Routes of Narcotics Smuggling in the Southeast Asia Region:

Case Study in Riau Province Region Border Indonesia and Malaysia

Rendi Prayuda, Cifebrima Suyastri, M. Arsy Ash Shiddiqy, Fitrisia Munir and Artha Yudilla

International Relations Department, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Islam Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia

Keywords:

Narcotics, Smuggling, Southeast Asia.

Abstract:

This paper describes the route of narcotics smuggling in the Southeast Asia region, especially in the Riau

Province, bordering Indonesia and Malaysia. The Southeast Asia region is one of the regions in the world

that has an area of around 4.4 million km

. Rapid population growth in the Southeast Asia region has a

negative impact on the development of narcotics smuggling. Riau Province is one of the gateways to illegally

enter narcotics from other countries. This paper uses a qualitative approach with collect data by observation,

interview and documentations. The theoritical concepts are used are international security, human security

and drug trafﬁcking. The results of this study indicate that narcotics smuggling routes in the border regions

of Indonesia and Malaysia are carried out by sea lane along the borderline of Riau Province and Malaysia.

Narcotics are neatly wrapped and installed GPS devices are then smuggled at night by utilizing the services of

ﬁshermen as couriers. The seawater smuggling route was chosen due to several factors, namely: the distance

of the near water area, the number of unofﬁcial or illegal ports, the lack of surveillance patrols along the

territorial seas and the professionalism of law enforcement ofﬁcers in the border region.

1 INTRODUCTION

This article is a paper describing narcotics smuggling

routes in the Southeast Asia region, especially in

the Riau Province region, Indonesia and Malaysia

borders and will also analyze how narcotics

smuggling is carried out by the drug cartel maﬁa and

why the route is used as a narcotics smuggling route

in the province Riau borders Indonesia and Malaysia.

One type of transnational organized crime that

threatens human security today is the circulation

of narcotics which can easily penetrate the borders

of the world through neat management networks

and sophisticated technology (Broome, 2000). In

the development of the international narcotics

distribution network, the Southeast Asian region is

categorized as the area of production, distribution

and consumption known as the ”Golden Triangle” or

”Golden Triangle” (Othman et al., 2004). The Golden

Triangle area is located on the border of Thailand,

Myanmar, and Laos and produces 60% of the world’s

opium and heroin production. Narcotics production

in this region is included in the narcotics category

and a potential addictive made from poppy plants

and papaver somniferum which produce heroin. This

Golden Triangle region contributes to the heroin

industry which is worth US $ 160 billion per year

(Othman et al., 2004). The following is a graph of the

development of opium growth in the Golden Triangle

region according to the UNODC report, namely:

Opium cultivation in the Golden Triangle

(1998-2007) – UNODC Report.

Figure 1: Graph of Opium Growth in the Golden Triangle

region (Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand)

Based on the graph above, Thailand, Myanmar

and Laos are included in the category of countries

in Southeast Asia which have high rates of opium

production. So that the high rate of narcotics

production has resulted in countries in the Southeast

Asian region becoming a country market of illegal

drug smuggling by cartel of narcotics crimes. One

of the countries that are the goal of narcotics

Prayuda, R., Suyastri, C., Shiddiqy, M., Munir, F. and Yudilla, A.

Routes of Narcotics Smuggling in the Southeast Asia Region: Case Study in Riau Province Region Border Indonesia and Malaysia.

DOI: 10.5220/0009058300340040

In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Social, Economy, Education and Humanity (ICoSEEH 2019) - Sustainable Development in Developing Country for Facing Industrial

Revolution 4.0, pages 34-40

ISBN: 978-989-758-464-0

smuggling in the Southeast Asia region in Indonesia.

Widespread narcotics trafﬁcking in Indonesia is

caused by several ﬁrst things because of the demand

from consumers who need the supply of imported

narcotics. Both of Indonesia are considered good

land for narcotics trafﬁcking with a very strategic

geographical condition of Indonesia, the form of a

country that is mostly a separate archipelago and there

are 10 entry points that make it easier for dealers to

include narcotics in Indonesia.

