The Potential of Sumatran Elephant Feed Plants in Aek Nauli's

Special Purpose Forest Region, North Sumatera

Wanda Kuswanda

1,2

, Sriyanti Puspita Barus

and Asep Sukmana

Environmental and Forestry Research and Development Center Aek Nauli

Program of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, School of Graduates, Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Keywords: Elephant, Feed, Palatability, Productivity, Aek Nauli

Abstract: One of the problems that needs to be considered in the captive elephants management is the adequacy of

feed. This study aims to obtain information on feed plants species, the palatability value and productivity of

elephant feed in Aek Nauli's Special Purpose Forest Region. The research method was carried out by

observation, focal animal sampling as well as feed productivity by measurements of changes in growth

weight, height and diameter trees. The results showed that at the grazing area elephant have been identified

at least 41 species of elephant feed, mainly from the Paoceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae and Euphorbiaceae

Families. The part plant species that most consumed is all parts (grass), leaves, plant skin and fruit. The

species that have the highest palatability value (frequency and duration of feed) are Ottochloa nodosa,

Caryota gigas and Rhodamnia cinerea. The highest leaf productivity has Arthocarpus integler and Litsea

sumatrana is the lowest. Plant characteristics that affect feed growth are diameter and total height with

equation (dry weight) is Ybk = 0.079 + 0.103 Diameter + 0.052 Total Height with correlation of 65.5%.

1 INTRODUCTION

Your The current wildlife population is thought to

be decreasing due to human activities that cause

fragmentation and reduced habitats (Villard and

Metzger, 2014; Lino et al., 2019). Habitat

fragmentation has caused wildlife some species on

the local extinction because of the lower feed plants,

home ranges and decreased genetic flow between

populations, such as large mammals (Vetter et al.,

2011; Murphy and Romanuk, 2014; Montgelard et

al., 2014). Hunting and illegal trade are animals also

continue to meet market demands such as traditional

medicine, food, sold and pets (Skonhoft, 2013;

Angula, 2018).

One animal that currently endangered is the

Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus).

In the Red Book International Union for

Conservation of Nature and Natural

Resources/IUCN (2017) has listed as endangered

species and Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

(CITES) classified as Appendix 1. Regulation of

Environment and Forestry Ministry number : P.20/

MENLHK/Setjen/Kum.1/6/2018 stated that elephant

conservation needs as a priority program because the

population and its natural habitat continue to

decline. The elephant population in 2007 was

estimated about 2,400-2,800 individuals, then in

2013 the remaining elephants are 1,970 individuals.

During 2012-2016, the population has diminished, at

least 150 elephants were killed due to conflict or

poaching (Sukumar, 2003; WWF Indonesia, 2017).

Elephant conservation programs have developed

by the Government of Indonesia and NGO (non

government organization), both in situ and ex situ

(Bangun, 2017). One that is being done like a

captive elephants on their natural habitat at Aek

Nauli's Special Purpose Forest Region (Aek Nauli

SPFR). That area was established through the decree

of the Minister of Forestry No. 39/Menhut-II/2005,

February 7

2005 with an area of 1,900 Ha. As

administrative included Sibaganding Village,

Girsang Sipanganbolon District, Simalungun

Regency, North Sumatra Province. Aek Nauli SPFR

are functions as a catchment area Lake Toba with an

altitude around 1,000 - 1,750 meters above sea level.

Forest areas are habitat for protected species of

plants and wildlife as well es ecotourism

(Kuswanda and Pratiara, 2017).

In the Aek Nauli SPFR, the management of

captive elephants is intended to support the

Kuswanda, W., Barus, S. and Sukmana, A.

The Potential of Sumatran Elephant Feed Plants in Aek Nauli’s Special Purpose Forest Region, North Sumatera.

DOI: 10.5220/0008553202790286

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology (ICONART 2019), pages 279-286

ISBN: 978-989-758-404-6

279

conservation efforts and used as an ecotourism

destination. To support the elephants welfare, one of

the things to consider is availability of feed.

Minimum requirements for elephant feed between

150-200 kg/day must fulfilled so elephant programs

can be more successful (Ribai et al., 2013). The

potential of natural elephant feed is important to

know because highland forests which are estimated

have only a few species of elephants feed plants.

