Integrating Styrax-Coffee Agroforestry System and Apiculture as

Alternative Source of Livelihood for Communities in Lake Toba

Catchment Area, North Sumatra

Aswandi

, Cut Rizlani Kholibrina

and Apri Heri Iswanto

Ministry of Environment and Forestry Research and Development Institute of Aek Nauli. Jl. Raya Parapat Km 10,5.

Parapat Sumatera Utara

Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Jl. Tridharma Ujung No.1 Kampus USU Medan, 20155

Keywords: Agroforestry, Apiculture, Coffee, Styrax, Lake Toba.

Abstract: The environmental degradation in the Lake Toba Water Catchment is multidimensional, so the recovery effort

requires a holistic and integrative approach. Based on its multifunction, agroforestry system has potential for

ecological regulation as well as community economic development through bee cultivation. This study aims

to illustrate the potential of apiculture practices in agroforestry system in Lake Toba. The research was

conducted on coffee-styrax-agroforestry system integrated with Apis and Trigona beekeeping in Aek Nauli,

Simalungun, Humbang Hasundutan and Pakpak Bharat, North Sumatra. Results showed that plant diversity

in agroforestry system provides feed sources in form of nectar and resin for Apis and Trigona bees. Each

Trigona colony produces 30-70 g propolis every two weeks which typical flavor of Styrax incense. Whereas

from Apis bee cultivation obtained an average 0.3 liters of honey each stup at two weekly harvest. From this

integrated practice, farmers earn income Rp1,2 to 2,4 million per month, the welfare improvement considering

bee maintenance is relatively easy and minimal time allocation. The laying of bee colonies around coffee

gardens also increase fruit production by flowering intensify. Beekeeping in the agroforestry system opens

opportunities for alternative livelihood development, optimization land productivity, as well as increased

public nutritional security.

1 INTRODUCTION

The degradation of ecosystem functions of Lake Toba

Cathtment Area (LTCA) is multidimensional

problem so that the recovery efforts requires a holistic

approach, integrated with the active involvement of

the local community. Learning from the experiences

of previous forest and land rehabilitation programs in

this region, identified various causes of failures,

including lack of awareness and community

participation in forest and land rehabilitation

programs, land tenure conflicts and frequency of

forest and land fires (ITTO, 2007). The total degraded

lands reached 24 thousand hectares, or 18% of total

agricultural land and fires often occur at this location

(JICA, 2004).

Therefore, improving the land productivity which

also develop alternative community sources of

income need to be identified. The agricultural

cultivation practices combined with a variety of

plants that serve to conserve soil and water will

improve the efficiency and optimization of land use.

These will benefit the improvement of community’s

source of income. In this case, the model of

agroforestry system that integrated with apiculture

can be proposed as a scheme needs to be developed.

The utilization of bee keeping in order to increase

land productivity and community welfare have been

running for a long time. These insects are pollinators

agents variety of flowering plants and provider of

honey, royal jelly and propolis that contain high

nutritional value and health benefits. Bee sting is also

used as a medicine to cure various diseases (Halim

and Suharno, 2001, Fearnley, 2001). In Indonesia,

some of bees species in genus Apis and Trigona have

been cultivated to produce honey and propolis

(Widodo, 2011, Tukan, 2008). However, in the

LCTA, Trigona bee especially has not been widely

cultivated. So that, this non-timber forest productt has

not been beneficial to the economic development and

ecological sustainability of the region.

252

Aswandi, ., Kholibrina, C. and Iswanto, A.

Integrating Styrax-Coffee Agroforestry System and Apiculture as Alternative Source of Livelihood for Communities in Lake Toba Catchment Area, North Sumatra.

DOI: 10.5220/0008552602520260

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology (ICONART 2019), pages 252-260

ISBN: 978-989-758-404-6

Propolis is a natural nutritional substances and

nutraceutical derived from resin substrate that

collected by bees from leaf buds nectar and bark of

plants which mixed with enzymes and wax from

honeycomb (Galvao, 2007). The Trigona’s propolis

contains 35-45% fatty acids, 10% essential oils,

minerals, vitamins and other organic substances 5%,

10% pollen and resin 45-55%. Propolis is rich in

vitamins (A, B, and C), minerals (Ca, Mg, Na, Fe,

Mn, Cu, and Zn), and succinate dehydrogenase

enzyme (Hegazi, 1998; Bankova, 2000). The

bioactive that contained in propolis include

polyphenols (flavonoids, phenolic acids, and esters),

terpenoids, steroids, and amino acids (Halim et al.,

2012; Bankova, 2005; Kumazawa et al., 2004).

