Globalization, Information and Communication Technology, and the

Existence of Culture and Its Inheritors: A Case Study on Javanese

Karawitan

Khafiizh Hastuti

, Ahmad Zainul Fanani

, Arry Maulana Syarif

, Aton Rustandi Mulyana

Computer Science Department, Universitas Dian Nuswantoro, Imam Bonjol 207, Semarang, Indonesia

Faculty of Performing Art, Institut Seni Indonesia Surakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: globalization, information and communication technology, Javanese Karawitan

Abstract: Globalization eliminates time and space boundaries within local culture scope into global one. The effect of

westernization definitely becomes one of globalization components. The development of information and

communication technology accelerates globalization process. Karawitan, a traditional art originating from

Java, has also experienced westernization process. Globalization in information and communication

technology, besides its positive impact, also has negative impact on the existence of karawitan and on

Indonesian people as the heirs of this culture. The lack of control over karawitan works uploaded on the

internet and the ease of access to these works will certainly threaten karawitan music existence. Moreover,

the data information of karawitan circulated on the internet is dominated by foreign sources. Thus, as a

cultural heritage, karawitan should be preserved through good policies and documentation which are

completely and validly arranged. In addition, the use of internet technology as a medium to present musical

information in cultural globalization era is one of many ways to do to maintain the existence of Indonesian

people as karawitan inheritors.

1 INTRODUCTION

There are two cultural heritage categories, tangible

cultural heritage which includes monuments,

artifacts, and cultural area; and intangible cultural

heritage as traditional architecture, regional

languages, traditional fabrics, local wisdom,

traditional crafts , traditional culinary, ancient

manuscripts, traditional clothing, traditional games,

traditional arts, traditional weapons, traditional

technology, as well as oral traditions. In Indonesia,

the number of cultural heritages which have been

successfully documented does not reflect the overall

amount considering abundant wealth of Indonesia's

cultural heritage.

Cultural statistic data published by the Secretariat

General of the Center of Education and Culture Data

and Statistics of Indonesia in 2016 show the fact of

extinction in cultural arts of Java, in which 26

performances, 6 music and 16 dances have been

extinct. Back to 2013, as reported in Sindonews, an

national newspaper of Indonesia, Aprinus Salam, the

chief of the centre for cultural study of Gadjah Mada

University, mentioned that there were about 200

types of traditional cultures in districts Sleman,

province of Yogyakarta which have been and near to

extinct. There were quite difference in numbers

between data given from these two institutions; one

which represents Indonesia government stated that 48

cultural arts of Java have been extinct, while another

one which represents a research institution of a

university stated that about 200 types of traditional

culture have been and near to extinct in just one

districts.

Further, Salam (2013) stated that the lack of

protection, preservation, development and funding

from the government as policy holders, traditional

culture transfer which is increasingly imperfect or

diminished in its essence and the entry of foreign

cultures due to the influence of globalization are

considered as the reasons for the cultural heritage

extinction.

Globalization opens boundaries, forms linkages

and influences all aspects of life among nations.

Westernization is one component in globalization

(Scholte, 2001) which gives the influence of the

240

Hastuti, K., Fanani, A., Syarif, A. and Mulyana, A.

Globalization, Information and Communication Technology, and the Existence of Culture and Its Inheritors: A Case Study on Javanese Karawitan.

DOI: 10.5220/0008562902400246

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Interdisciplinary Arts and Humanities (ICONARTIES 2019), pages 240-246

ISBN: 978-989-758-450-3

diffusion of western culture into local culture.

Information and communication technology

accelerates this globalization process. The main

actors in this process are developed countries which

master information and communication technology

through the diffusion of their local own values into

global values. This condition threatens local/regional

(Indonesian/traditional) arts such as gamelan

(Mubah, 2011).

Nasution (2017) proposed an approach focusing

on the defense of local culture by strengthening the

filter to foreign culture and resistance on values

threatening local culture in order to stem

globalization in culture. In addition, Mubah (2011)

suggested government intervention to issue

regulations which can protect local culture and to use

communication and information media (internet) in

marketing local culture to the world.