This information can be a reference for developing

elephant feed management at Aek Nauli SPFR and

other elephant management units. Therefor, this

research was aims to obtain information on feed

plant species and elephant palatability level on the

vegetation in the Aek Nauli SPFR, North Sumatra.

2 METHOD

2.1 Research Location

Research on palatability and productivity of elephant

feed plants was carried out in forest areas in Aek

Nauli SPFR during April to October 2018.

2.2 Research Method

2.2.1 Title

Observation of species and natural feed palatability

was using by focal animal sampling method

(Santosa et al., 2011; Munita et al., 2016). The feed

plants is deformed by following the elephant when

grazing in the forest area. The location of the

observations was carried out on three land covers,

namely mixed pine forest, secondary forest, and

open land. Palatability data was done by observing

the frequency and duration of eaten plant species for

30 days during two hours every day, starting at

10.00-12.00 when the elephants are in the pasture.

2.2.2 Subtitle

Production value can carried out by measuring the

percentage of growth or weight a part feed plants

difference in a given time (YMR, 2002; Santosa et

al., 2011). The feed plant species are selected 10

spesies that dominant in Aek Nauli SPFR, both ont

the saplings and seedlings level (Kuswanda et al.,

2017). Calculation of growth was done in the

interval of 2-3 months. Weighing and drying are

carried out on each sample plant. To determine the

characteristics of feed plants is measured diameter,

total height, height and crown width of each sample

feed tree.

2.3 Data Analysis

The species and feed palatability is known by

observing and recording a natural feed that is

consumed by elephants during observation. The

palatability value was analyzed based on the

frequency and duration percentages of each species

for all feed consumed by elephants. Frequency was

calculated based on the number a species is

consumed and the duration from length of time a

species is eaten during the observation time.

Analysis to determine the value of elephant feed

productivity by the difference in weight of part of

the plant feed samples (leaves and twigs) in a certain

time (YMR, 2002; Santosa et al., 2011)

Analysis of sample plant characteristics are

using by descriptive statistics with SPSS 21.0 for

Windows. Effect of plant characteristics on feed

productivity values was analyzed with multiple

linear regression analysis. In the stages of regression

analysis, the normality test was carried out based on

the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and multicollinearity

test to detect the correlation between the

independent variables (x). The basic equation is used

refers to Chapman (2000); Alkarkhi and Low

(2012); Alkarkhi et al., (2019) as follows:

Y = a + b D bh + c T tot + d T bc + e Dtj + 

Where,

Y = production (kg /m2 per day)

D = diameter of tree (cm)

Ttot = total height of tree (m)

Ttaj = height of crown (m)

Tbc = branch free height (m)

Ltaj = diameter of canopy (m)

Data analysis were processed using program of

SPSS 21.0 for Windows with the backward method.

Regression model will be used if the probability (p)

of the ANOVA test results is below 0.05 (Sig,

<0.05).

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Sumatran elephants are browser animals, folivores,

frugivores, seed eaters, and the other parts of plants.

These animals are consume more than 400 species

of plants. The study results of the Sitompul (2011) in

Kerinci Seblat National Park showed that Sumatran

elephants consume at least 273 plant species. Every

ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology

280

day elephants need 50 to 95 plant species (Joshi and

Singh, 2008; Meytasari, et al., 2014). Elephants are

very selective in choosing their feed and have a high

feeding rate according to body size, age, sex,

weather and ecosystem types (Berliani, 2017).

Results of research on elephant feed was done at

Aek Nauli SPFR as follows:

3.1 Natural Food Species

The elephants' natural feed found in the Aek Nauli

SPFR has identified of 41 species, both in trees,

shrubs, lianas and grasses. The species of feed plants

are as shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Species of elephant natural food plants at the Aek Nauli SPFR.

Local name

Scientific name

Family

Parts consumed

Anggrek pohon

Bulbophyllum macranthum

Orchida-ceae

All parts of the plant

Aren

Arenga pinnata

Arecaceae

Leaves, midrib

Attaro-don

Arthocarpus integler

Moraceae

Leaves, fruit

Balik angina

Aglaia argentea

Meliaceae

Leaves, plant skin

Bambu

Bambusa sp

Poaceae

Leaves

Cempedak hutan

Arthocarpus integer

Moraceae

Leaves, fruit, plant skin

Harimo-tting

Rhodamnia cinerea

Myrtaceae

Leaves, fruit

Horing

Lithocarpus daphnoideus

Fagaceae

Leaves

Hoting

Quercus gemelliflora

Fagaceae

Leaves

Ilalang

Imperata cylindrica

Poaceae

All parts of the plant

Jambu batu

Syzygium sp.

