Results of Upland Rice and Nutrient Uptake in Rainfed Lowland Due
to Giving Potassium, Straw Compost and Cow Manure
Novia Chairuman
1,2
, Rosmayati
3
, Hamidah Hanum
3
and Ali Jamil
4
1
Doctoral Program of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
2
North Sumatera Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology, Medan, Indonesia
3
Program Study of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
4
Agricultural Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture Headquarters, Jakarta Selatan 12550, Indonesia
Keywords: Upland Rice, Potassium, Straw Compost, Cow Manure, Rainfed Lowland.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of package Potassium fertilization, straw compost and
cow manure on upland rice yield with planting time intervals follow the planting calendar in rainfed lowland
at the third planting season. The research design is split plot design with three factors and two replications.
The main plot is planting time with three levels, T1: September day 10
th
, T2: September day 20
th
, T3:
September day 30
th
. Sub-plots were fertilization package treatment with six levels: K1: without Potassium
and compost, K2: 50 kg ha
-1
KCl, K3: 5 t ha
-1
straw compost, K4: 2.5 t ha
-1
straw compost + 2.5 t ha
-1
cow
manure compost, K5: 50 kg ha
-1
KCl + 5 t ha
-1
straw compost, K6: 50 kg ha
-1
KCl + 2.5 t ha straw compost +
2.5 t ha
-1
cow manure compost. Sub-sub-plots were eight rice varieties, V1: Situbagendit, V2: Towuti, V3:
Batutegi, V4: Inpago 8, V5: Inpago 9, V6: Inpago 10, V7: Ciherang, V8: Inpari 10. The results showed that
interaction of the three treatment factors had a significant effect on grain yield and Phosphorus uptake. The
highest grain yield was obtained at planting time in September day 10
th
, fertilizing packages straw compost
5 t ha
-1
, Inpago 9 variety (9.24 t ha
-1
) and planting time in September day 10
th
, fertilizing packages KCl 50
kg ha
-1
+ straw compost 2.5 t ha
-1
+ cow manure 2.5 t ha
-1
, Inpago 9 variety (9.01 t ha
-1
).
1 INTRODUCTION
Rice is a national staple crop and mostly consumed
by Indonesians people. Generally, efforts to increase
rice production in various regions are focused on
irrigated land, namely paddy fields, where water is
always available throughout the season. However, the
production rate still does not meet national needs and
even shortages occur due to pests and diseases,
droughts, and natural disasters such as floods. Upland
rice is a dry land type that is tolerant to drought or
without flooding such as wetland rice. Growth of
upland rice is very dependent on climate factors,
especially rainfall. Generally, upland rice is planted in
dry land where the intensity and distribution of rainfall
are erratic. One criterion of rice varieties that can grow
well in limited rainfall environments is drought tolerant
and is able to maintain greenness during drought. The
average productivity of upland rice on dry land is 2.56
tons ha
-1
, while the average productivity of rice in
irrigated fields is 4.57 tons ha
-1
.
Rainfed lowland has the potential to develop and
increase rice production. Upland rice cultivation in
rainfed lowland is expected to contribute to national
rice production. Some obstacles in rainfed lowland
are having irrigation which is very dependent on
rainfall. In general, rainfed lowland has a low K
content (Saha et al., 2009 and Subandi, 2013), due to
absence of K supply from irrigation water and outside
transport of plant residues to the field. Potassium
supply in the soil can be reduced due to three things,
namely Potassium uptake by plants, Potassium
leaching by water, and soil erosion. In the dry season
or inundated conditions in reinfed area, Potassium in
soil solutions is in balance with K adsorbed by clay.
During the rainy season, flooding can increase the
availability of K and produce Fe
2+
and Mn
2+
which in
large quantities can replace K adsorbed by clay so that
K is released into the solution and available to plants.
(Prasetyo et al., 2004). Input K is absolutely needed
in crop farming systems, especially in soils with low
Potassium availability. The main function of
Potassium is to help the development of roots, process
204
Chairuman, N., Rosmayati, ., Hanum, H. and Jamil, A.
Results of Upland Rice and Nutrient Uptake in Rainfed Lowland Due to Giving Potassium, Straw Compost and Cow Manure.
DOI: 10.5220/0008551802040213
In Proceedings of the International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology (ICONART 2019), pages 204-213
ISBN: 978-989-758-404-6
Copyright
c
2019 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
of protein formation, increases plant resistance to
disease and stimulates grain filling. Potassium has
important role in metabolic processes, from
photosynthesis; assimilate translocation to formation
of starch, proteins, and enzyme activators (Prajapati
and Modi, 2012; Ashley et al., 2006)
Generally, Potassium contained in inorganic
fertilizers is quickly available to plants, if managed
appropriately (Subandi, 2013). However, with the
increasing cost of inorganic fertilizers, especially
KCl, straw compost can be used as substitute. In
reinfed lowland rice, nutrient sources of Potassium
come from fertilizer inputs or returning straw to the
field (Wihardjaka et al., 2002). Potassium
management can be performed with Potassium
fertilizer input along with organic matter such as
straw compost and manure. The use of organic matter
can reduce NPK inorganic fertilizers (Magdalena et
al, 2013; Sarno, 2009; Sarkar et al., 2017). Rice straw
is a Potassium source which is easily obtained and
available relatively in large number. Each rice
harvesting time, straw will be produced with a grain
weight-straw ratio is 2/3 (Cosico, 1985).