According to data from the Indonesian National

Police (Polri), the number of narcotics and illegal

drugs cases in Indonesia has continued to increase,

since 2010 there were 26,614 narcotics cases,

and increased to 26,500 cases in 2011. In 2012,

the number of narcotics and drug cases increased

illicit drugs are not too signiﬁcant from 2011, only

0.23 percent or an increase of 61 cases to 26,561

cases. In 2013, the number of narcotics and illegal

drugs cases in Indonesia increased again, this time

with a signiﬁcant number of cases, namely 32,470

cases in 2013 and until 2015 cases that occurred

in Indonesia were around 44,321 cases (https: // www.

asean.org/news/asean-secretariat-news/item/asean-rea

fﬁrmed commitment towards-drug-free-vision).

Based on data from the BNN report, Indonesia is

the country with the highest ranking in the distribution

of narcotics in the Southeast Asian region. According

to National Police Headquarters data that several

cities in Indonesia such as Bali, Jakarta, Medan,

Surabaya, Batam, and Pekanbaru are cities with a

high level of narcotics circulation. One of the regions

of Indonesia which is the gateway to the entry of

narcotics from Southeast Asia by sea is the territory

of Riau Province. This is because as a region directly

bordering Malaysia and Singapore, Riau Province

has high mobility in the ﬂow of goods and people.

The geographical location of Riau Province which is

strategically adjacent to Malaysia and Singapore has

resulted in the network of transnational crime making

the Riau Province Region a transit area for narcotics

from Malaysia, mainly from the type of shabu-shabu

sent illegally or unofﬁcially through unofﬁcial port

lines in the Province Riau.

The problem of narcotics smuggling in the

Southeast Asian region is a regional security threat,

meaning that every citizen in the Southeast Asian

region becomes a victim of illegal and massive

narcotics abuse. The Riau Province region which

is directly adjacent to Malaysia in the Malacca

Strait waters makes Riau one of the entry gates of

narcotics through the sea (sea) so that the threat to

human security becomes very serious. This argument

was analyzed using the perspective of constructivism

which focused on how narcotics smuggling in the

Riau Province region borders Indonesia and Malaysia

was carried out and why this form of modus operandi

was used by perpetrators of narcotics crimes in the

Southeast Asia region.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

This article uses the perspective of constructivism

in analyzing route routes and modus operandi of

narcotics smuggling in the Southeast Asia case study

in the Riau Province region bordering Indonesia

and Malaysia. Some basic assumptions from the

perspective of constructivism:

• The state does not become the only actor

in international politics, there are other actors

in international relations such as international

organizations, individuals and groups.

• Security issues in international relations are not

only war and the military, but there are security

issues that are non-military in nature such as

transnational organized crime.

• Knowledge and mutual understanding are the

results of the construction of ideas by interaction

between many actors.

• Material resources; is an empirical fact that

is completely separated from the collective

knowledge.

• Actors’ practices or behavior are actually

variables that are inﬂuenced by the construction

of knowledge that they construct collectively and

are very dynamic (Jackson, Robert & Sorensen,

Jackson. 2005).

Vignette explained in his writing about

International drug trafﬁcking, organized crime, and

terrorism in Afghanistan. (McCarthy, 2011) Find out

that the development of transnational narcotics crime

in Afghanistan is inﬂuenced by two factors, namely

geographical and economic factors. Geographically,

Afghanistan is ﬂanked by two valleys known as

Wakhan Corridor connecting with China and the

Pamir Knot connects with the Indian Himalayas.

Economically, Afghanistan is known as potential

mining and producing poppy plants in which is a

type of plant source of opium which is processed into

heroin and legalized by the Government. This plant

is mass-produced in Helmand Province and is the

largest opium production beyond opium production

in Burma (Myanmar).

Furthermore, Carl Troccki conducted research

on drug abuse, entitled The Criminalization of

Routes of Narcotics Smuggling in the Southeast Asia Region: Case Study in Riau Province Region Border Indonesia and Malaysia

Drugs. Drugs Before They Were Criminalized

(Trocki, C. A. 1999). Explain that the criminalization

of narcotics is a prohibition on all forms of

narcotics-related activities starting from production,

extraction, trade and marketing activities. Since

1725 Opium is an illegal form of narcotics according

to the United States, while for allies of the Soviet

Union such as Burma, Vietnam, Nicaragua, and

Afghanistan the opium trade is a source of foreign

exchange. As a transnational crime, the narcotics

trade is very proﬁtable, so the prohibition on the

circulation and trafﬁcking of narcotics is increasingly

encouraging the occurrence of transnational illegal

drug trafﬁcking.

