The Growth and Production of Coffee in Different Shade, Pruning
and Fertilizing Conditions
Adriani S.A. Siahaan
1
, Erwin Masrul Harahap
2
, Chairani Hanum
2
and Abubakar Karim
3
1
Doctoral Program of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
2
Program Study of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
3
Soil Science Department, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Keywords: Growth, production, coffee, shade, pruning, fertilization
Abstract: Coffee plants (Coffea sp.) are C3 plant groups, with characteristic of low photosynthetic efficiency, which is
due to the occurance of photorespiration. In simple agroforestry systems, legumesare commonly used as
shade trees. In addition, pruning and fertilizing are also very important cultivation techniques incoffee
plantation business. This study was aimed toto obtain the maximum potential of coffee production at a
certain height in Humbahas Regency with a package treatment of pruning, fertilizing and shade technology.
Plant experiments were carried out at an altitude zone of 1200-1300 meters above sea level(masl) which
was designed in the form of Splits plot design. There are three factors tested, the main plot is shade with a
levelof without shade (N0) and shade (N1); the main subplots are pruning, namely pruning with the farmer
system (P1) and pruning recommendations (P2); while thesubplots are fertilization methods consisting of:
farmers' fertilizing level (O0), giving organic fertilizer from coffee pulp at a level of 10 kg / tree (O1),
giving organic fertilizer from manure at a level of 10 kg / tree (O2), giving phosphate fertilizer (SP36) 150
g/ tree. The growth and production of coffee plants are influenced by the interaction between shade plants,
pruning and fertilization. On all altitudes level in this experiment, vegetative growth in plants were
improvedin not shaded by pruning conditionsand application oforganic fertilizer, both with manure and
coffee pulp compost. However, the best yield production was obtained at under shaded conditions in which
the plants were cut according to theprune recommendations.
1 INTRODUCTION
Coffee plants (Coffea sp.) are C3 plants, with low
photosynthetic efficiency characteristic, because the
photorespiration occurs. However, the low
photosynthetic efficiency makes the growth rate of
coffee plants themselves not optimal (Mawardi,
2008). Coffee is grown in mixed systems
(agroforestry), ranging from simple to complex
(multistrata) mixed systems that resemble forests
(Hairiah & Rahayu, 2010). Coffee gardens can be
cultivated through farming systems that lead to
agroforestry (Dariah et al., 2005). In simple
agroforestry systems, the common shade is legume
trees such as dadap (Erythrina sububrams), gamal
(Gliricidia sepium), and lamtoro (Leucaena glauca)
which are useful for feed and as soil fertilizers, so
that the use of chemical fertilizers decreases (Hairiah
& Rahayu, 2010). However, there are several shade-
free coffee cultivations such as in Hawaii, Brazil and
Kenya (Prawoto et al., 2006; Panggabean, 2011).
Pruning is one of the most important cultivation
techniques business of coffee planting, because
pruning is related to the supply of fruit branches
which are the main organ producing in coffee fruit.
The production of coffee plants is largely
determined by the number of productive fruit
branches during a conception season. Irregular and
narrow spacing causes crop canopies to overlap with
plant aging, therefore, pruning is an effective
solution to reduce the effects of excessive initial
constriction on the plantation. Pruning is a
technology that has been associated with higher
yields due to the promotion of reproductive output in
different plant species (Bilir et al., 2006; Dutkuner et
al., 2008).
Coffee plants are are best cultivated at soil
conditions with high organic matter content,
becausethe productivity of coffee plants is directly
214
Siahaan, A., Harahap, E., Hanum, C. and Karim, A.
The Growth and Production of Coffee in Different Shade, Pruning and Fertilizing Conditions.
DOI: 10.5220/0008551902140219
In Proceedings of the International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology (ICONART 2019), pages 214-219
ISBN: 978-989-758-404-6
Copyright
c
2019 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reser ved
related to the level of organic matter in the soil. The
optimal level of organic ingredients for coffee plants
ranges from 2-5%, depending on the soil texture
class. Organic matter plays an important role in plant
productivity because of its influence on the
physiological, chemical and biological
characteristics of the soil. In this case it is also
related to soil air, supports water infiltration, reduces
erosion and activates the life of soil organisms
(Wintgens, 2012). In addition, organic matter also
greatly increases cation exchange capacity (CEC) in
tropical soils. Organic materials also help to resist
acidity caused by certain nitrogen fertilizers. This is
very important because high acidity levels in the soil
reduce microbial activity, and further develop
toxicity caused by the presence of aluminum and
manganese.