Appropriate planting time is one of the
determinants of crop success and increased
productivity of crops. Local wisdom and
conventional methods used to apply cropping patterns
have been biased due to a shift in the beginning of the
planting season. The Agricultural Research and
Development Agency has been developed an
Integrated Cropping Calendar System to answer
fundamental problems related to security and increase
national rice production to face variability and
climate change (Runtunuwu et al., 2012). To
anticipate the above conditions, the development of
upland rice production on reinfed land needs
attention. Therefor this research was conducted to
determine the productivity of upland rice with
Potassium and compost inputs, as well as planting
time in rainfed lowland.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research was conducted in rainfed lowland at the
third planting season in Serdang Village, Beringin
Sub-district, Deli Serdang Regency, Sumatera Utara
Province. The research design is split split plot design
with three factors and two replications. The main plot
is planting time with three levels, T1: September day
10
th
, T2: September day 20
th
, T3: September day 30
th
.
Sub-plots were fertilization package treatment
consisted of 6 levels: K1 : without Potassium and
compost, K2 : 50 kg ha
-1
KCl, K3 : 5 t ha
-1
straw
compost, K4 : 2.5 t ha
-1
straw compost + 2.5 t ha
-1
cow manure compost, K5 : 50 kg ha
-1
KCl + 5 t ha
-1
straw compost, K6 : 50 kg ha
-1
KCl + 2.5 t ha straw
compost + 2.5 t ha
-1
cow manure compost. Sub-sub-
plots were rice varieties, V1: Situbagendit, V2:
Towuti, V3: Batutegi, V4: Inpago 8, V5: Inpago 9,
V6: Inpago 10, V7: Ciherang, V8: Inpari 10. Totally,
there are 144 different treatments. Plant nutrient
uptake was observed at 55 days after planting.
Application of straw compost and cow manure is one
week before planting with a fertilizer package
according to treatment. Size of the experimental plot
is 4 x 5 meters, with jajar legowo planting system 2:
1 (20 cm - 40 cm) x 15 cm (20 cm inter row legowo
spacing, 40 cm spacing between 2 legowo, 15 cm in
row legowo spacing). Seedling age is 10 days with 3
seedlings per planting hole. Urea fertilizer (45% N) is
250 kg ha
-1
, SP 36 (30% P
2
O
5
) 75 kg ha
-1
and KCl
(60% K
2
O) according to treatment. Fertilization I (7
days after planting) is 1/3 part of Urea + SP 36 + 1/2
part of KCl, fertilizing II (30 days after planting) is
1/3 part of Urea, and fertilizing III (40 days after
planting) is the rest of Urea and KCl. Control of pests
and diseases as well as weeds is following the concept
of integrated pest, disease and weed control. Weather
data at the research site was obtained using the
automatic weather station device - Davis Vantage Pro
2 made in US - which is a weather station for
recording climate data with a radius of 200 m. The
number of rainy days and rainfall during planting are
displayed on a weekly basis per month.
The variables observed included: (1) K nutrient
using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; P
nutrient using Spectrophotometry. Nutrient uptake =
nutrient content (%) x canopy dry weight (g), then
converted into kilograms per hectare. (2) The grain
yield is taken from a sample plot size of 2 m x 2 m.
Rice grain weight is converted to tonnes per hectare
using the formula: grain weight (kg ha
-1
) = [grain
weight of sample plot size (kg)/sample plot size x
10.000]/1.000. The rice grain weight is then
calculated by adjusted with water content of 14%
using formula as stated by Gomez (1972) : adjusted
grain weight = A x W; where A = adjustment
coefficient (A = [(100-M) / 86]); M = grain water
content (%) measured by moisture meter (TS - D1
model, Tokyo Rika Kogyosho Co, Ltd, Japan), and W
= harvested grain weight.
Data were analyzed statistically using F test and
continued with the Duncan Multiple Range Test
(DMRT) at the level of significance 5%. Correlation
and regression test were conducted to find out the
relationship between variables.
Results of Upland Rice and Nutrient Uptake in Rainfed Lowland Due to Giving Potassium, Straw Compost and Cow Manure
205
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Experimental Site Conditions
Serdang Village, Beringin Sub-district, Deli Serdang
Regency, Sumatera Utara Province is located at
coordinates 3°38'32 and 98°49'43", and 5 meters
above sea level. Average annual rainfall is 1900 mm,
number of wet months is > 200 mm for 5 months and
dry month is < 100 mm for 4 months. The average
temperature is 26-28 °C with maximum air
temperature 30-34 °C and minimum 23-26 ° C. Soil
types is Typic Endoaquepts, which clay texture and
medium water holding capacity. pH (H
2
O) 5.4
(slightly acid), cation exchange capacity 26.85 me
100 g
-1
(high). Fertility rate is N total 0.10% (low),
P-available 19.26 ppm (moderate), K exchangeable
bases 0.26 me 100 g
-1
(low), Na 0.36 me 100 g
-1
(medium), Ca 9.98 me 100 g
-1
(high), Mg 3.81 me 100
g
-1
(high), Zn 6.8 ppm (very low), and Al is not
detected. Straw compost contains N 1.30%, P 1.02%,
K 3.02%, and C organic 14.90%. Cow manure
contains N 1.02%, P 1.09%, K 2.91%, and C organics
12.53%.
Weekly rainfall and rainy days data are presented
from September 2016 to January 2017 during
research. The third planting season showed the
amount of rainfall is 80 times with a total rainfall of
1273.73 mm, with the highest rainfall from
September to October. The maximum tiller phase in
all planting time treatments is in from September to
October. This relatively high of rainfall distribution is
very beneficial for vegetative growth of clump
formation until panicle initiation, because water is
available during its growth period.