This paper aims to discuss globalization

accompanied by the development of information and

communication technology in relation to the

existence of culture and cultural heirs. In addition, the

objects of this study are karawitan, and Javanese

karawitan community. Karawitan is traditional music

ensemble from Java which use gamelan as the music

instruments, and gendhing as the songs. The

discussion focuses on the application of information

and communication technology into western arts

(western) as well as their influence on Indonesian

local culture, i.e. karawitan.

2 KARAWITAN

2.1 Existence in Modern Technology

Globalization

The influence of globalization can be found in the use

of music recording systems or notations in karawitan

as one of Javanese culture products. Music notation is

a western technology requiring musicians to obey and

follow all the conditions recorded within, while

karawitan art uses it as a general picture in playing

music. Becker in Rusdiyantoro (2011) stated that

notation system is the most dangerous influence of

western music in karawitan. However, this system

can penetrate Javanese culture even almost without

any resistance. Although the use of notation system

can lead to misleading, this influence in its

development can open up the awareness of musical

figures to document gendhing in order not to cause it

disappear as well as to make it as a medium of

learning, and to make it used by musicians as a guide

in presenting karawitan.

The effect of diffusion not only stops in the

application of musical notation, but song

formulations which are common to western music are

also applied by Sindusawarna to gendhing with a

concept of ding dong for gatra, a kind of a bar

containing four beats, in formulation: small ding-

small dong-big ding-big dong (Supardi, 2016) or

fore-back-fore-terminal formulation of gatra by

Martopangrawit (1969). Furthermore, western people

who study karawitan, such as Becker and Becker

(1982), Hughes (1989), and Benamou (2016) tried to

mathematically formulate gendhing further to predict

the pitch value of notation for each beat. The

paradigm of western society in learning karawitan

tends to formulate gendhing using mathematical logic

of if A then B, while Javanese karawitan characters

emphasize more in the view that gendhing reflects a

feeling which certainly cannot be formulated. Thus,

the logic built whould be if A then it is not always B.

Logic difference in understanding gendhing

between Indonesian and western musical figures does

not cause any conflict or resistance from Indonesian

musicians or even make cancellation of gendhing

formulation by the Western Karawitan community.

The humble nature held firmly by Javanese karawitan

people makes it the basis for accepting differences by

allowing some formulations to create gendhing.

Supanggah (2015) states that there is nothing wrong

or right in composing gendhing since it is widely

opened to be created by anyone, yet the society

acceptance must be taken into consideration in

composing gendhing.

It can be seen that the attitude shown by Javanese

karawitan

figures/community who can accept these

differences is definitely a proper way with the current

cultural globalization which absolutely cannot be

dammed. People or individuals from foreign

countries or from Indonesia itself are free to learn

karawitan in Indonesia, and are surely free to apply

what they have learned based on their knowledge

capacity. On the other hand, the globalization era

makes it possible for everyone to publish works

through the internet which can be accessed by anyone

and anywhere without any control to measure the

suitability of the work against karawitan

characteristics. This condition can actually erode the

existence of karawitan originality if there are more

works circulating on the internet which do not fit

karawitan characteristics and consequently there will

be more who study karawitan through the internet.

The phenomenon of artificial intelligence

application in art also cannot be prevented in

karawitan. Artificial intelligence approach is used to

develop computer programs possessing the ability to

Globalization, Information and Communication Technology, and the Existence of Culture and Its Inheritors: A Case Study on Javanese

Karawitan

241

create songs. This phenomenon has broadly

developed since the emergence of string quartet

composition works (one type of classical music)

created by computer programs (Hiller and Isaacson,

1959). The development of artificial intelligence-

based computer program which is able to create

songs started to become a trend with the application

of various artificial intelligence algorithms and

methods in creating compositions of various music

types, such as works from Xenakis (1965), Ebcioglu

(1986), Gillick et al (2009), Kitani and Koike (2010),

Pestana (2012), Quick (2015) and (Pachet, 2016),

while the application of artificial intelligence to

computer programs which can create gendhing was

developed by Hastuti et al (2016).

It is natural that there is a controversy over the

application of artificial intelligence in karawitan.

However, resistance cannot prevent the continuation

of this phenomenon. The researchers in this study are

based on efforts to document the characteristics of

karawitan in the form of computer programs which

can compose a song. Moreover, the researchers try to

formulate the characteristics of gendhing and store

the formulation into a computer program so that

karawitan characteristics will be maintained forever.