According to the writings of Francisco E. Thoumi

in his article entitled The Impact of the Illegal Drug

Industry on Colombia (R. T Naylor, 1995). He found

that changes in the economy and politics globally

resulted in crimes in the border region. In 1990,

Colombian drug trafﬁckers used ships, cargo planes to

send cocaine on the international market. The export

route is developed in extreme complex coordination

through air and sea routes to penetrate the transit

country. In 1990 the circulation of narcotics was

carried out with a multinational narcotics company

model structured in various countries complete with

subcontractors and freelancers as well as by way of

smuggling, marketing, money laundering. Therefore,

these organized transnational narcotics crimes work

unconditionally and are known by state governments

with high work risks, the threat faced is not only

high prices of narcotics but also must understand

the coordination and authority of the Government in

anticipating transnational crime.

Elﬁra’s writing regarding the existence of regional

institutions in dealing with narcotics crimes (Elﬁra

Febira. 2013). To conclude that the existence of

regional institutions is carried out by agreeing on

the cooperation of each member country through

coordination of handling and handling patterns

of each country in resolving narcotics problems

and making collective agreements especially in the

policies of each country that is integrated.

Buzan explained that security is a perception

formed by the state in deﬁning a security issue.

Whereas Weaver added the need for securitization

on security issues. The dynamics of security are

seen from various sectors such as military, economic,

political, environmental and social. Current issues

in the social, political and military sectors are more

inﬂuenced by the complexity of security at the

regional level while economic issues at the global

level and environmental issues are summarized in

local and global security issues (Buzan et al., 1998;

Kramer et al., 2009; Federico, 1996). The concept

of security according to Buzan is seen as a complex

problem or known as a security complex. In general,

security complexes are deﬁned as a set of states

whose major security perceptions and problems are

not related or resolved apart from another (Buzan

et al., 1998; Ma’sum, 1987).

The term ”transnational crime” was introduced

to explain the complex links that exist between

organized crime, white-collar crime, and corruption,

which are serious problems that arise as a result

of ”crime as a business”. Arrangement of crime

activities extends beyond national borders and has an

impact on violations of various countries’ laws, has

become the most dangerous characteristic of crime

groups that operate at the international level. In its

development, the form of crime termed has often been

associated with the context of globalization (which

is a representation of current social, economic and

cultural conditions). Therefore, frequent debates

are centered on the opportunity to commit various

crimes or the legitimate actions given by a world

that develops without borders, to a variety of

actors commonly deﬁned as transnational organized

groups, transnational organizations, and transnational

networks.

According to Albanese, the growth of organized

crime in various countries cannot be separated

from its supporting factors. There are ﬁve

supporting factors including economic conditions,

government regulations, the effectiveness of law

enforcement, the level of demand for goods or

services, and the formation of new markets for

goods and services through social and technological

changes (http://www.asean.org/communities/asean

-political-security-community/item/

asean-declaration-on-transnational-crime-manila-

20-december-1997). Therefore, transnational crime

carried out in an organized manner is referred to as

transnational Organized Crime (TOC). In general,

transnational crime can be formulated as a form of

crime that ”provides goods or services illegally to

gain proﬁt”. Transnational crime is a threat to the

national security of a country or a region, considering

that this crime is organized and oriented to power and

money.

Conceptually, narcotics comes from Greek, from

the word Narke, which means frozen, paralyzed,

and stupid (Aliﬁa, 2008; Edwards and Gill, 2004),

whereas according to the deﬁnition of medical

Pharmacology, narcotics are drugs that can eliminate

(especially) pain originating from the area Visceral

and can cause stupor effects (dumbfound still

conscious but still need to be bullied) and addiction.