3.2 Nutrient Uptake and Grain Yield
Planting time, fertilization, and varieties had
significant effect on Potassium uptake (p <0.01),
Phosphorus uptake (p <0.01), and grain yield (p
<0.01). Interaction of planting time and fertilizing, as
well as fertilization and varieties had significant
effect on Phosphorus uptake (p <0.01) and grain yield
(p <0.01). Interaction of planting time and varieties
had a significant effect on Potassium uptake (p
<0.05), Phosphorus uptake (p <0.01) and grain yield
(p <0.01). Interaction of planting time, fertilizing, and
varieties did not show significant effect on Potassium
uptake, but has significant effect on Phosphorus
uptake (p <0.01) and grain yield (p <0.01).
The effect of planting time shows that the highest
Potassium uptake is at September day 10
th
, which is
243.28 kg ha
-1
and significantly different from other
planting times. The highest Phosphorus uptake was
obtained at September day 10
th
and September day
20
th
(56.81 and 55.94 kg ha
-1
) that is significantly
different to September day 30
th
(51.75 kg ha
-1
). The
highest grain yield was obtained at planting on
September 10th day (8.30t ha
-1
), and significantly
different to September day 20
th
and September day
30
th
(8.14 and 7.31t ha
-1
).
Figure 1: Graph of rainfall and rainy days in Serdang Village, Regency of Deli Serdang, North Sumatra from September 2016
- January 2017.
164,63
96,27
105,83
96,46
76,29
97,18
116,56
44,2
86,21
53,83
36,49
31,19
98,18
23,63
33,78
0,00
60,00
25,00 25,00
5,00
6
3
7
5
4
4
4
3
3
5
5
2
7
4
3
0
7
5
3
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0,00
20,00
40,00
60,00
80,00
100,00
120,00
140,00
160,00
180,00
W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4
September October November December January
number of rain days
rainfall (mm)
Rainfall (mm) Number of rain days
ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology
206
Table 1: The effect of planting time and varieties on Potassium and Phosphorus uptake, and grain yield.
Planting time
Potassium
uptake
(kg ha
-1
)
Phosphorus
uptake
(kg ha
-1
)
Grain
yield
(t ha
-1
)
Varieties
Potassium
uptake
(kg ha
-1
)
Phosphorus
uptake
(kg ha
-1
)
Grain yield
(t ha
-1
)
September day 10
th
243.28 a
56.81 a
8.30 a
Situbagendit
210.88 cd
56.22 b
8.02 ab
September day 20
th
202.95 b
55.94 a
8.14 b
Towuti
199.46 d
51.55 c
7.86 c
September day 30
th
194.73 b
51.75 b
7.31 c
Batutegi
259.66 a
59.80 b
7.99 b
Inpago 8
200.72 d
46.70 d
8.03 ab
Inpago 9
240.53 b
66.07 a
8.09 a
Inpago 10
210.63 cd
58.78 b
7.97 b
Ciherang
165.60 e
42.92 d
7.59 e
Inpari 10
221.74 c
56.63 b
7.78 d
Note: The numbers followed by the same letters in the same group show no significant difference according to the DMRT
Test at the level of α 0.05.
Table 2: The effect of fertilization on Potassium and Phosphorus nutrient uptake, and grain yield.
Potassium
uptake (kg ha
-1
)
Phosphorus
uptake (kg ha
-1
)
Grain yield
(t ha
-1
)
107.94 f
31.03 e
7.15 e
154.56 e
34.01 d
7.56 d
217.67 d
59.58 c
8.07 c
250.30 c
63.86 b
8.03 c
266.47 b
69.10 a
8.39 a
284.98 a
71.41 a
8.31 b
Note: The numbers followed by the same letters in the same group show no significant difference according to the DMRT
Test at the level of α 0.05.
Varieties treatment show that Batutegi variety had
the highest Potassium uptake (259.66 kg ha
-1
),
significantly different from other varieties. Ciherang,
a rice variety that is usually planted by farmers in the
experimental sites, show the lowest uptake of
Potassium and Phosphorus (165.60 kg ha
-1
and 42.92
kg ha
-1
), and produce the lowest grain of 7.59 t ha
-1
.
The highest Phosphorus uptake was obtained in
varieties Inpago 9 (66.07 kg ha
-1
), which is
significantly different from other varieties. The
highest grain yield was obtained in varieties Inpago 9
(8.09 t ha
-1
), which is not significantly different from
Situbagendit and Inpago 8 (8.02 t ha
-1
and 8.03 t ha
-1
)
(Table 1).