Myrtaceae

Leaves, fruit

Jambu biji

Psidium guajava

Myrtaceae

Fruit

Jambu-jambu

Eugenia fastigiata

Myrtaceae

Leaves, fruit

Jungjung buit

Actinodaphne glabra

Lauraceae

Leaves

Kaliandra

Calliandra calothyrsus

Fabaceae

Leaves, plant skin

Kirinyuh

Chromolaena ordorata

Asteraceae

All parts of the plant

Laos hutan

Zingiber aquosum

Zingibera-ceae

Tuber

Liana

Epipremnum aureum

Araceae

All parts of the plant

Manggis hutan

Garcinia celebica

Guttiferae

Leaves, fruit, plant skin

Medang kertas

Litsea sumatrana

Lauraceae

Leaves

Medang sabal

Cinnamomum cuspidatum

Lauraceae

Leaves

Motung

Ficus toxicaria

Moraceae

Leaves

Nangka

Artocarpus heterophyllus

Moraceae

Leaves, fruit

Paku

Mesophlebion chlamydophorum

Thelypteridaceae

All parts of the plant

Palem saray

Caryota gigas

Arecaceae

Leaves

Pandan

Pandanus atrocarpus

Pandanaceae

Leaves

Putri malu

Mimosa pudica

Fabaceae

All parts of the plant

Rambutan hutan

Cryptocarya nitens

Lauraceae

Leaves, fruit

Rotan

Daemonorops hirsuta Blume

Arecaceae

All parts of the plant

Rumput bambu

Ottochloa nodosa

Poaceae

All parts of the plant

Rumput belulang

Eleusine indica

Poaceae

All parts of the plant

Rumput emprit

Cyrtococcum patens

Poaceae

All parts of the plant

Rumput gajah

Pennisetum purpureum

Poaceae

All parts of the plant

Rumput jukut

Cyperus kyllingia

Poaceae

All parts of the plant

Rumput kerbau

Centotheca lappacea

Cyperaceae

All parts of the plant

Rumput palem

Setaria megaphylla

Poaceae

All parts of the plant

Sendok sendok

Endospermum diadenum

Euphorbiaceae

Leaves, plant skin

Sintrong

Crassocephalum crepidioides

Asteraceae

All parts of the plant

Sitarak

Macaranga lowii

Euphorbiaceae

Leaves, plant skin

Sukun

Artocarpus altilis

Moraceae

Leaves, fruit

Tumbuhan c

Neosortechia kingii

Euphorbiaceae

Root

All parts of the plant from the Poaceae Family

are eaten by elephants while species of other

families are only leaves and skin, leaves and

stems/twigs or roots. Samansiri and Weerakon

(2007); Santosa et al.,(2011) states that the food of

Sumatran elephants is dominated by the Poaceae.

The Poaceae is favored by Sumatran elephants

because it has a soft morphological texture, stature

The Potential of Sumatran Elephant Feed Plants in Aek Nauli’s Special Purpose Forest Region, North Sumatera

281

Species number (individuals)

Parts consumsed by elephant

in the form of shrubs or bushes so that it is easier to

reach than leaves on trees. The Foaceae family is

mostly plant species in the form of grasses and

herbs. The grasses selection are also caused by

carbohydrates (Abaye, 2019).

The elephants eat all parts of the tree if they are

still saplings and eat the palm cabbage by opening

the trunk mainly palm plants was large (Sukumar,

2003). The portion of fruit eaten in open land comes

from the Psidium guajava. The root part was eaten

for Neosortechia kingii found in secondary forests

and dominant pine forests. Crassocephalum

crepidioides is consumed on the leaves and stems.

The leaf part was chosen because contains a lot of

protein. Whereas the species eaten by the tubers was

only found in Zingiber aquosum. Elephants also

consume plant skin to meet the shortcomings of

essential fatty acids in their food and certain

minerals such as manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and

copper (Cu) was contained in the plant skin as

Endospermum diadenum (Zahrah 2002; Mrambaa,

2019).