Propolis is used to build and protect the nest, thus it

is widely distribute in the entrance and nest edges,

eggs and honey wrapping, (Bankova et al., 2000).

Since the beginning of the millennium, propolis

became known by the market with a very good

response. Market demand for propolis continued to

increase up to 20% per year (Artdiyasa et al., 2010).

Considering the high price of propolis, this is an

opportunity for community to cultivate Trigona bees.

Moreover, the bees more adaptableand it is not easy

run away. The body size is small and does not bite

thus easy to maintain and does not require extensive

maintenance area.

If the feed source of Apis bees are mostly nectar,

the Trigona need resin/saps. High potential of styrax

resin in LTCA is the opportunity for the Trigona bee

development. Approximately 23,592 hectares of

styrax forest (Styrax sumatrana and S. benzoin) found

in this region with the scheme that down through the

generations since the Middle Ages (North Sumatra

Forest Service, 2005; Susilowati et al., 2017). Some

agrorofrestry practices with styrax, coffee and forest

plants such as Callyandra provide both resins and

nectar at once. Coffee farming has also been long

known, recorded total planted area reached 57,075

hectares in the region (Center of Statitistic North

Sumatra, 2015). The feed availability affects the

honey and propolis production, and colony growth

(Halim and Suharno, 2001; Angraini, 2006). The

uncomplicated cultivation techniques, high selling

price and demand of propolis are some of the

strengths and opportunities for Trigona bee

development in Lake Toba. A great opportunity for

community poverty alleviation in this región.

But the promoting the styrax-coffee agroforestry

system that integrated apiculture Trigona for propolis

production and optimizing land use productivity

require information related to the potential

availability of feed, productivity, nutrients and

phytochemicals propolis mainly derived from styrax

resin, and sustainable plantation schemes that

optimize the tree spacing and productivity, result the

highest economic income and induce the soil and

wáter conservation. As with many non-timber forest

products in Indonesia, the financial feasibility of

apiculture of Trigona is not yet available. This led to

the unclear economic value of this business

opportunity for the community.

The objective of this study were to promote

styrax-coffee agroforestry system and apiculture of

Trigona bee for white propolis production as

alternative source of livelihood for communities in

Lake Toba catchment area, North Sumatra.

Specifically, the research objectives formulated as

follows: (a) obtained the data and information about

feed resources availablity for white propolis producer

Trigona bee on styrax-coffee agroforestry system; (b)

identified the productivity of propolis Trigona that

cultivated in styrax-coffee agroforestry system; (c)

calcúlated financial feasibility and economic value of

apiculture Trigona bee that integrated with styrax-

coffee agroforestry system; and (d) determined the

influence of apiculture Trigona bee to agricultural

productivity and and agroforestry systems and their

impact on environmental quality improvement.

2 METHOD

2.1 Research location

The research conducted on various styrax

forest/gardens in Pakpak Bharat and/or Humbang

Hasundutan District that located around Lake Toba.

Historically, these locations are styrax-resin-

producing regions in North Sumatra. Otherwise, it

will be developed a Trigona apiculture plot in

Forestry Research Institute of Aek Nauli in Parapat,

Simalungun Districs. Analysis of phytochemical and

nutrient content of propolis conducted at the

Laboratory of Biopharmacy Bogor Agriculture

University, Bogor

2.2 Method

Activity 1: Identify Sources of Resin.

Based on the information on trees species found in

each land cover type, it were identified their potential

for nectar and resin production. Information about

flowering (phenology) and resin productivity of each

tree species were known by literature study and

observations in the field. To determine whether a type

of trees produce resin or not, it were made a few

Integrating Styrax-Coffee Agroforestry System and Apiculture as Alternative Source of Livelihood for Communities in Lake Toba

Catchment Area, North Sumatra

253

notches on a tree. The identification results tabulated

as follows.

Figure 1: Map of research location on various styrax forest

in Lake Toba, North Sumatra.

Activities 2: Measuring the Productivity (Quality and

Quantity) of Trigona propolis.