Fertilization treatment show that the highest
Potassium uptake (284.98 kg ha
-1
) is fertilizing
packages KCl 50 kg ha
-1
+ straw compost 2.5 t ha
-1
+
cow manure 2.5 t ha
-1
that is significantly different
from other fertilizers. The highest Phosphorus uptake
was obtained at KCl 50 kg ha
-1
+ straw compost 5 t
ha
-1
and KCl 50 kg ha
-1
+ straw compost 2.5 t ha
-1
+
cow manure 2.5 t ha
-1
(69.10 and 71.41 kg ha
-1
), that
is significantly different from other fertilizers. The
highest grain yield (8.39 t ha
-1
) was obtained at KCl
50 kg ha
-1
+ straw compost 5 t ha
-1
, that is
significantly different from other treatments (Table
2).Interaction of planting and fertilizing time showed
the highest Potassium uptake (340.84 kg ha
-1
) was
planting time at September day 10
th
, fertilization
package straw compost 2.5t ha
-1
+ cow manure 2.5t
ha
-1
and September 10
th
day, fertilizer package KCl
50 kg ha
-1
+ straw compost 2.5 t ha
-1
+ cow manure
2.5 t ha
-1
(328.37 kg ha
-1
), which is significantly
different from other treatments. The highest
Phosphorus uptake (74.63 kg ha
-1
) is planting time at
September 20
th
day , fertilizing package KCl 50 kg
ha
-1
+ straw compost 2.5 t ha
-1
+ cow manure 2.5 t ha
-
1
, which is not significantly different from September
day 20
th
, fertilizing package KCl 50 kg ha
-1
+ straw
compost 5 t ha
-1
(72.21 kg ha
-1
), and September day
10
th
with fertilizing packages KCl 50 kg ha
-1
+ straw
compost 2.5 t ha
-1
+ cow manure 2.5 t ha
-1
(70.89 kg
ha
-1
) and fertilizing package straw compost 2.5 t ha
-1
+ cow manure 2.5 t ha
-1
(69.34 kg ha
-1
). The highest
grain yield was obtained at planting time in
September day10
th
with a package of fertilizing KCl
50 kg ha
-1
+ straw compost 5 t ha
-1
(8.79 t ha
-1
), which
is not significantly different to September day 10
th
with fertilization package straw compost 5 t ha
-1
, KCl
50 kg ha
-1
+ straw compost 2.5 t ha
-1
+ cow manure
2.5 t ha
-1
, and straw compost 2.5 t ha
-1
+ cow manure
2.5 t ha
-1
, respectively (8.76; 8.75; 8.68 t ha
-1
) (Table
3).
Results of Upland Rice and Nutrient Uptake in Rainfed Lowland Due to Giving Potassium, Straw Compost and Cow Manure
207
Table 3: The interaction of planting time and fertilizer on Potassium and Phosphorus uptake, and grain yield.
Fertilizer
Planting time
Sept day
10
th
Sept day
20
th
Sept day
30
th
Sept day
10
th
Sept day
20
th
Sept day
30
th
Sept day
10
th
Sept day
20
th
Sept
day 30
th
Potassium uptake (kg ha
-1
)
Phosphorus uptake (kg ha
-1
)
Grain yield (t ha
-1
)
K1
104.64 e
112.77 e
106.41 e
33.20 gh
29.8 o-h
30.07 h
7.27 h
7.39 g
6.78 j
K2
163.54 d
153.06 d
147.07 d
38.73 g
31.15 h
32.15 gh
7.53 f
7.84 de
7.31 gh
K3
257.29 b
204.01 c
191.71 c
62.52 cde
66.06 b-e
50.17 f
8.68 a
8.41 bc
7.12 i
K4
340.84 a
208.16 c
201.92 c
69.34 abc
61.78 de
60.48 e
8.76 a
8.31 c
7.01 i
K5
265.01 b
272.03 b
262.37 b
66.15 b-e
72.21 ab
68.92 a-d
8.79 a
8.49 b
7.89 d
K6
328.37 a
267.66 b
258.90 b
70.89 ab
74.63 a
68.71 a-d
8.75 a
8.43 b
7.76 e
Note: K1 = without Potassium and compost, K2 = 50 kg ha
-1
KCl, K3 = 5 t ha
-1
straw compost, K4 = 2.5 t ha
-1
straw compost
+ 2.5 t ha
-1
cow manure compost, K5 = 50 kg ha
-1
KCl + 5 t ha
-1
straw compost, K6 = 50 kg ha
-1
KCl + 2.5 t ha straw compost
+ 2.5 t ha
-1
cow manure compost. The numbers followed by the same letters in the same group show no significant difference
according to the DMRT Test at the level of α 0.05.
Table 4: The interaction of planting time and varieties on Potassium and Phosphorus uptake, and grain yield.
Varieties
Planting time
Sept day
10
th
Sept day
20
th
Sept day
30
th
Sept day
10
th
Sept day
20
th
Sept day
30
th
Sept day
10
th
Sept day
20
th
Sept day
30
th
Potassium uptake (kg ha
-1
)
Phosphorus uptake (kg ha
-1
)
Grain yield (t ha
-1
)
Situbagendit
247.18 cd
198.05 fgh
187.42 ghi
64.62 bc
55.51 d-h
48.53 g-j
8.55 a
8.21 cd
7.30 j
Towuti
229.44 cde
187.81 ghi
181.13 hi
47.56 hij
53.30 d-h
53.78 d-h
8.07 ef
8.17 de
7.35 ij
Batutegi
278.01 b
252.93 bc
248.03 cd
66.36 b
59.46 b-e
53.57 d-h
8.24 cd
8.20 cde
7.55 h
Inpago 8
229.32 cde
191.11 fgh
181.74 ehi
40.74 jk
52.46 e-h
46.89 hij
8.41 b
8.21 cd
7.46 hi
Inpago 9
303.66 a
213.96 efg
203.98 e-h
78.11 a
61.20 b-e
58.90 b-f
8.55 a
8.34 bc
7.40 ij
Inpago 10
220.26 def
209.29 e-h
202.33 e-h
62.30bcd
60.54 b-e
53.49 d-h
8.35 bc
8.19 de
7.38 ij
Ciherang
182.65 hi
161.11 ij
153.05 j
36.47 k
50.14 ghi
42.14 ijk
7.92 g
7.87 g
6.98 k
Inpari 10
255.73 bc
209.33 e-h
200.15 e-h
58.27 b-f
54.90 d-h
56.71 c-g
8.30 bcd
7.96 fg
7.10 k
Note: The numbers followed by the same letters in the same group show no significant difference according to the DMRT
Test at the level of α 0.05.