In addition, if the generated gendhing does not meet

its original karawitan characteristics, there will be

many more further researches carried out to fix and

improve the computer program performance.

The existence of karawitan originality must

indeed be maintained without raising any rejection on

the existing karawitan work which becomess the

impact of current cultural globalization. In addition,

policy formulation related to any possibilities which

may influence karawitan existence is necessary to be

issued by considering social, legal and technological

development perspectives. Policies with original or

non-original classification outputs need to be

considered, for example: by using the classification

proposed by Sunarto (2015) which distinguishes new

music in karawitan into three classes, i.e. classical-

traditional, popular, and gagrag/contemporary.

Development of computers and cellphone

technology has affected the development of

applications for virtual music instruments, such as

Rubbycell's Pianist HD, Synthesia by Synthesia LLC,

Piano Play and Learn by Yokee, and Smule by Ge

Wang. The application of virtual music instruments

which was originally created for learning and game

purposes has been growing so extensively that it was

used for music shows. Dannen (2009) describes that

Smule is able to turn iPhone into a creative channel

which allows the users to learn, play and perform a

musical show. This phenomenon finally penetrates

karawitan world with various created applications of

virtual gamelan instruments, such as e-Gamelan by

Dian Nuswantoro University, Gamelan Toetoel /

Gatoel by B201dev, Saron Digital by ProAndro, Bali

Digital Gamelan by Daksa Digital, Bueh Developer's

Digital Gamelan, and so on.

Different views between Indonesian karawitan

figures/community and virtual gamelan application

developers are commonly based on the same goal, i.e.

preserving cultural heritage. FX Hadi Rudyatmo as

the Mayor of Solo city, Central Java Province stated

that the use of virtual applications cannot fulfill the

need for respect to both the ancestors who created

gamelan and the noble values of gamelan

(www.liputan6.com). In contrast, developers of

virtual gamelan application possess different

perspectives in interpreting cultural heritage respect,

i.e. developing virtual gamelan application is as an

effort to preserve it.

Similarly to the application of artificial

intelligence in creating gendhing, the development of

virtual gamelan cannot be possibly avoided or even

prevented as one of globalization impact s in

information and communication technology whether

from within the country or from abroad. Moreover,

globalization allows all works accessible by anyone

and anywhere. In virtual gamelan case, Catherine

Basset (2005), a French citizen, is one of many

pioneers in the development of virtual gamelan

applications with her work ‘Mécanique Gamelan’

developed in 2003. In addition, this application can

be downloaded in the internet. In conclusion, it is

good to provide some opportunities for the

Indonesian to contribute in preserving their national

culture through the use of using information and

communication technology by developing virtual

gamelan, although it is necessary to conduct more in-

depth studies investigating its positive and negative

impacts

2.2 The Existence of Indonesian People

in Karawitan Information

Globalization

Cultural heritage preservation can be done by directly

coming into the cultural heritage location and by

developing systems which are able to act as cultural

information centers (Aufar, 2012). Easy access to

information today is a challenge for Indonesian

people in managing karawitan. As a cultural heritage,

karawitan must be preserved by conducting good

documentation which is completely and validly

arranged. Besides, the use of internet technology as a

medium for presenting karawitan information in this

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242

cultural globalization era is one of the major things to

do in maintaining the existence of Indonesian people

as karawitan inheritors.

The use of terms ‘karawitan’, ‘gamelan’ or

‘gendhing’ on the names or contents in websites

owned by either Indonesian people or non-Indonesian

citizens has eliminated the boundaries of space and

time in the scope of local culture to be global one. The

influence of information and communication

technology in culture globalization leads to the lack

of the existence of Indonesian people as karawitan

inheritors. This fact can be found when we conduct

some searching for karawitan information via the

internet. Although karawitan is an indigenous

Indonesian cultural heritage. Based on the facts

obtained while searching karawitan information in

the internet using keywords related to karawitan,

such as “karawitan”, “gendhing”, “gending”, or

“gamelan”; most karawitan information data are

dominated by foreign sources.

Searching conducted through Google search

engine using keyword “karawitan” produce abundant

data on websites presenting karawitan information. In

addition, at the top of the lists are Wikipedia website,

a number of individual blogs, and linked websites

from YouTube which present video performances

from individuals or karawitan groups. Searching with

keyword “karawitan music” still do not result in some

web site data presenting karawitan music information

in a structured way in terms of completeness and its

validity. The search recommends various websites as

it does when searching using keyword “karawitan”.