The productivity of a Trigona colony measured by

harvesting the propolis over a period of time. The

Propolis harvested and separated from other products

such as honey, royal jelly, wax and bee pollen. Yields

were weighed, and then extracted to produce propolis

liquid. The propolis liquid then weighed to determine

the yield of the processing and the quantity and

quality of the final product.

Activity 3: Analizing the phytochemical.

Steps of the study consisted of (i) the extraction of

propolis, (ii) qualitative analysis of bioactive

substances, (iii) and quantitative analysis of bioactive

substances. The propolis extraction will be performed

by the method of Harborne (1987) and Anggraini

(2006). The extraction will be conducted by

maceration with 70% alcohol solvent.

Phytochemical analysis will be conducted to

determine the presence of active compounds

contained in extracts of propolis. The analysis will be

carried out by the Harborne method (1987).

Identification carried out on flavonoids and phenolic

compounds, tannins, essential oils,

steroids/triterpenoids, saponins, alkaloids,

glycosides, and reducing sugars.

The analysis of bioactive substances will be

conducted by gas chromatography-mass

spectrometry (GCMS). The analysis is displayed

based on the specified temperatures, the temperature

in the column will be maintained at 60°C for 2 min

and up to 170°C with rate of 3°C/min. Then finally,

the temperature is rise to 250°C at a rate of 3°C/min

and the temperature will be stable at 250°C for 120

minutes, for each sample. Injection will carried out at

a temperature of 220°C. The carrier gas (helium) at a

rate of 10 ml/min. The peaks will be recorded to

generate a chromatogram.

Activity 4: Economic and Financial Analysis.

Economical analysis method referes to Hesti et al.

(2013). The study were conducted by interview and

focus group discussion. More information were

collected to identify of problem, socio-development

opportunity, and that risk analysis. The next step were

to market price survey and financial analysis by

interview. Total respondent for interview was 100

person.

The analysis were done by projecting the position

of the commodity in the market systems, the

prospects of demand and supply, competition and

business feasibility. Apiculture of Trigona bee at

styrax-coffe agroforestry system produced raw

propolis product and an alternative product

processing in the form of a liquid propolis, various

agricultural products such as coffee and vegetables,

and styrax resin. The study aimed to aspects of

demand and supply and the projected value of the Net

Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR). Furthermore Fauzi et

al, (2007) stated the economic feasibility analysis can

be determined by calculating the return cost ratio

(R/C), the benefit cost ratio (B / C) and the break-

even point (BEP).

All parameters such as a total cost and total

revenue calculated within the next 10 years. The 10

years period of the project is defined based on the

renewal cycle engine technology. This means that the

next ten years the technology has been used machines

obsolete and no longer efficient so we need

rejuvenation with better technology.

Activity 5: Analysis of Agricultural Productivity/

Agroforestry Improvement and Environmental

Sustainability.

Impact of Trigona apiculture on agricultural

productivity improvement were determined by

calculating the productivity of fruits/seeds of various

agricultural commodities/estates such as coffee,

citrus, avocados, etc at the certain time before and

during the project. The productivity improvements

were considered as an increasing in weight, volume

and quality of agricultural products that produced

around the applied apiculture. The influence of

apiculture on the environment can be seen as a

difference in the success of flowering and fruit

formation of various crops and plants growing in the

wild or various other parameters that developed

during the study.

ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology

254

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The agroforestry practices have actually existed for a

long time in Lake Toba catchment area. In some

location, farmers have planted their land with a

variety of plants. Various horticultural crops such as

chillies, tomatoes, and other seasonal crops are

cultivated together with coffee, cloves plantation

among shade trees (Toona sinensis) and styrax

(Styrax sumatrana). Short-term income is derived

from harvesting vegetables and coffee fruits every

two weeks. The resin from Styrax sumatrana and

S.benzoin that managed as shade plants are harvested

every six months.

The diversity of species in agroforestry system

illustrates farmers' choices in extracting their sources

of income by considering the term harvesting, risk

and wealth storage (saving) in form of tree stands.

The combination of planted species is a manifestation

of the farmer's preference for a species and its control

over the growing place requirements and economic

prospects (Aswandi and Kholibrina, 2017). This

arrangement, either vertically or horizontally creates

ecological, economic interactions and reflects the

regulation of cultivation cycles (Kartasubrata, 2003).