Interaction of planting time and variety, showed
the highest Potassium uptake at planting time on
September day 10
th
and Inpago 9 variety (303.66 kg
ha
-1
), which is significantly different from other
treatments. The highest Phosphorus uptake at
planting time on September day 10
th
and Inpago 9
variety (78.11 kg ha
-1
), which is significantly
different from the other treatments. The highest grain
yield was also at planting time of September day 10
th
,
Inpago 9 and Situbagendit varieties, each 8.55 t ha
-1
and significantly different from other treatments
(Table 4).
Interaction of fertilization and varieties showed
that the highest Potassium uptake (334.49 kg ha
-1
) is
fertilizing package of KCl 50 kg ha
-1
+ straw compost
5 t ha
-1
and Inpago 9 variety, which is not
significantly different from Situbagendit and Batutegi
varieties, as well as fertilizing packages KCl 50 kg ha
-
1
+ straw compost 2.5 t ha
-1
+ cow manure 2.5 t ha
-1
in varieties of Situbagendit, Towuti, Batutegi, and
Inpago 9 (296.36; 318.38; 318.42; and 299.42 kg ha
-
1
), then fertilizing packages straw compost 2.5 t ha
-1
+ cow manure 2.5 t ha
-1
in Batutegi variety (308.75
kg ha
-1
). The highest Phosphorus uptake was
fertilizing packages of KCl 50 kg ha
-1
+ straw
compost 2.5 t ha
-1
+ cow manure 2.5 t ha
-1
in Inpago
10 variety (90.44 kg ha
-1
), which is not significantly
different from KCl 50 kg ha
-1
+ straw compost 5 t ha
-
1
in Inpago 8, Inpago 9, and Inpago 10 varieties
(82.03; 85.77; 81.13 kg ha
-1
), and straw compost 5 t
ha
-1
in Inpago 8.
The highest grain yield was obtained on KCl 50
kg ha
-1
+ straw compost 2.5 t ha
-1
+ cow manure 2.5 t
ha
-1
on Inpago 9 (8.56 t ha
-1
), which is not
significantly different from Situbagendit, Towuti,
Batutegi, Inpago 8, and Inpago 10 varieties (8.44;
8.38; 8.48; 8.55; 8.40 t ha
-1
), as well as fertilizing
packages KCl 50 kg ha
-1
+ straw compost 5 t ha
-1
in
Situbagendit, Towuti, Batutegi, Inpago 8, and Inpago
10 varieties (8.51; 8.41; 8.52; 8.46; 8.50 t ha
-1
) (Table
5).
ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology
208
Table 5: The interaction of fertilizer and varieties to Potassium and Phosphorus uptake, and grain yield.
Fertlilizer
Varieties
Situbagendit
Towuti
Batutegi
Inpago 8
Inpago 9
Inpago 10
Ciherang
Inpari 10
Potassium uptake (kg ha
-1
)
K1
93.06 wx
104.12 vwx
144.84 s-v
92.42 wx
129.21 t-w
115.49 u-x
85.45 x
98.94 wx
K2
130.23 t-w
145.35 s-v
194.70 n-q
129.08 t-w
190.37 o-r
161.41 q-t
123.69 t-x
161.63 q-t
K3
209.27 m-p
179.10 p-s
280.67 b-h
210.19 l-p
237.71 i-m
212.74 k-p
153.36 r-u
258.33 d-j
K4
236.40 i-n
221.93 j-o
308.75 abc
243.33 h-m
252.00 g-l
254.96 f-k
223.07 j-o
261.99 d-j
K5
299.97 a-d
227.87 i-o
310.57 abc
259.34 d-j
334.49 a
269.07 c-i
172.93 p-s
257.50 e-j
K6
296.36 a-f
318.38 ab
318.42 ab
269.98 c-i
299.42 a-e
250.09 g-m
235.13 i-n
292.04 b-g
Phosphorus uptake (kg ha
-1
)
K1
29.97 p
34.37 op
60.09 h-k
68.82 e-i
73.98 b-g
70.09 d-h
29.97 p
34.37 op
K2
31.05 p
31.98 p
47.45 lmn
52.60 jkl
76.50 b-f
69.71 d-h
31.05 p
31.98 p
K3
31.41 p
36.42 nop
68.88 e-i
79.99 a-f
68.25 f-i
73.82 b-g
31.41 p
36.42 nop
K4
30.05 p
31.20 p
57.09 i-l
54.20 jkl
54.93 jkl
52.71 jkl
30.05 p
31.20 p
K5
33.30 op
39.63 m-p
74.54 b-g
82.03 a-d
85.77 ab
81.13 a-e
33.30 op
39.63 m-p
K6
31.08 p
31.70 p
68.84 e-i
62.53 g-j
68.09 f-i
90.44 a
31.08 p
31.70 p
Grain Yield (t ha
-1
)
K1
7.10 o
6.91 p
7.18 no
7.21 no
7.25 m
7.16 no
7.20 no
7.16 no
K2
8.03 f-k
7.12 no
7.68 m
7.75 lm
7.88 kl
7.66 m
7.05 op
7.32 n
K3
8.05 e-k
8.25 b-e
8.18 d-h
8.20 d-g
8.22 c-f
8.03 f-k
7.64 m
7.98 h-k
K4
8.00 g-k
8.11 e-j
7.93 i-l
7.99 g-k
8.10 e-k
8.10 e-k
7.89 jkl
8.09 e-k
K5
8.51 a
8.41 abc
8.52 a
8.46 a
8.56 a
8.50 a
8.13 e-i
8.06 e-k
K6
8.44 ab
8.38 a-d
8.48 a
8.55 a
8.56 a
8.40 abc
7.62 m
8.09 e-k
Note: K1 = without Potassium and compost, K2 = 50 kg ha
-1
KCl, K3 = 5 t ha
-1
straw compost, K4 = 2.5 t ha
-1
straw compost
+ 2.5 t ha
-1
cow manure compost, K5 = 50 kg ha
-1
KCl + 5 t ha
-1
straw compost, K6 = 50 kg ha
-1
KCl + 2.5 t ha straw compost
+ 2.5 t ha
-1
cow manure compost. The numbers followed by the same letters in the same group show no significant difference
according to the DMRT Test at the level of α 0.05.