Coffee is an important commodity in Indonesia
as an agent of development that provides income,
jobs for2.3 million farmers, the formation of growth
centers, encouraging coffee agribusiness and agro-
industry (GAEKI ICEA, 2015; ICO, 2009; Marsh,
2005; Roldán-Pérez et al., 2009). In 2010, Indonesia
became the third major coffee producer in the world
after Brazil and Vietnam, while in fourth place was
Colombia. These four countries produce 63.48% of
world coffee production (ICO, 2014). At the national
level, North Sumatra Province is in fourth place in
the total production of arabica and robusta coffee,
contributing 8% of national coffee production.
Humbang Hasundutan Regency has a type of coffee
called "Lintong coffee" or Sigarar Utang coffee. The
area of coffee plantations in the Regency is about
9,246 ha and with production of 6,461 tons. Coffee
plantations consist of 48.45% of agricultural and
plantation land area (Humbahas in 2011). In
Humbang area, there are also several other varieties
such as Onan Ganjang, Jember and Lasuna, but the
production of these three varieties have been very
small at only 5%.
However, the level of coffee productivity in
Indonesia is still relatively lower, which is 700 kg /
ha. The productivity in North Sumatra isabove the
national average, 1,022 kg / ha / year, occupying the
second position after Aceh with a productivity of
1,158 kg / ha / year. However, at the local level, the
productivity of Arabica coffee in Humbang
Hasundutan Regency is still low at 867.35 kg / ha /
year. This production is still far from the potential of
similar Arabica coffee production which can reach
1.50 - 2.0 tons / ha / year (Disbun Province of North
Sumatra, 2013).
This study was aimedto obtain the maximum
potential of coffee production at a certain height in
Humbahas Regency with a package treatment of
pruning, fertilizing and shade technology.
2 RESEARCH METHODHOLOGY
Plant experiments were carried out at an altitude
zone of 1200-1300 meters above sea level(masl)
which was designed in the form of Splits plot
design. Plant trials will be carried out for 1 year.
There are three factors tested, the main plot is shade
with a level without shade (N0) and shade (N1);
subplots are pruning, namely pruning with the
farmer system (P1) and pruning recommendations
(P2); while the subplots are fertilization methods
consisting of: farmers' fertilizing dose (O0), giving
organic fertilizer from coffee pulp at a dose of 10 kg
/ tree (O1), giving organic fertilizer from manure at
a dose of 10 kg / tree (O2) , giving phosphate
fertilizer (SP36) 150 g / tree.
Y
ijk =
µ + K
l
+ A
i
+ Y
il
+ B
j
+ (AB)
ij
+ δ
ijl
+ C
k
+
(AC)
ik
+ (BC)
jk
+ (ABC)
ijk
+ ε
ijkl
rlckbjai ...2,1;...2,1;...2,1;...,2,1
Description:
Y
ijk
:
Observation in the first experimental
unit that obtained a
combinationtreatment of the i-level
of factor A, the j-level of factor B,
and the k-level of factor C
µ
:
Population average Value
K
l
:
The effect of additive from group I
A
i
:
The effect of additive to i-level from
A factor (Main plot)
Y
il
:
Random effect of the main plot,
which appears at the first level of A
factor in the first group.
B
j
:
The effect of additive j-level from
B factor (subplot)
(AB)
ij
:
The effect of additive level A factor
and the j-level of B factor
δ
ijl
:
Random effects from the first
experimental unit that obtain an ij
treatment combination (Plot of b
errors)
C
k
:
Random effects from the first
experimental unit that obtain an ij
treatment combination (Plot of b
error)
(AC)
ik
:
The effect of additive level –i of A
factorandk-level of C factor
(BC)
jk
The effect of additive level j of B
factorand k-level of factor C
The Growth and Production of Coffee in Different Shade, Pruning and Fertilizing Conditions
215
ε
ijkl
:
Random effects of the first
experimental unit that obtain an ijk
treatment combination (plot of c
errors)
This observation was carried out using 10 sample
plants from each sample plot and each sample plot
was repeated three times. The parameters of growth
and production of coffee plants observed were: 1)
number of productive branches, 2) number of
bunches / branches, 3) number of fruit / bunches, 4)
total fruit / trees, 5) diameter of canopy, 6) wet
weight of coffee beans, and 7) dry water content of
14%.
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Generally, shade as the main plot does not have a
significant effect on the growth and production of
coffee in the altitude region 1200-1300 m above sea
level, but it only significantly affects the number of
productive branches. Likewise, pruning and
fertilizing as subplots do not have a significant effect
on all parameters (Table 1). The significant
interaction effect is found at the treatment of Shade
x Pruning x Fertilization (NPO) interaction, which
resulted insignificant effect on all parameters.