3.1 The Diversity of Feed Plants

The results showed that species diversity in

agroforestry system provided the source of feed needed

by bees. The Styrax tree provides resin and nectar at

the same time, while the massive flowering of Coffee

is an abundant source of nectar (Figure 3). The

dominant tree species of nectar and resin producers that

can be utilized as bee feed are listed in Table 2.

In addition to Coffee (Coffea arabica) and Styrax

that dominating, there were also others nectar-

producing vegetation such as Kaliandra (Callyandra

spp.), Durian (Durio zibhetinus), Mango (Mangifera

spp.), and Petai (Parkia speciosa). The forest tree

species that produce resin include Meranti (Shorea

spp.), Mango, Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus),

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), and Tusam (Pinus

merkusii). Forests around the colonies in Pakpak

Bharat and Humbang Hasundutan have high species

diversity (H

’

> 3), but the forests around the colonies

in Aek Nauli, Simalungun have a moderate diversity

of species (H

’

1-3).

The dominance of Styrax species cause the

propolis produced Trigona bees typically flavored

styrax because the resin collected comes from the

tree. This resin used by Trigona bees to build their

hive structures, especially in batumen (protector

outside the hives), pillars and honey pots (Figure 3).

Figure 2: Sources of nectar and resins from forest trees and

coffee.

Table 2: Styrax forest provide feed sources in the form of

nectar and resin.

Needs

Functions

Products

Pollen

Larvae feeds

Bee bread

Nectar

Source of energy

Honey

Resin, gum

from plant

Batumen (inner side

of hive), involucrum

(protective coating

of brood cluster),

cerumen (mixture of

propolis and wax to

make pillars of

hives, honey and

pollen pots), brood

cells (generally from

wax), and gate hive

(mixed with

sand/soil)

Propolis and

geopropolis

Honeydews

Source of energy

Honey

Oils

(collected

from flowers

cuticula)

Gives a distinctive

aroma in the hives

Aromateraphy

If most of Apis’s feed is nectar, the source

Trigona's bees feed require from resin or sap. The

Trigona bee collects the leaf resin or stem of the plant

which mixed with bee enzymes into propolis. This

propolis is used to build and protect the nest so that

there are many in the door and hive edges, wrapping

eggs, honey and pollen (Bankova et al. 2000;

Aswandi et al., 2017). Styrax and Coffee trees are

preferred honeybees because both of these flowers

have flowers that are visibly visible or have long

filaments and flowering characters are thick and high

frequency.

Integrating Styrax-Coffee Agroforestry System and Apiculture as Alternative Source of Livelihood for Communities in Lake Toba

Catchment Area, North Sumatra

255

Table 3: Dominant tree species that produce nectar and

resin.

No.

Tree species

Potency

Nectar

Resin

Aek Nauli, Simalungun

Nangka (Artocarpus

heterophyllus)

Haminjon toba (Styrax

sumatrana)

Haminjon durame (S. benzoin)

Tusam (Pinus merkusii)

Damar (Agathis dammara)

Meranti (Shorea spp.)

Kaliandra (Callyandra spp.)

Rasamala (Altingia excelsa)

Pakpak Bharat

Haminjon toba (Styrax

sumatrana)

Haminjon durame (S. benzoin)

Tusam (Pinus merkusii)

Mahang (Macaranga spp.)

Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba)

Mangga (Mangifera spp.)

Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon)

Kaliandra (Callyandra spp.)

Petai (Parkia speciosa)

Meranti (Shorea spp.)

Durian (Durio zibhetinus)

Sukun (Artocarpus altilis)

Humbang Hasundutan

Haminjon toba (Styrax

sumatrana

Simartolu (Schimawallichii)

Petai (Parkia speciosa)

Kopi (Coffeea arabica)

Kaliandra (Calliandra spp.)

Tusam (Pinus merkusii)

Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba)

Rasamala (Altingia excelsa)

Mahang (Macaranga spp.)

Makadame (Macadamia

hildebrandii)

Durian (Durio zibhetinus)

3.2 Flowering of Styrax

The flowering observation were conducted on ten

sample trees in Aek Nauli forest from Mei to

November 2017. Kemenyan Toba flowers have a

compound structure. It are arranged in a bunch or

panicle (inflorescence) with 5 to 12 flowers in a bunch

(Figure 2). The panicle of flower is at the tip of the

branch with an upright position. The development of

flowers from buds form to matured fruits is not the

same period in one bunch (Kholibrina, 2017). There

are a tendency that flowers in the top position is bloom

Figure 3: Trigona laeviceps’s hive structures constructed

from resin.

first and then continued by the flowers at the bottom.