Interaction of three factors of planting time,
fertilization, and varieties show that the highest
Phosphorus uptake is at planting time on September
day 10
th
, fertilizing package straw compost 2.5 t ha
-1
+ cow manure 2.5 t ha
-1
, Inpago 9 variety (115.29 kg
ha
-1
), which is not significantly different from
Batutegi varieties (107.18 kg ha
-1
), and planting time
on September day 10
th
, package of fertilizing compost
straw 5 t ha
-1
, Inpago 9 variety (112.81 kg ha
-1
), and
September day 10
th
, fertilizing package KCl 50 kg ha
-
1
+ straw compost 5 t ha
-1
, Inpago 9 variety (101.81
kg ha
-1
) (Table 6). Interaction of three factors of
planting time, fertilization, and varieties showed the
highest grain yield (9.24 kg ha
-1
) is obtained during
planting on September day 10
th
, straw compost 5 t ha
-
1
, Inpago 9 variety, which is not significantly different
from planting time September day 10
th
, KCl 50 kg ha
-
1
+ straw compost 2.5 t ha
-1
+ cow manure 2.5 t ha
-1
,
Inpago 9 variety (9.01 kg ha
-1
) (Table 7).
Planting time has greatly effect on Potassium and
Phosphorus uptake, and grain yield. Based on
planting time, September day 10
th
and September day
20
th
showed higher grain yields compared to day
September 30
th
. Increasing the rate of nutrient uptake
of Potassium and Phosphorus, caused by the high
distribution of rainfall at the beginning of the planting
season in September to October. Plants get enough
water for vegetative and generative growth, namely
the formation of maximum tillers and initiation of
panicles until flowering. As a result of the water
supply during the rainy season, there is an increase in
soil water content and an increase in the concentration
of Potassium and Phosphorus is available.
As a result of flooding, K adsorbed by clay will be
released into the soil solution. Inundation produces
large amounts of Fe
2+
and Mn
2+
which can replace K
adsorbed by clay so that K is released into the solution
and available to plants. The statement of Shrestha et
al. (2011) that the determination of the beginning of
the right planting time can overcome the loss of plant
nutrients, especially during the transition from the dry
season to the rainy season. Therefore, planting time
on September day 10th and September day 20
th
guarantees the availability of water until generative
phase which is a critical phase of water availability.
Increased uptake of Potassium and Phosphorus
occurs due to increased plant biomass (Bustami et al.,
2012). Rice biomass production rate is proportional to
mineral content on each part of the plant as a result of
changes in plant physiology status following growth
phases and environmental conditions such as nutrient
availability in the soil during. Low dry weight is caused
by inhibited vegetative growth due to low nutrients
uptake which effects the plant growth.
Results of Upland Rice and Nutrient Uptake in Rainfed Lowland Due to Giving Potassium, Straw Compost and Cow Manure
209
Table 6: The interaction of three factors of planting time, fertilizer, and varieties on Phosphorus uptake.
Fertlilizer
Phosphorus uptake (kg ha
-1
)
Varieties
Situbagendit
Towuti
Batutegi
Inpago 8
Inpago 9
Inpago 10
Ciherang
Inpari 10
September day 10
th
K1
31.11 qrs
32.03 qrs
36.30 o-s
31.68 qrs
37.74 n-s
33.07 qrs
30.48 rs
33.19 qrs
K2
41.18 i-s
35.53 p-t
42.30 l-t
31.14 qrs
48.91 j-s
35.78 o-s
31.78 qrs
43.21 k-s
K3
71.42 d-j
31.89 qrs
78.51 c-h
49.11 j-s
112.81 ab
66.72 e-k
29.55 rs
60.15 g-n
K4
80.23 b-h
38.68 m-s
107.18 ab
43.02 k-s
115.29 a
78.54 c-h
32.90 qrs
58.87 g-o
K5
88.03 b-e
82.34 b-g
59.41 g-o
39.80 m-s
101.81 ab
52.65 i-r
42.95 k-s
62.26 f-m
K6
75.75 c-i
64.88 e-l
74.48 d-j
49.69 j-s
100.13 bc
107.04abc
51.18 j-s
91.98 bcd
September day 20
th
K1
28.94 s
30.51 rs
29.12 s
28.32 s
29.34 s
30.42 rs
30.68 qrs
31.10 qrs
K2
32.43 qrs
28.79 s
33.10 qrs
31.13 qrs
33.49 qrs
28.96 s
29.48 rs
31.79 qrs
K3
61.21 g-m
60.46 g-n
78.21 c-h
67.96 e-k
57.77 h-p
85.78 b-f
58.98 g-o
58.10 h-p
K4
65.15 e-l
59.28 g-o
64.14 f-l
60.30 g-n
58.78 h-p
63.26 f-m
62.52 f-m
60.79 g-n
K5
71.42 d-j
68.75 d-k
68.50 d-k
63.91 f-l
87.69 b-e
88.88 b-e
60.52 g-n
68.03 e-k
K6
73.94 d-j
72.02 d-j
83.66 b-g
63.11 f-m
91.17 bcd
65.95 e-k
58.68 h-p
79.58 c-h
September day 30
th
K1
29.87 rs
30.63 qrs
28.82 s
30.15 rs
32.82 qrs
29.73 rs
29.34 s
29.24 s
K2
29.51 rs
31.61 qrs
33.86 qrs
31.34 qrs
36.51 n-s
30.35 rst
30.81 qrs
33.18 qrs
K3
47.63 k-s
50.02 j-s
49.92 j-s
54.18 i-q
53.04 i-r
54.02 i-q
45.47 k-s
47.04 k-s
K4
61.07 g-n
59.83 g-n
68.64 d-k
59.26 g-o
72.03 d-j
45.78 k-s
49.38 j-s
67.82 d-k
K5
62.50 f-m
78.40 c-h
76.84 c-i
61.07 g-n
67.81 e-k
62.75 f-m
56.49 h-p
85.53 c-f
K6
60.59 g-n
72.21 d-j
63.32 f-l
45.32 k-s
52.10 j-s
98.32 bc
41.34 l-s
77.44 c-i
Table 7: The interaction three factors of planting time, fertilizer, and varieties on grain yield.