Figure 1: The part of plant consumed by elephant.

Parts of plants that are consumed by elephants

are leaves. Elephants consume only leaves especially

is classified as trees, such as from Moraceae,

Euphorbiaceae and Myrtaceae. The results of this

study indicate that elephants are herbivorous

animals that consume all parts of plants, both leaves,

twigs, midribs or whole. Variations in elephant feed

usually depend on the season which affects the

availability of feed in its natural habitat. In addition

to grass, elephants also need other types of food

such as leaves from higher plants, shrubs, and tree

trunks (Sitompul, 2011; Archie and Chiyo, 2012)

The variation of feed consumed by elephants

depends on the season because it affects the food

availability in its natural habitat. The grass and

shrubs are usually consumed during on the rainy

season because the availability of quite abundant

whereas in the dry season elephants prefer fresher

leaves because the grass dries. In natural habitat, in

the dry season elephants also reduce their

movement, which may be caused by factors other

than energy saving, such as caring for calves and

avoidance of predation or high temperature

(Sukumar, 2003; Owen-Smith and Chafota, 2012;

Shrestha et al., 2014).

3.2 Palatability of Feed Species

The frequency of eating Sumatran elephants is

influenced by three factors, namely the availability

of feed in nature, conditions of elephant health and

weather (Riba'i, 2013). Sumatran elephants have a

high frequency or food intensity if the preferred feed

species is available in grazing areas. Based on the

results of observations in the area ‘ngangon’ at Aek

Nauli SPFR by following 4 elephants in three land

cover types (mixed pine forest, secondary forest and

open land) was obtained plants that has palatability

value by duration and the highest frequency is

Ottochloa nodosa, Caryota gigas and Rhodamnia

cinerea.

Table 2: Palatability values of 6 species the highest elephant feed.

Species

Frequency (%)

Species

Duration (%)

Ottochloa nodosa

32.471

Ottochloa nodosa

28.654

Calliandra calothyrsus

6.118

Caryota gigas

15.999

Daemonorops hirsuta

6.118

Rhodamnia cinerea

9.925

Centotheca lappacea

6.118

Centotheca lappacea

8.798

Pandanus atrocarpus

5.176

Neosortechia kingii

5.141

Zingiber aquosum

4.941

Calliandra calothyrsus

4.494

From Table 2, it can be seen that the Ottochloa

nodosa is the species that has the frequency and

highest percentage duration which indicates the

favor of the Sumatran elephant. This species is grass

that generally grows and dominates in the grazing

area. The high frequency of the type Ottochloa

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282

nodosa in each land cover shows the same

palatability level in each location. High frequencies

can be caused by the Ottochloa nodosa availability

of uniform distributed and very favored. The

intensity of sunlight to the forest floor, especially in

open land, is very sufficient so causes under stories

and grass to feed elephants to grow rapidly.

In other types it shows that the frequent

consumption does not necessarily have a long

consumption time, such as in Calliandra calothyrsus

or vice versa in Caryota gigas. The need for

elephant consumption is strongly influenced by the

characteristics of the feed type itself. For example,

to consume trees, elephants generally knock down

tree trunks to get young leaves. Likewise for hard-

skinned plant species, elephants first peel the tree's

skin to take parts that can be consumed so that the

time taken is relatively longer than the time to spend

the grass.

The duration value can be influenced by the

habitat of feed species and like it. The food that

liked almost all parts are eaten by elephants, while

the less preferred only part is consumed. For

example, the Centotheca lappacea has a long

duration because the elephants spend this species.

Sukumar (2003); Archie and Chiyo (2012) stated

that Sumatran elephants always walked to look for

feed but not all feed is consumed. Howover, they

will stop and consume food when finding species is

very preferred.

3.3 Food Production

Measurements of elephant feed tree productivity

were grouped at seedling and sapling levels. The

average production value of feed at seedling level is

0.78 grams/day per tree (wet weight) or 0.25

gram/day per tree (dry weight) and sapling level of

2.93 grams/day per tree (wet weight) or 0.8425

gram/day per tree (dry weight). The types that have

the highest production are Arthocarpus integer

(sapling) and Syzygium sp. (seedling). The results of

this study are similar to those of Santosa et al.,

(2011) on some types of elephant feed at the

Elephant Training Center, North Bengkulu, which

are between 0.03 - 5.10 gram /day/tree with the

highest species is Leea indica and Piper aduncum.