The flower character and its structure are closely

related to the type of pollination either by animals or

wind (Sedgley and Griffin, 1989).

According to flower types, shapes and colours, the

pollination were identified occurs with insect vectors,

naturally. Bees and butterflies were observed flying

around the flowers at 08.00-11.15 WIB (Kholibrina,

2017). Trigona's daily fly activity at the study site also

similar to the time range:

a. 07.00 - 10.00 WIB: fly out the hive, looking for

feed (nectar and resin)

b. 10.00 - 14.00 WIB: around the hive

c. 14.00 - 16.00 hrs: fly out the hive looking for feed

(nectar and resin)

The flowers have white or cream color, irregular

or tubular shapes, consisting of several parts, there are

places of landing and flowers frequented by bees and

moths (Palupi, 2001). The genital expression is

hermaphrodite, where ♂ and ♀ consisted in a same

flower, with anther and stigma close together,

allowing for self-pollination. There were identified

nine anthers that surrounded, with sticky pollen.

There were indicated from the observed anther have

been opening during investigation. Another tree

ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology

256

species with sticky pollen is Teak (Tectona grandis)

with medium tricolpatc form (Owens et al., 1996). An

anther and stigma position adjacent to each other is

shown in Figure 5. The nature and shape of pollen

will affects the controlled pollination patterns.

The anther and stigma positions are close

together, but the compatibility is unknown. This

condition raises the possibility of self pollination

(autogamy) and cross (allogamy). The proportion of

self and cross-pollination in a population are

influenced by self-sterility, flowering behavior and

the presence of pollinating vectors (Kittelson and

Maron, 2000, Satifah and Darjanto, 1984). Generally,

flowers have a natural mechanism to reduce their self-

pollination both temporal and spatially. In this case,

temporarily, the ripening of male and female flowers

occurs at different times, whereas male flowers are

spatially separated from female.

Petal is white and it is a part of flower to attract

insects to pollinate. White pistil surrounded by orange

stamens, light green sepals attached to bottom of the

ovary. Diameter of flowers reaches 18 mm at the bud

form, when blooming it reach 91 mm (Kholibrina,

2017). The panicle length is 65.4 to 75.0 mm, and the

length of the stylus is 15 mm. The stamen length is 11

mm and it has 9 anthers. The stylus is longer than

stamen. This is a defense mechanism to minimize the

self-pollination. The anther is slightly hairy with a

bright orange color when ripe and the stigma (pistil)

is slightly slimy with a bright greenish white color

when receptive condition.

The flowering development starts from the

emergence of generative shoots that come out from

the leaves armpits in the form of small bends, then

developed into a flower bud (designated panicles).

Shoots of panicles will develop into a clearer flower

arrangement with petal still closed. Flowers on the

buds develop to a complete flower structure with

petal still in bud form. Further, individual flowers

bloom with light green sepal color and white pistil

parts (receptive flower conditions). If pollination

occurs, the flowers will abort the petals and ovule

starts to swell (Kholibrina, 2017).

The designated flowers or generative shoots begin

to appear at the end of June to July, then flower will

appear and elongate at the end of August. In August

to September the flower buds on the panicle grow and

emerge a white petal. Generally, the flower blooms in

August to September. In late September to early

October, the flowers fallen, and fertilization process

has begun.

The flowering development occurs for 30 to 152

days, begin from the growing of generative buds, the

flower’s shoots and bursts is developed, and young

fruits ismatured. The developmental period of

flowering of S. sumatrana is shown in Table 1. It is

illustrates that the flowering cycle of this species

incidence relatively longer than S. benzoin. The latter

takes between 35 and 62 days (Syamsuwida et al.,

2014).

The flowers appear after the budding period. The

number of Styrax flowers in one panicle varies in one

tree as well as compared to other trees and the wind

direction. Variations in the number of flowers often

reported in tree plantations such as variations of

flower production among clones, canopy and season

in the seed orchard of Pinus sylvetris (Burczyk and

Lewandowski, 1998).