Fertlilizer
Grain yield (t ha
-1
)
Varieties
Situbagendit
Towuti
Batutegi
Inpago 8
Inpago 9
Inpago 10
Ciherang
Inpari 10
September day 10
th
K1
7.41 r-v
6.62 z
6.88 w-z
7.58 rst
7.54 r-u
7.52 r-u
7.16 u-x
7.42 r-v
K2
8.53 b-j
6.70 yz
7.51 r-u
7.88 n-r
7.63 q-t
7.53 r-u
6.75 yz
7.74 o-r
K3
8.80 a-e
8.83 a-d
8.52 b-j
8.70 a-g
9.24 a
8.71 a-g
8.18 j-n
8.46 d-k
K4
8.74 a-f
8.65 a-h
8.75 a-f
8.66 a-h
8.92 ab
8.84 a-d
8.65 a-h
8.88 abc
K5
8.92 ab
8.72 a-f
8.86 abc
8.82 a-d
8.95 ab
8.76 a-e
8.77 a-e
8.54 b-j
K6
8.88 abc
8.88 abc
8.91 ab
8.80 a-e
9.01 a
8.72 a-f
8.02 m-p
8.75 a-f
September day 20
th
K1
7.25 t-w
7.35 r-v
7.64 p-t
7.32 s-v
7.40 r-u
7.28 t-w
7.52 r-u
7.33 s-v
K2
8.09 k-o
7.63 q-t
8.06 l-o
7.99 m-q
8.31 g-n
8.02 m-p
7.59 q-t
7.03 v-y
K3
8.51 c-k
8.60 b-l
8.32 g-n
8.58 b-i
8.68 a-h
8.32 g-n
7.99 m-q
8.26 h-n
K4
8.22 u-n
8.40 e-m
8.15 j-n
8.32 g-n
8.42 e-j
8.57 b-j
8.01 m-q
8.35 f-m
K5
8.65 a-h
8.53 b-j
8.58 b-i
8.51 c-k
8.56 b-j
8.54 b-j
8.12 k-o
8.46 d-k
K6
8.56 b-j
8.53 b-i
8.45 d-k
8.56 b-j
8.67 a-h
8.43 d-l
7.96 n-q
8.30 h-n
September day 30
th
K1
6.65 yz
6.75 yz
7.04 u-y
6.72 yz
6.80 xyz
6.68 yz
6.90 w-z
6.73 yz
K2
7.49 r-u
7.03 v-y
7.46 r-u
7.39 r-v
7.71 o-s
7.42 r-u
6.82 xyz
7.18 u-x
K3
6.83 xyz
7.32 s-v
7.71 o-s
7.32 s-v
6.74 yz
7.06 u-y
6.74 yz
7.22 t-w
K4
7.03 v-y
7.28 t-w
6.88 w-z
7.00 yz
6.97 v-z
6.89 w-z
7.02 v-y
7.05 u-y
K5
7.96 m-q
7.98 m-q
8.12 k-o
8.05 l-o
8.16 j-n
8.19 i-n
7.52 r-u
7.18 u-x
K6
7.88 n-r
7.72 o-s
8.07 l-o
8.30 h-n
8.00 m-q
8.06 l-o
6.89 w-z
7.21 t-x
Note: K1 = without Potassium and compost, K2 = 50 kg ha
-1
KCl, K3 = 5 t ha
-1
straw compost, K4 = 2.5 t ha
-1
straw compost
+ 2.5 t ha
-1
cow manure compost, K5 = 50 kg ha
-1
KCl + 5 t ha
-1
straw compost, K6 = 50 kg ha
-1
KCl + 2.5 t ha straw compost
+ 2.5 t ha
-1
cow manure compost. The numbers followed by the same letters in the same group show no significant difference
according to the DMRT Test at the level of α 0.05
ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology
210
Nutrient uptake of Potassium and Phosphorus
greatly influences the increase in grain yield. This is
showed by uptake of Potassium and Phosphorus by
plants has positive correlation (p <0.01) with grain
yields with correlation values of 0.75 and 0.68.
