistically significant

relationship between smoking habits and the

incidence of hypertension. In this study explained

that smoking behavior will increase the risk of

hypertension up to 6.9 times higher than those who

do not smoke.

Based on research that has been done, it is found

that the result of alcohol consumption is that most

respondents do not consume alcohol. Alcohol

consumption will have a bad impact on health for

the long term. One result of excessive alcohol

consumption will result in increased blood pressure.

Alcohol is one of the causes of hypertension because

alcohol has the same effect as carbon dioxide which

can increase blood acidity, so the blood becomes

thick and the heart is forced to pump, besides that

excessive alcohol consumption, in the long run, will

affect the cortisol levels in the blood thereby

resulting in the activity of rennin-angiotensin

aldosterone system (RAAS) increases (Komaling,

2013).

Based on the research that has been done, it is

obtained that the physical activity of the respondents

is mostly in the high-level category. The study

showed that as many as 17.2% of respondents had a

risk of hypertension. Supported by the results of

research Sapitri & Suyanto (2016) explains that

there is a statistically significant relationship

between physical activity and the incidence of

hypertension. Based on statistical tests, the value of

OR = 13.47 is obtained. That is, people who do not

do regular physical activity have a risk of

developing hypertension by 13.47 times compared

with people who do regular physical activity.

In this study, the authors found several research

limitations. As for some of these limitations are the

blood pressure is only measured one time.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of research that has been done,

it can be concluded that the risk factors of family

history, gender and consumption patterns of fruits

and vegetables have the highest percentage in the

incidence of hypertension. Adds an overview and

knowledge of hypertension risk factors. For those

who have a history of hypertension to be able to

control blood pressure by increasing healthy

lifestyles, one of which is by consuming fruits and

vegetables

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