ICoSEEH 2019 - The Second International Conference on Social, Economy, Education, and Humanity

The terminology that is widely used to refer to drugs

is drugs, drugs, and Madat (Aliﬁa, 2008; Tobing,

2002). According to the effect of its use (effect),

due to overdose (overdose) and symptoms of free

inﬂuence (Withdrawal Syndrome) and the medical

community, drugs are often misused.

3 RESEARCH METHODS

The research approach used in this study is a

qualitative approach. But this study also uses some

quantitative data such as statistical data tables, graphs

and quantitative diagrams regarding the development

of numerical scales of an empirical phenomenon.

This research is a case study using a qualitative

approach. The data in this paper come from

ﬁeld research and library research. This paper is

ﬁeld research (ﬁeld research) and library research

(library research). Therefore, several data collection

techniques in this study were conducted by in-depth

interviews with research informants namely the

Directorate General of ASEAN Cooperation Ministry

of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia,

ASEAN National Secretariat in Jakarta, ASEAN

NARCO, National Narcotics Agency, Directorate of

Investigation and Narcotics and smuggling criminals

narcotics.

4 THINKING FRAMEWORK

The thinking framework is one subsection that

cannot be separated from writing. Therefore, as for

the framework of thinking in writing about narcotics

smuggling routes in the Southeast Asia region (Case

study in the Riau Province region bordering Indonesia

and Malaysia), namely:

5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

One form of the real threat today to human security

is the illegal trade and abuse of narcotics. The

prevalence of drug abuse in the world from 2006

to 2018 has increased. Although the curve looks

sloping, the total amount is quite high. The amount of

prevalence of abuse in the world is estimated at 4.9%

or 208 million users in 2006 and then experienced a

slight decline in 2008 and 2009 to 4.6% and 4.8%.

But then it increased again to 5.2% in 2011 and

remained stable until 2013. In absolute terms, it is

estimated that there are around 167 to 315 million

Figure 2: Research Thinking Framework

Source: Research Processed Data. 2019

abusers from the world population aged 15-64 years

who use drugs at least once a year since 2013

(UNODC. 2015).

In the last ﬁve years, the trend of the type of

ecstasy has been indicated to decline by around 15%

in various countries, while the use of Amphetamine

has been reported to be stable. However, there

has been a dramatic increase (158%) in the last

ﬁve years, namely the consumption of amphetamine.

In addition, several types of synthetic drugs have

emerged and developed in the drug trade, even more

and more countries are reporting each year. In 2014,

new types of drugs were reported in more than 90

countries, the number of countries reporting new

types of drugs increased by about 1.5 times compared

to 2009. This type of synthetic drugs became a ”legal

highs” commodity and replaced drugs such as cocaine

and ecstasy. This synthetic drug is sold on the internet

and online and has special shops. Cannabis use also

increases in most countries. Cannabis abuse is the

most abuse group that requires special treatment for

users. The use of ATS also increases globally. This

might be because ATS is used as a drug to treat opiate

use disorders (UNODC. 2015).

Geographically, Riau Province has a very strategic

position, which is directly adjacent to Malaysia,

Singapore, and Thailand; face to face with the

Malacca Strait which is the crossing point of world

trade. In addition, the Sumatra regional region of Riau

Province is in the central part of the island of Sumatra

on a cross-regional movement trajectory that provides

an opportunity to build high access to goods, people,

information and capital trafﬁc. Riau Province has a

long coastline stretching from the Panipahan region

Routes of Narcotics Smuggling in the Southeast Asia Region: Case Study in Riau Province Region Border Indonesia and Malaysia

of Rokan Hilir Regency to the Kijang Island area of

Indragiri Hilir Regency, which is around 370 Mil or

equivalent to 685.24 km with 139 islands in Riau

Province with details of an island called 73 islands

and nameless island 66 islands. In addition, Riau

Province also has several regions or islands with the

status of the leading islands, namely:

• Jemur Island is located in the Kuching Stone area

about 45 miles (83.34 km) Malaysia

• Tokong Island is bordered by Batu Kuching

Malaysia

• Sinaboi Island is bordered by Port Dickson

Malaysia

• Tanjung Medang is bordered by Tanjung Rachado

Malaysia

• Tanjung Parit is bordered by Tanjung Tohor

Malaysia

• Tanjung Kedabu is bordered by Pulau Pisang

Riau Province is directly adjacent to the northern

part of the Straits of Malacca and only 83 km

from Batu Kuching Malaysia. In the waters,

there are 3,214 large and small islands that are

spread strategically. Because part of it is in the

Malacca Strait and the South China Sea which is

one of the main sea/shipping routes in the world

of global trade. With this strategic position, Riau

Province is one of the gateways to enter narcotics

smuggling in the Southeast Asia region. Narcotics

smuggled into Riau Province by sea or water from

a transit country, namely Malaysia. Several factors

have encouraged the development of the narcotics

business in Southeast Asia, especially the smuggling

of narcotics smuggled through the Riau Province,

namely:

• A very signiﬁcant difference in selling prices

among Southeast Asian countries

• The unemployment rate is very high in several

Southeast Asian countries, especially Indonesia

• Poverty conditions in several Southeast Asian

countries have caused the process of recruiting

and courier recruitment costs to be quite cheap

• The number of current drug users, especially in

Indonesia, has exceeded 5 million (interview with

the Director of the Riau Police Narcotics on 21

March 2018).

The following is an entry point for narcotics from

Malaysia through ports along the coast in the Riau

Province region, namely:

Based on the map above, there are ﬁve

regencies/cities in Riau Province which are directly

Figure 3: Map of Narcotics Entrance in the Province of Riau

Source: Directorate of Narcotics Investigation of the

National Police of the Republic of Indonesia in Riau.

In 2017.

adjacent to Malaysia, such as Rokan Hilir Regency,

Dumai City, Bengkalis Regency, Kepulauan Meranti

Regency, and Indragiri Hilir Regency. The narcotics

smuggling route in the Riau Province region borders

Indonesia and Malaysia sent through production

countries namely China and Taiwan. Furthermore,

narcotics sent through the Malaysian transit line will

be smuggled through unofﬁcial ports located along

the coastline of Sumatra Island in the Riau Province.

Several narcotics smuggling routes sent from

Malaysia, entering through the port area of Riau

Province and ready to be sent to several major

cities in Indonesia can be described in the following

explanation that the shipment of narcotics sent from

Malaysia is smuggled through Port Klang Port which

will then be smuggled to the port in the area of Bagan

Siapi-Api (Penipahan and Pulau Jemur), the narcotics

package will be sent to the North Sumatra Province,

especially Medan City. As for the Port Dickson Port

area, it will be smuggled through the waters of Rupat

and Dumai Islands and the narcotics package will

then be sent from Bengkalis Regency to Pekanbaru

City. While narcotics smuggled from Malaka and

Muar Ports will be sent to Bengkalis and Siak waters

through Buton Port to be sent to Pekanbaru City

and Jambi Province while narcotics smuggled from

Malaysia’s Batu Pahat Port will enter the Long Strait

Port of Meranti Islands and Tembilahan Regency of

Indragiri Hilir Regency and will be sent to consume

narcotics in the City of Padang, Palembang, Bandar

Lampung, and Jakarta. Therefore the smuggling

of narcotics from the international network of the

Southeast Asia region is a very strategic and rational

pathway for narcotics maﬁa to smuggle narcotics and

be distributed in major cities in Indonesia.

Based on the author’s observation in the ﬁeld

of the results of mapping the route of narcotics

smuggling routes in the Riau Province originating

from Malaysia, the narcotics smuggling activities

are carried out by narcotics dealers smuggling

narcotics at night and using ﬁshermen as narcotics

ICoSEEH 2019 - The Second International Conference on Social, Economy, Education, and Humanity

couriers. Narcotics smuggled by narcotics dealers

from Malaysia were sent by couriers from Malaysia

and the narcotics transactions were carried out in the

middle of the sea in the Indonesian border region

such as in the waters of Rokan Hilir, Bengkalis,

Indragiri Hilir, and Meranti which would then be

taken by ﬁshermen to the mainland. The smuggled

narcotics package is wrapped in thick plastic so it

is not translucent and sometimes GPS is given as a

signal tracker.