Potassium is needed to transport photosynthetic
products in plants, strengthen cell walls, and increase
the amount of grain per panicle and percentage of
grain content (Fairhurst et al. 2007). Increased
Potassium uptake also increases Phosphorus uptake,
as evidenced by a positive correlation (p <0.01) with
a correlation value of 0.73. The application of straw
compost and NPK fertilizer significantly improved
grain yield (Barus, 2011) and increased N uptake
(Kaya, 2013). Some interactions of fertilization and
varieties showed high Potassium uptake, but also
fewer grain yields, thus Potassium did not have
significant efect to the increase in grain consumption
(luxury consumption) (Yoshida, 1981). Such
condition is related to the function and physiological
role of Potassium which is very important in relation
to water in plants. The results of research by Mashaee
and Bahmanyar (2010) also prove that Potassium has
a significant effect on plant height, number of tillers,
panicle length, number of seeds per panicle,
percentage of empty grain, and grain yield. Potassium
acts to regulate osmotic pressure, maintaining plant
turgor pressure, photosynthesis, photosynthate
translocation, and as an enzyme activator in the
process of starch and protein formation (Thomas and
Thomas, 2009). Potassium effects the growth,
production, and quality of plants (Pettigrew, 2008 and
Quampah, 2012). In rice, Potassium serves to
improve the quality of grain, stimulates root growth,
plants do not fall easily and are more resistant to pests
(Sarwar, 2012 and Salim, M., 2002) and diseases
(Syarif et al., 2017).
Interaction of three factors of planting time,
fertilization, varieties showed the planting time of
September 10th day, application of straw compost 5
tons per hectare, produced grain yield 9.24 t ha
-1
on
varieties Inpago 9 is not significantly different from
application of Potassium fertilizer 50 kg per hectare
and straw compost 2.5 tons per hectare and cow
manure 2.5 tons per hectare on produce grain yield
9.01 t ha
-1
on varieties Inpago 9. This shows that
without the addition of Potassium with organic matter
is not significantly different from addition of
Potassium with organic matter to the grain yield, thus
it can be used as fertilization recommendation for the
third planting season.
Other studies also show that, application of straw
compost 2.5 tons per hectare can reduce the need for
KCl from 100 kg ha
-1
to 75 kg h
-1
and effectively
increase grain yield. Application of straw compost 10
tons is able to eliminate application of Potassium and
the results are not significantly different from
application of 100 kg KCl/ha (Ismon and Yufdy,
2011). Karimuna and Asmin (2014) show that
application of straw compost 2.5 tons per hectare can
reduce the need for KCl from 100 kg ha
-1
to 75 kg ha
-
1
and effectively increase grain yield. Potassium
fertilization combined with straw compost and cow
manure resulted in higher average of Potassium and
Phosphorus uptake, and grain yields than without a
combination of straw compost and cow manure.
Straw compost and cow manure is nutrient source and
increasing nutrient availability as well as maintain
soil moisture at low rainfall. Beside as source of
Potassium, returning straw to paddy fields, will also
increase fertilizer efficiency, because around 80% of
the Potassium is contained in paddy straw
(Dobermann and Fairhurst, 2002). Almost all K and a
third of N, P and S are contained in straw. Every 5
tons of straw has 2 tons of C organic. Nutrient levels
of P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Cu in composted straw
are higher than raw straw (Gunarto et al., 2002).
Addition of straw compost and cow manure can
increase nutrient uptake and nutrient availability,
especially Potassium and Phosphorus (Tekwa et al.,
2010 and Wiharjaka, 2015).
4 CONCLUSIONS
Potassium fertilization, straw compost and cow
manure on upland rice yield with planting time
intervals follow the planting calendar in rainfed
lowland at the third planting season show that,
especially for planting time, the best time for planting
schedule is September day 10
th
, which is give the
highest Potassium uptake, Phosphorus uptake and
grain yield by 243.28 kg ha
-1
, 56.81 kg ha
-1
and 8.30
t ha
-1
, respectively. Furthermore, for the fertilization
50 kg ha
-1
KCl + 2.5 t ha straw compost + 2.5 t ha
-1
cow manure compost would give the highest output
for Potassium and Phosphorus uptake by 284.98 kg
ha
-1
dan 71.41 kg ha
-1
, respectively. Meanwhile, the
fertilization 50 kg ha
-1
KCl + 5 t ha
-1
straw compost
showed the higest grain yield by 8.39 t ha
-1
. The
variety treatment, Batutegi would give the highest
result for Potassium uptake by 259.66 kg ha
-1
, and
Inpago 9 would give the highest result for the
Phosphorus uptake and grain yield by 66.07 kg ha
-1
and 8.09 t ha
-1
, respectively. Especially for the
interaction on three factors of planting time,
fertilization, and varieties show that planting time at
September day 10
th
, aplication 2.5 t ha
-1
straw
Results of Upland Rice and Nutrient Uptake in Rainfed Lowland Due to Giving Potassium, Straw Compost and Cow Manure
211
compost + 2.5 t ha
-1
cow manure compost with
Inpago 9 would give the highest Posporus uptake at
115.29, meanwhile planting time at September day
10
th
, application 5 t ha
-1
straw compost with Inpago 9
variety would give the highest grain yield of rice at
9.24 t/ha.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank to the Agricultural Research
and Development Agency for all funding assistance
in this research activity. Thanks also to the Sampali
Meteorology and Geophysics Agency and the
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) which
have provided rainfall gauges in the research area.
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