Environmental factors such as the adequacy of

sunlight and soil nutrients affect the flowering. The

sunlight reception is related to photosynthesis rate as

a energy source for flowering process. The

observations were showed that branching in the East

has a higher proportion of flowers than in the West

direction (Kholibrina, 2017). This is related to the

intensity of sunlight received. Conversely, the less

intensity of sunlight affects the flowering inhibition

in reverse direction. While the availability of soil

nutrients associated with energy supply and building

materials for formation and development of flowers.

The effects of competition among individual trees

also determine the flowering (Burczyk and

Lewandowski, 1998).

3.3 Productivity and Propolis Content

The harvesting technique and post-harvest processing

of Trigona honey is similar to Apis cerana bee, using

a knife to harvest the honeycomb, but requires a kind

of pipette or pressurized pipe to suck honey from its

pot. Then, honey is collected in a bottle. While the

harvesting of propolis were conducted by scraping

propolis around the wooden door, or scaping the hives

that honey and pollen have been harvested.

Trigona and Apis bee cultivation in agroforestry

systems prove the high potential of propolis and

honey produced. Each Trigona colony produces 30-

70 g of propolis every two weeks. Whereas from Apis

obtained an average of 0.3 liters of honey each stup at

biweekly harvest. If each farmer keeps each ten Apis

and Trigona bee stups, from the cultivation of these

bees and the Coffee harvest every two weeks, farmer

earns Rp1.2 to 2.4 million per month. The addition of

family income is quite good considering how the

maintenance of Apis and Trigona bee is relatively

easy and allocated time is minimal.

According to Saepudin (2011), the effort to

integrate Coffee plantation with honey bee (Apis

Integrating Styrax-Coffee Agroforestry System and Apiculture as Alternative Source of Livelihood for Communities in Lake Toba

Catchment Area, North Sumatra

257

cerana) in Kepahiang, Bengkulu can accommodate

stup as many as 66 - 250 stups per hectare. However,

the capacity of Coffee plantation to accommodate bee

colony should be supported by other species such as

Kaliandra to maintain the continuity of bee feed when

Coffee is not flowering.

Propolis is a natural nutrient collected bees from

leaf shoots resin and bark of plants mixed with bee

enzyme (Galvao, 2007; Lofty, 2006). Based on

testing of the active phytochemical content

performed, propolis of the styrax stand contains

polyphenols (flavonoids, phenolic acids), terpenoids,

steroids.

Propolis is used by bees to build and protect their

hive, so there are many in the door and the edge of the

nest, wrapping eggs, honey and pollen (Bankova et

al., 2000). Propolis Trigona contains 35-45% fatty

acids, 10% essential oils, minerals, vitamins and other

organic substances 5%, 10% pollen and 45-55%

resins. Propolis is rich in vitamins (A, B, and C),

minerals (Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn), and

enzyme succinic dehydrogenase (Hegazi, 1998;

Bankova, 2000).

3.4 Economic Value and Trading

System

Most of the Apis and Trigona honey produced by

farmers at the research sites are marketed through

collecting trader before they delivere to end

consumers. However, honey marketing directly from

farmers to consumers were also found.. But, there are

no raw propolis produced that marketed directly to

consumers. Beside processed in the domestic industry

in small quantity, the raw materials are exported and

processed abroad before being re-imported and

marketed to consumers.

Increased attention to organic medicines have

boosted market demand for propolis and honey

increase by 20% annually. However, most of these

commodities needs are still met from imports

(Aswandi and Kholibrina, 2016). Some distribution

companies began to engage in propolis marketing by

importing propolis extracts for processing in liquid

form domestically (Harsanto and Maharani, 2011).

This import is applied because domestic commercial

propolis extract product not yet available. This fact

represents an opportunity for the provision of liquid

propolis by utilizing local raw propolis that have not

been worked out (Aswandi and Kholibrina, 2016).

This is actually an opportunity for local

community to cultivate bees Trigona propolis

producer, especially according to extract propolis

price is very expensive on market. The potential of

Trigona bees to produce propolis is much higher than

other bees. These bees also have a small body size and

stingless, easy to adapt and easily maintained. These

bees are often hived in tree cavities, bamboo holes

and cracks in house walls (Dollin et al. 1997;

Michener 2007).