Table 1: Recapitulation of analysis of varianceof growth and production of coffee plants on shade, pruning and fertilization
at an altitude of 1200-1300 masl
Shade
Pruning
Fertilization
Interaction
(N)
(P)
(O)
NP
NO
PO
NPO
ns
Ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
**
*
Ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
**
ns
Ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
**
ns
Ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
**
ns
Ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
**
ns
Ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
**
Description: (ns): not significantly different, (*): significantly different from the Duncan test 5%, (**): very significantly
different in the Duncan test 1%.
The absence of beneficial effects from the presence
of shade trees on a plot scale can occur because
coffee itself also produces a lot of litter which
contributes greatly to the formation of soil organic
matter, regardless of the presence of protective trees.
Coffee litter at this height has organic C content of
20.43% and N of 0.89, so C / N is 22.7. The
contribution of C organic from litter can increase
soil fertility
Table 2: The Effect of shade, pruning and fertilization interaction on the growth and production of coffee plants in altitude
of 1200-1300 m.asl
Kombinations
Parameter
JCP
DKnp
JTd
JBh_td
BBsh
BKr
N0P1O0
37.67d
203.3a
15.3b
13.0b
430.0b
156.0b
N0P1O1
37.67d
178.3a
22.3c
13.7b
363.3b
118.3b
N0P1O2
33.00c
193.3a
11.0a
13.3b
931.3c
159.8b
N0P1O3
34.00c
164.0a
16.3b
8.7a
202.5a
62.3a
N0P2O0
32.00c
156.0a
7.0a
7.0a
177.7a
85.4b
N0P2O1
31.67c
173.0a
16.7b
6.0a
246.0a
89.1b
N0P2O2
36.00c
176.0a
20.0c
10.0b
279.1b
101.8b
N0P2O3
41.67e
150.0a
10.0a
12.7b
173.4a
85.5b
N1P1O0
22.33b
185.7a
32.3c
14.0b
689.8b
205.5b
N1P1O1
22.67b
200.0a
32.0c
16.3b
599.3b
228.9c
N1P1O2
19.67b
198.3a
61.3d
22.7c
423.6b
156.1b
N1P1O3
20.00b
166.7a
21.7c
13.7b
590.0b
138.9b
N1P2O0
29.67c
193.3a
58.7d
20.3c
784.6bc
253.5c
N1P2O1
18.00a
197.7a
23.0c
15.3b
387.3b
139.1b
N1P2O2
32.33c
154.7a
22.3c
10.7b
169.0a
81.4b
ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology
216
N1P2O3
23.00b
171.7a
11.0a
17.0b
221.1a
104.6b
Description: numbers followed by different letter notations in the same column are significantly different in Duncan's 5%
test. JCP = number of productive branches / plants; DKnp = diameter of plant canopy; JTd= number of
bunches / plants; JBh= number of fruits / bunches; BBsh = fruit / plant wet weight; Bkr = dry weight of fruit /
plant (weight of water content is 12%).
In the single factor, shade does not generally
affect coffee growth and production. It means that
the shade system of coffee plants, which
correspondingly provides several ecosystem
services, also does not reduce coffee production.
However, there is one growth parameter that is
influenced by coffee shade, namely the number of
branches productivity (Graph 1), where the number
of productive branches coffee is not shaded by
33.8% more than shaded coffee. These results
contradict with the findings of Siles et al. (2010),
where shading of coffee plants in intercropping
systems plays an important role in productivity
Figure 1: Number of branches productivity in shaded and non-shaded conditions (N0: non-shaded; N1: shaded)
The optimal intensity of sunlight for coffee plant
growth as a result of the use of various types of
shade something that is specific and cannot be
generalized to different growing environments,
varieties, and management. The interaction between
the growing environment, varieties, and crop
management is a factor that can be a differentiator in
the use of various types of shade plants. Beer et al.
(1988) suggested that the influence of shade on the
coffee crop results many contradictions due to
differences in biophysical environment, plant
material, evaluation criteria, and duration of study.
Beer et al. (1988) and Dossa et al. (2008) suggested
that the interaction between coffee plantations and
species of shade plants is strongly influenced by
differences in the growing environment,
characteristics and or differences in plant varieties,
and differences in management of garden
management.