Furthermore, search using keywords “gendhing”,

“gending”, and “gamelan” results in almost similar

data to the search using keyword “karawitan”. Sadly,

the irony occurs since the search results mostly refer

to websites owned by non Indonesian citizens when

searching using keywords “gendhing collection” or

“gending collection”, even gendhing database which

is easily obtained in the Internet is through a website

gamelanbvg.com (Boston Village Gamelan from the

United States).

Besides websites belonging to individuals, groups

or institutions, Wikipedia, blogs (Blogspot or

Wordpress), and YouTube are Web sites dominating

the internet media to present karawitan

content and

those websites are owned by non-Indonesian citizens.

Accordingly, the placement of karawitan content on

the websites, by both Indonesian people and non-

Indonesian citizens, is a manifestation of karawitan

globalization. In the perspective of cultural inheritors,

karwotan information dominated by foreign sources

clearly reduces the Indonesian’s pride as karawitan

inheritors.

Regarding the naming of websites, the identity of

websites using gamelan name is not inherent to

Indonesian people ownership; for instances:

gamelan.org is owned by American Gamelan

Institute, gamelan.org.nz is owned by Gamelan

Wellington Newzealand, gamelan sulukala website is

owned by Plainfield Village Gamelan from Vermont,

USA, and gsj.org stands for Gamelan Sekar Jaya is

based in San Francisco city, United States.

It is clear that karawitan has globalized, and it is

legitimate for any individual or group from Indonesia

or other countries involved in karawitan art to use

karawitan or gamelan or gendhing terms as their

identity or group. On the other hand, Internet

technology accelerates the process of karawitan

globalization. The ownership and mastery of Internet

technology by karawitan community from the

western countries which is more advanced than

Indonesian karawitan community provides more

opportunities to the western people to publish their

knowledge and karawitan works through the Internet

by including the word gamelan as the identity of their

websites. Although foreign karawitan communities

still respects the origin of karawitan by providing

some information stating that karawitan or gamelan

is originated from Java, Indonesia, the Indonesian as

the original owner of karawitan and must consider

their existence as the main provider of karawitan

information resources on the Internet.

Searching information for karawitan groups

(gamelan studios) in the United States is actually

easier than searching for karawitan groups from

Indonesia. Data saying that there are more than 100

karawitan groups in the United States, including the

profile of the karawitan group, have been published

on Wikipedia website on a page entitled “List of

gamelan ensembles in the United States”. More

ironically, there is no information about Indonesian

karawitan figures/musicians on the page entitled

“Gamelan” in the Website, it mentions some

musicians collaborating with karawitan instead, such

as John Cage, Colin McPhee, Lou Harrison, Béla

Bartok, Francis Poulenc, Olivier Messiaen, Pierre

Boulez, Bronislaw Kaper, Benjamin Britten, and

many others.

Searching information using keywords “Javanese

karawitan figures” results in not much different data

from other karawitan information searches. There is

no website providing complete and valid information

about Javanese karawitan musicians or figures,

profile information of such Javanese karawitan

musicians as Sindusawarna, Martopangrawit,

Mloyowidodo, Wasitodiningrat, Sumarsam, Rahayu

Supanggah, Sri Hastanto, Narto Sabdo, and so on; is

Globalization, Information and Communication Technology, and the Existence of Culture and Its Inheritors: A Case Study on Javanese

Karawitan

243

documented incompletely and still spreading on

various websites so that the search will be

impractical. If this condition continues, Karawitan

figures can be forgotten by future Indonesian

generations.

The eradication of Indonesia identity as the

original owner of karawitan will continue to occur if

Indonesian pople do not actively conduct complete

and valid karawitan documentation with easy access

to karawitan information on the internet. In addition,

it will continuously happen if karawitan information

resources on the Internet from foreign countries

dominate with uploaders or karawitan content owners

as well as Websites providers which present

karawitan information on the internet and also if there

are more users (karawitan information searchers) not

from Indonesia.