3.5 The Influence of Trigona Bee

Cultivation on Productivity

Trigona's characteristic and short-flight range,

making it focus on trees around the hive, making

pollination more intensive than Apis bees with further

flying range (Michener, 2007; Aswandi and

Kholibrina, 2016). Some studies suggest an increase

in cultivated crop production if a number of Trigona

bee colonies are placed around the plant site. The

laying of the bee colony in the coffee plantation also

shows an increase in the number of the fruits

(Aswandi and Kholibrina, 2016).

In another study, number of harvested avocado

fruit production were increased, from 100 fruits per

harvest becomes about 200 fruits per harvest after the

presence of Trigona bee colony as a pollinator around

the avocado tree. It also can be seen clearly from the

number of flowers and fruit from cultivated plants

that are always abundant throughout the year, such as

coconut, coffee, melinjo, and Kaliandra so it can be

enjoyed by farmers and also the owners of the garden

(Baconawa, 2002).

The abundant of potential feed resources,

uncomplicated cultivation techniques, high selling

prices and demand for propolis products are some of

the strengths and opportunities for the development

of Trigona bee cultivation in Lake Toba (Aswandi

and Kholibrina, 2016). The existence of

interdependence between bees and vegetated

environment will encourage efforts to maintain

vegetation cover in Lake Toba catchment area.

Through the bee cultivation practices were expected

to encourage the community to maintain their

environment by not doing the logging, destruction or

burning of land as it often happens during decades in

this region.

Agroforestry systems that combine seasonal crops

with plantation crops, fruit trees and forestry provide

a source of nectar and resin. The development of

honey bee cultivation and propolis producers in

agroforestry systems provides opportunities for

alternative sources of livelihoods and increases the

crop productivity. Honey and propolis produced are

also expected to increase the nutritional and public

health.

ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology

258

4 CONCLUSIONS

The agroforestry practices have actually existed for a

long time in Lake Toba DTA. Some farmers in this

area have planted their land with a variety of plants.

The diversity of species in agroforestry system

illustrates farmers' choices in extracting their sources

of income by considering the term harvesting, risk

and saving in tree stand form.

Trigona bee cultivation in the agroforestry system

proves the high potential of propolis and honey bees

produced. Propolis produced a typical aroma of

styrax and contains phytochemical compounds

polyphenols (flavonoids, phenolic acids), terpenoids

and steroids.

The abundant feed resources, uncomplicated

cultivation techniques, high selling prices and

demand for propolis products are some of strengths

and opportunities for Trigona cultivation

development in Lake Toba. The development of

honey bee cultivation and propolis producers in

agroforestry systems provides opportunities for

alternative sources of livelihoods and increases in

crop productivity.

REFERENCES

Angraini, A. D. 2006. Potential of Bee Propolis Trigona

spp. as an Antibacterial Material. Thesis. Bogor

Agricultural Institute. Not published.

Artdiyasa, N., Chaidir, A., Wirawati E. K., Susanti T. 2010.

Trigona: Bee producing propolis. Trubus Online.

http://www.trubus-online.co.id. [10 Oktober 2010].

Aswandi, Kholibrina C. R. 2016. Potential Integrated

Agroforestry-Apiculture Development for Watershed

Ecosystem Restoration and Enhancement of Lake Toba

Public Welfare. In Proceedings of the National Seminar

on Information Technology and Innovation III, Samosir

11-12 November 2016. Medan State University.

Aswandi, Kholibrina C. R. 2017. Lake Toba Ecosystem

Recovery. Medan: Bina Media Perintis.

Baconawa A. D. 2002. The economics of bee pollination in

the Philippines. The Mayamang Masa Multi-Purpose

Development Cooperative (MMMPDC) Bee Project.

http://www.beekeeping.org/articles/us/pollination_phil

ippines.htm. [27 Agustus 2016].

Bankova V. S., de Castro S. L., Marucci, M. C. 2000.

Propolis: Recent advances in chemistry and plant

origin. Apidologie 31, 3-15.

Bankova, V. S. 2005. Recent Trends and Important

Development in Propolis Research. Evidence-based

Complementary and Alternative Med, 2, 29-32.

Burczyk, J., Lewandowski, C. 1998. Resin production of

scots pine trees maybe associated with multilocus

allozyme variation. Arboretum kdrnickie, 43,79-83.

Fearnley, J. 2001. Bee Propolis Natural Healing from The

Hive. Souvenir Press Ltr., London.