In the generative phase, increasing shade can
reduce productivity. This is due to excessive shade,
the assimilation of carbon becomes lower so that
vegetative growth becomes more dominant than the
appearance of flower buds (DaMatta, 2004), and
fewer flower buds per branch (Wintgens, 2014).
The effect of the best shade, pruning and
fertilizing interactions on the parameters of the
number of productive branches was obtained in
N0P2O3 (without shade, trimming recommendations
and giving 150 gr phosphate fertilizer / tree), as
many as 41.67 branches. While the lowest
productive branch growth was obtained at N1P2O1
(with shade, trimming recommendations and giving
compost from 10 kg of coffee pulp / tree).
The canopy diameter parameters, although
further test analysis did not show significant
differences, the best effect of interaction of shade,
pruning and fertilization was obtained on N0P1O0
(without shade, cropping of farmers 'systems and
farmers' dosing) and N1P1O1 (with shade, pruning
of farmer systems and compost fertilizer) from 10 kg
of coffee pulp / tree) with a canopy diameter of
Jumlah Cabang
Produktif; N0;
35,46
Jumlah Cabang
Produktif; N1;
23,46
Number of productive branches
The Growth and Production of Coffee in Different Shade, Pruning and Fertilizing Conditions
217
203.3 cm, while the smallest canopy diameter at
N0P2O3 (without shade, trimming recommendations
and giving 150 gr phosphate fertilizer / tree) was 150
cm.
The parameters of the number bunches of tree,
the best interaction effect of shade, pruning and
fertilization was obtained on N1P1O2 (with shade,
pruning the farmer system and 10 kg manure / tree)
and N1P1O1 (with shade, pruning the farmer system
and compost from 10 kg coffee pulp / tree) with a
number of bunches of 61.3, while the number of
bunches was at least in N0P2O0 (without shade,
pruning recommendations and fertilizing at a
farmer's dose) as many as 7 bunches per tree.
The parameters number of fruits per bunch per
tree, the best interaction effect of shade, pruning and
fertilization was obtained on N1P1O2 (with shade,
pruning the farmer system and 10 kg of manure /
tree) with a bunch of 61.3, while the number of
bunches was at least N0P2O1 (without shade,
pruning recommendations and fertilizing with
compost from 10 kg of coffee pulp / tree) as much as
6 pieces per bunch per tree.
The parameters of wet seed weight, the best
interaction effect of shade, pruning and fertilization
was obtained on N0P1O2 (without shade,
pruning the farmer system and 10 kg of manure /
tree) with a wet seed weight of 931.3 gr, while the
lowest wet seed weight was N1P2O2 (with shade,
pruning recommendations and fertilizing with 10 kg
of manure / tree) weighing 169 gr.
The parameters of dry seed weight, the best
effect of interaction of shade, pruning and
fertilization was obtained on N1P2O0 (with shade,
pruning recommendations and fertilizer for farmers)
with dry seed weight 253.3 gr, while the lowest dry
seed weight on N0P1O3 (without shade, trimming
system farmers and fertilization with SP36 150 g /
tree) weighing 62.3 gr. However, when viewed from
the percentage of heavy shrinkage from wet-dry, the
best interactions are found in N1P2O3 (with shade,
cropping of farmer's recommendations and
fertilizing with SP36 150 g / tree), with shrinkage of
52%. This shrinkage value is much lower than
N0P1O2 (without shade, cropping the farmer's
system and 10 kg of manure / tree) with a wet seed
weight of 931.3 gr and shrinking by 82% (159.2 gr)
on the dry weight of the seeds.
In locations without shade, with a spacing of 2.5
x 2.5 m wide, it is not possible for coffee plants to
grow and develop properly. The absence of shade
trees causes the distribution of sunlight that can be
absorbed by coffee plants is relatively large. Such as
conditions cause the growth of the main coffee
plants to be disrupted. At high light intensity causes
the air temperature to rise and these conditions tend
to cause plants to suffer from lack of water due to
increased evapotranspiration and reduce the flow of
CO2 into the leaves so that the assimilation process
becomes reduced. If this condition continues, the
plant growth will be hampered. Plants will be more
disturbed if the leaves are burned by the sun's heat
and increased leaf miscarriages will reduce the
ability of the leaves to produce assimilates for their
growth.
4 CONCLUSIONS
The growth and production of coffee plants is
influenced by the interaction of shade plants,
pruning and fertilization. In all altitudes, vegetative
growth in plants tends is enhanced in conditions of
not shaded by pruning and giving organic fertilizer,
both with manure and coffee pulp compost.
However, the best yield production parameters was
obtained under shaded conditions which are pruned
according to the recommendations.
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