The results of a descriptive statistical of 20 samples

feed plants are presented in Table 3.

Table 3: Results of descriptive statistics on the characteristics of elephant's feed.

Descriptive Statistics

Min.

Max.

Mean

Std. Deviation

Variance

Dbh

0.80

9.80

2.922

1.984

3.934

Ttot

1.36

7.55

3.218

1.767

3.124

Ttaj

0.32

3.75

1.595

0.931

0.867

Tbc

0.59

3.80

1.623

0.941

0.885

Ltaj

0.16

16.76

2.693

3.638

13.237

Ybb

0.10

7.15

1.851

1.770

3.133

Ybk

0.04

1.66

0.548

0.444

0.197

Valid N

The characteristics of elephant feed plants in

Aek Nauli SPFR are showed an average diameter of

2.922 cm, total height of 3.218 meter, branch-free

height about 1.623 m, canopy height of 1.595 m and

canopy area about 2,693 m

. The species have the

largest diameter and highest is the Garcinia celebica

and the smallest is Aglaia argentea. These results

indicate that elephants are still able to reach food

with a height of 6 m above the land. In a tall and

preferred tree, the elephant usually sticks out its

trunk and then pulls the tree limb until it breaks or

collapses. The characteristics of these feed plants are

then used as independent variables (X) to predict

elephant feed production.

3.4 Compilation of Equations

The analysis results to obtain plant characteristics

factors is related to the feed production value, i.e. :

3.4.1 Normal distribution test

The results of normality data analysis with the

Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) Statistical Test was

indicate that the KS values for all X and Y variables

appear to have a probability value above α = 0.05

(p> 0.05), which means that it can be concluded that

all variables x have normal distribution (Ghozali,

2009). For example, the KS value for the tree

diameter is 0.824 with a Sig value=0.506 and above

α = 0.05, it can be concluded is normally distributed.

For the other variab les all have Sig> 0.05, it ’s the

The Potential of Sumatran Elephant Feed Plants in Aek Nauli’s Special Purpose Forest Region, North Sumatera

283

data can suitable for analysis using multiple linear regression.

Table 4: Results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for characteristics of elephant feed plants.

One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

Normal distribution test

Ttot

Ttaj

Tbc

Ltaj

Ybb

Ybk

Normal

Parameters

a.b

Mean

2.922

3.218

1.595

1.623

2.693

1.851

0.548

Std. Deviation

1.984

1.767

0.931

0.941

3.638

1.770

0.444

Most Extreme

Differences

Absolute

0.184

0.173

0.166

0.200

0.243

0.200

0.208

Positive

0.184

0.173

0.166

0.200

0.215

0.200

0.208

Negative

-0.172

-0.147

-0.085

-0.136

-0.243

-0.162

-0.125

Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z

0.824

0.775

0.743

0.894

1.085

0.893

0.932

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

0.506

0.585

0.639

0.401

0.189

0.403

0.351

a. Test distribution is Normal.

b. Calculated from data.

c. Ybb (wet weight) and Ybk (dry weight)

3.4.2 Multicollinearity Test

The results of the SPSS output from the

multicollinearity test of variable X (feed plant

characteristics) on Y are presented in Table 5.

The strength a correlation is high (statistically

significant) if the correlation coefficient value (r) ≥

0.70, modest between 0.40 - 0.69 and low whit r

<0.39 (Fowler et al., 1998). In this study, the

limitation of correlation used to detect multicolonity

problems about 0.7. From the table above it can be

seen that the diameter (D) has a very high

correlation with canopy area (Ltaj) is equal to

83.4%. From this result, the Ltaj variable is not

included in the preparation of the regression

equation because it can already be represented by

the D variable.

Table 5: Test results for multicollinearity characteristics of feed plants.