Galvao, J. 2007. Biological therapy using propolis as

nutritional supelemen in cancer treatment. Int J Cancer

Res, 3(1), 43-53.

Halim, E., Hardinsyah, Sutandyo, N., Sulaeman A., Artika,

M., Harahap, Y. 2012. Bioactive and Nutritional

Studies of Propolis in Indonesia and Brazil. Nutrition

and Food Journal, 7(1), 1-6.

Halim, M. N. A., Suharno, 2001. The Royal Jelly grafting

technique. Kanisius, Yogyakarta.

Harborne J. B. 1987. Phytochemical Method. 2

edition.

(Padmawinata K, penerjemah). ITB, Bandung.

Harsanto, B., Maharani. 2011. Business Aspects of

Indonesian Local Liquid Propolis Development. In

Proceedings of the National Research Seminar and

PKM of Science, Technology and Health, 2 (1), 195-

200. http://prosiding.lppm.unisba.ac.id/index.php/

Sains/article/download/51/pdf.

Hegazi A. G. 1998. Propolis an overview. J Bee Informed,

5, 22-28.

JICA, 2004. The study on integrated regional development

and environmental conservation management in the

area of Lake Toba with participatory approach. PT.

Indokoei International.

Kartasubrata, J. 2003. Social Forestry dan Agroforestry di

Asia. Bogor: Fakultas Kehutanan IPB.

Kholibrina C. R. 2017. Flowering of Kemenyan Toba Tree

(Styrax sumatrana J.J.Sm.) at Aek Nauli Arboretum,

North Sumatra. In Proceedings of Aek Nauli Research

Research Institute for Environmental Development and

Forestry Research Center. Forest Products Research

Center. Research and Development Agency and

Innovation

Kittelson, P. M., Maron, J. L. 2000. Outcrossing rate and

inbreeding depression in the perennial yellow bush

lupine, Lupinus arboreus (Fabaceae). American Journal

of Botany, 87, 652-660.

Kumazawa, S., Hamasaka, T., Nakayama, T. 2004.

Antioxidant activity of propolis of various geographic

origin. Food Chemistry, 84, 329-339

Lofty, M. 2006. Biological activity of bee propolis in health

and disease. Asia Pac J Cancer Prev, 7, 22-31.

Michener, C. D. 2007. The bees of the world 2

ed.

Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Owens, J. N., Sornsathapornkul, P., Tangmitchareon, S.

1996. Studying Flowering and Seed Ontogeny

inTropical Forest Trees. ASEAN-Canada Forest tree

Seed Centre. Muak Lek, Saraburi. Thailand.

Palupi, E. R. 2001. Pollination, fertilization and seed

development. The 3rd Training on Seed Biology. IFSP-

BTP. Forestry Research and Development Agency.

Ministry of Forestry and Plantation. Bogor.

Saepudin, R. 2011. Productivity of honey bees (Apis

cerana) on the application of a system of integration

with coffee gardens [Thesis]. Bogor: Post Graduate

School of the Bogor Agricultural Institute.

Satifah, Darjanto. 1984. Basic Knowledge of Flower

Biology and Artificial Cross Pollination

Techniques.Gramedia, Jakarta.

Integrating Styrax-Coffee Agroforestry System and Apiculture as Alternative Source of Livelihood for Communities in Lake Toba

Catchment Area, North Sumatra

259

Sedgley, M., Griffin, A. R, 1989. Sexual Reproduction of

Tree Crops. Academic Press.

Susilowati, A., Hendalastuti, H., Kholibrina C. R.,

Ramadhani, R. 2017. Weak delineation of Styrax

species growing in North Sumatra, Indonesia by matK

+ rbcL gene. Biodiversity, 18(3), 2085-4722. DOI:

10.13057/biodiv/d180353.

Syamsuwida, D., Aminah, A., Nurochman, N., Sumarni E.

B., Ginting, J. 2014. Flowering and Fruiting

Development Cycle and Fruit Set of Kemenyan (Styrax

benzoin) at Aek Nauli. Journal of Plantation Forest

Research, 11(2), 89-98.

Tukan, G. D. 2008. The Effect of Trigona spp. propolis

from Pandeglang to several isolates of cow intestinal

bacteria and tracing the active component [Thesis].

Bogor: Postgraduate School, Bogor Agricultural

Institute.

ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology

260