2.3 The Priorities and Actions

Javanese karawitan documentation includes history

and learning, karawitan figures, gendhing (creators,

notations, lyrics and meanings), karawitan groups,

performances/shows (audio, or audio and visual),

gamelan instruments which have historical value, and

so on. Until today there is not any easy access to the

availability of karawitan information in complete and

valid data through the Internet of which this should be

provided and guaranteed by the Indonesian people as

karawitan inheritors.

Javanese karawitan preservation must be done

through complete and valid documentation, and

supported by the ease in information retrieval/search.

There are three main points being priorities in

maintaining the existence of the Indonesian as

karawitan inheritors in karawitan globalization era,

they are: (1) developing an ICT-based Javanese

karawitan documentation system which supports the

availability of Javanese karawitan databases and easy

information search via the internet, (2 ) conducting

socialization to Indonesian people to build awareness

of Indonesian karawitan community about the

importance of maintaining the existence of

Indonesian people as karawitan inheritors in this

cultural globalization era, (3) providing knowledge

transfer to Indonesian karawitan communities about

the mechanisms to actively contribute to the

documentation and provision of karawitan

information through built information systems.

Karawitan is one of Indonesian cultural heritages

which is rich of figures, works, instruments and other

information. If the search for karawitan information

through the internet does not reflect the wealth of

karawitan, it can be assumed that there is still a lot of

data in the form of manuscripts which are spreading

out everywhere, and there are still many Indonesian

karawitan communities who do not yet realize the

importance of digital documentation or they even do

not have any knowledge to do digital documentation

as well as to use the internet to publish the

documentation.

By considering the value of Javanese karawitan

wealth, process of developing system which includes

the formulation of regulations in karawitan

documentation through the internet, collection,

validation, digitization and data uploading as well as

system maintenance mechanisms (continuous content

management and system promotion on the internet)

will require both hard and smart work . furthermore,

not less important work is to disseminate and transfer

the knowledge to Indonesian karawitan communities

regarding karawitan documentation system. The

involvement of stakeholders, such as: representatives

of the Republic of Indonesia government,

representatives of cross-academics with fine

arts/karawitan arts background, information and

communication technology, or others, representatives

from karawitan practitioners and other relevant

parties; is needed to maintain the existence of

Indonesian people as the inheritors of karawitan by

being karawitan information center through ICT-

based karawitan documentation.

3 CONCLUSIONS

Globalization eliminates time and space boundaries

within the scope of local culture to be global one and

the influence of westernization becomes one of the

components in globalization. Karawitan, a traditional

art originating from Java, is also affected by

globalization. Besides the positive impacts, the

development of information and communication

technology accelerating globalization process may

cause a negative impact on the existence of culture

and its inheritors if it is not properly and correctly

addressed. Some facts described in this paper indicate

that the government, Indonesian generation (people),

and especially Indonesian karawitan community are

less prepared to respond to the use of internet

technology in the globalization era of information and

communication technology particularly in culture. In

principle, the negative impacts arising cannot be

solved without involving the information and

communication technology itself.

In-depth studies are required to do to formulate

policies in preserving the existence of karawitan as a

cultural heritage, and the existence of the Indonesian

ICONARTIES 2019 - 1st International Conference on Interdisciplinary Arts and Humanities

244

(people and nation) as its inheritors. Government

interference is one thing which must be done by the

Indonesian government, as the Malaysian

government's efforts to protect its local arts. In 2008

Malaysia sought to review the law restricting the

broadcast of foreign songs on private radios by

applying a discourse regulating a 90:10 quota, i.e.

90% for broadcasting local songs and 10% for

broadcasting foreign songs (www.republika.co.id).

Under these conditions, Malaysian government

encourages more artists in Malaysia to be ready to

compete than to prevent the entry of art from foreign

countries by considering that making prevention

solution measures less effective by the existence of

internet media. Besides the government, it is

necessary to involve other stakeholders from such

various backgrounds as experts from various fields,

for instances: culture (karawitan), information and

communication technology, law, social, education,

etc. Last but not least and should also be regarded as

a priority is to create a karawitan information center

on the internet and to conduct transfer of information

and communication technology knowledge to

Indonesian karawitan community as a real effort to

build awareness on the importance of actively

contributing in documenting everything related to

karawitan in the internet world.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thank to Ministry of Research, Technology, and

Higher Education of The Republic Indonesia for

financial support through the 2nd year Hibah

Penelitian Terapan Tahun 2019.

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