Coefficient Correlations

Model

Ltaj

Tbc

Ttaj

Correlations

Ltaj

1.000

0.385

0.159

-0.834

Tbc

0.385

1.000

-0.151

-0.561

Ttaj

0.159

-0.151

1.000

-0.479

-0.834

-0.561

-0.479

1.000

a. Dependent Variable: Ybb

4 MODELING

The analysis results on the SPSS output in the

summary model using the backward method showed

Y (wet weight) in the third step (best model) with

predictions of tree diameter (D) and crown height

(Ttaj) show the correlation value ( r ) of 62.0%. This

means that variations in leaf production in wet

weight (Ybb) of elephant feed plants can be

explained by variations in D and Ttaj of 62.0% and

the remainder may be explained or influenced by

other factors outside the model. Likewise for Ybk

can be seen in the second step, showing that the

value of r is 65.5%. These results indicate that the

correlation of feed plant characteristics is better with

production in dry weight (Ybk).

The F values by ANOVA test obtained for wet

weight (second step) of 3.334 and for dry weight

(fourth step) 6.384 with probability (p) below 0.05

(Sig. <0.05), so that the regression model can be

used or fit model to predict plant production based

on variable X. Furthermore, to interpret the

coefficients of the X to be included in the regression

model can be seen from the value of unstandardized

beta coefficients as in Table 6.

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284

Table 6: Value of the estimated coefficient of leaf production in the forest.

Then the equation for estimating the plant

production for elephant feed is compiled as follows:

a. Based on BB : Ybb = 0.617 + 0.521 D - 2.333

Ttaj + 1.067 Ttot

b. Based on BK : Ybk = 0.079 + 0.103 D + 0.052

Ttot

The above equation can then be a reference to

predict the production of elephant feed plants,

especially from 41 species that have identified at

Aek Nauli SPFR. This information is very useful for

developing elephant feed fulfillment programs that

reach consumption values of between 150-200 kg

per day for each elephant (Sukumar, 2003).

5 CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

1. In the grazing area in Aek Nauli SPFR at least 41

species of elephant feed plants have been

identified, mainly from the Paoceae, Moraceae,

Myrtaceae and Euphorbiaceae. Parts of the feed

plants that are often consumed are leaves, plant

skin and all parts for grass. The species that

elephants has a high palatability is Ottochloa

nodosa.

2. The value of feed production at seedling is 0.78

grams/day per tree (wet weight) or 0.25

gram/day per tree (dry weight) and sapling of

2.93 grams/day per tree (wet weight) or 0.8425

gram/day per tree (dry weight). The type that has

the highest production is Arthocarpus integer.

3. The equation for estimating the production of

elephant feed plants as follows:

a. Based on wet weight : Ybb = 0.617 + 0.521D

- 2.333 Ttaj + 1.067 Ttot

b. Based on dry weight : Ybk = 0.079 + 0.103D

+ 0.052 Ttot

5.2 Recommendation

1. The enrichment of feed plants in grazing areas,

especially in pine dominant forests, needs are

done to enrich the diversity of elephant feed

plants. The choice of tree species planted is often

eaten by elephants.

2. It is necessary to immediately the rotation

regulate of the grazing area so that the former

grazing area of elephants is not degraded.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors express their deepest gratitude to the

Environmental and Forestry Research and

Development Institute of Aek Nauli that has

facilitated the research budget. We also thank to the

Litkayasa Technicians that was helping during the

preparation of research activities, data collection to

the completion of this publication.

REFERENCES

Abaye, A. O. 2019. Common Grasses, Legumes and Forbs

of the Eastern United States, Academic Press. 47-166.

Alkarkhi, A. F. M., Wasin, A. A. 2019. Regression

Models, Easy Statistics for Food Science with R.

Academic Press. pages 107-124.

Alkarkhi, A. F. M., Low, H. C. 2012. Elementary statistics

for technologist. University Sains Malaysia Press.

Model Ybb

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients

Sig.

Std. Error

Beta

(Constant)

0.617

0.728

0.847

0.409

0.521

0.403

0.583

1.293

0.214

Ttaj

-2.334

1.140

-1.228

-2.046

0.058

Ttot

1.067

0.673

1.066

1.586

0.132

a. Dependent Variable : Ybb

Model Ybk

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients

Sig.

Std. Error

Beta

(Constant)

0.079

0.171

0.462

0.650

0.103

0.093

0.463

1.111

0.282

Ttot

0.052

0.105

0.207

0.497

0.626

a. Dependent Variable : Ybk

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