According to the Director of the Riau Police

Narcotics Unit, that after transactions in the middle

of the sea during the night, the narcotics packages

carried by the ﬁshermen were placed by ﬁshermen’s

boat or sometimes placed hanging in the sea under

a ﬁshing boat. This was done to trick the patrol of

the Aquatic Police Unit and AL Patrol in the event

of raids carried out by the authorities. It is not

uncommon for a ship inspection by ofﬁcers in the

narcotics package to be submerged in the seaﬂoor

with a GPS device and after the patrol of the border

area is over, the ﬁshermen will dive in the sea to

trace GPS signals from the narcotics package that was

drowned. Furthermore, the ﬁshermen will bring the

narcotics package to the mainland to be carried by

the land courier to the destination of the narcotics

package sent.

Therefore, it can be brieﬂy analyzed that the

circulation or smuggling of narcotics from Malaysia

to Indonesia, especially the Riau Province, according

to the Director of the Riau Regional Police Narcotics

Investigation in its modus operandi is also done

by using ofﬁcial ports to disguise contents, enter

through small ports or illegal ports with use ships. In

addition, the other modus operandi is that narcotics

are swallowed in the stomach or inserted into the

anus, disguised in a Suitcase / Travel Bag and in

food packaging, then using a package delivery service

company as well as shipping a ship to ship.

The Riau Province region consisting of regencies

located in coastal areas such as Rokan Hilir Regency,

Dumai City, Bengkalis Regency, Siak Regency,

Meranti Regency, and Indragiri Hilir Regency was

chosen to be one of the gates to the entry of

contraband narcotics due to several factors. The

main factor that caused this smuggling to occur was

due to the law of supply and demand for narcotics.

This means that currently the demand for narcotics

is quite high in Indonesia and Riau Province is one

of the provinces included in the top ﬁve provinces in

Indonesia which have massive drug trafﬁcking after

Medan, Southeast Sulawesi, Jakarta, and Surabaya.

So from that, the magnitude of the demand for

narcotics and the large proﬁts from this sale has

resulted in the Riau region becoming one of the

potential alternative choices in narcotics smuggling.

In addition to the illegal business proﬁt factors,

the factor of the proximity of the region between

Riau Province and Malaysia has resulted in sea or

water routes being a potential alternative to smuggling

narcotics. This is because the sea lanes in the

Riau Province area are still very wide and the

number of ports - people’s or illegal ports in the

border areas of Riau and Malaysia has resulted in

criminals being able to smuggle narcotics freely

through these unofﬁcial ports. Furthermore, the factor

of weak law enforcement and escorting government

institutions is a factor why the drug trade business

in the Southeast Asia region is very easy to develop

(Bambang Cipto, 2007. p. 223). The lack of routine

patrol or supervision in Riau and Malaysia’s area

of warfare has also become an obstacle in handling

illegal narcotics smuggling and the professionalism

of security forces in carrying out routine patrols,

according to Riau Police Drug Director that until now

there are still many police ofﬁcers involved in the

narcotics business illegally due to being tempted by

multiple proﬁts from the sale of narcotics.

6 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the explanation of the results, it can

be concluded that narcotics smuggling in Southeast

Asia is growing very rapidly with the production

and distribution of narcotics smuggling. Narcotics

smuggling in the borders of Indonesia and Malaysia,

especially in the region of Riau province carried out

by using the waters of Malacca Strait in Riau border

which directly borders the region.

This route was chosen by the maﬁa narcotics

cartel due to the geographical fact of Riau Province

which is very close to Malaysia so that narcotics can

be quickly smuggled, besides that there are many

illegal ports along the coastline of the border areas of

Riau Province and Malaysia so that narcotics couriers

are free to enter without close supervision from the

ofﬁcers, the next factor is the dualism of the work

of ﬁshermen in the border region who also have jobs

as narcotics couriers from the middle of the sea to

land. The law enforcement factor by Indonesian law

enforcement ofﬁcials is also a factor in Riau being one

of the areas where narcotics smuggling means that the

lack of routine surveillance patrols by ofﬁcers and the

professionalism of border area security ofﬁcers is also

a driving factor in the increase in narcotics smuggling

rates.

Routes of Narcotics Smuggling in the Southeast Asia Region: Case Study in Riau Province Region Border Indonesia and Malaysia

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