Organization Culture, Online Journalism, and Media Independence:

The Case of Tempo Newsroom

Riani Sanusi

and Semiarto A. Purwanto

Department of Anthropology, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

Business Administrative Department, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Organizational culture, online journalism, Tempo, independence, Indonesia

Abstract: This article will describe the adoption process of digital technology and media in an Indonesian established

media group. The tempo is one of the leading media in Indonesia which is known for its independence and

strongly emphasize on balance reporting. When current media technology enables many parties to interact

and response to each other in mass media, Tempo's independence is tested. We seek to explain how this

independence that became the mosts precious cultural value for the media has nowadays been tested by

online trends in journalism. We conducted qualitative research by participating in several activities in the

newsroom and conducting in-depth interviews, and noticed that changes in organizational culture had

occurred in Tempo media groups. It is found that while independency is there, the interactivity and

interconnectedness between the press, journalists, and reporters in the newsroom and the readers, audince,

and other consumers have shaped a new configuration of organizational culture. We examine that

independence as an established value in Tempo becomes more dynamic. Some facilities that allow public

interactivity, the speed at which news is broadcast, and the hope that a news post will be viral, make

editorials increasingly difficult to limit themselves to external influences.

1 INTRODUCTION

This paper intends to describe changes in an

organizational culture that occurred in Tempo, a

media company in Indonesia. We chose Tempo as a

case because it is one of the big press media and has

been operating for a long time in Indonesia, crossing

the turn of the political regimes with very different

characters. As revealed by Carroll & Buchholtz

(2008), organizational culture is located within

society which serves as a macro-environment.

According to them, the elements of macro-

environment that needs to be considered because

they greatly affect the corporate culture are social,

political, economic, and technological environments.

As Tempo was established and grew in the

decades of 1970-1990 while the socio-political

environment was colored by the New Order under

the authoritarian former President Suharto, the

perceived climate was a hierarchical military

atmosphere, full of state control, and no press

freedom. Meanwhile the technology for

broadcasting is limited to state-controlled TV and

radio stations, and printed media such as newspapers

or news magazines that must meet the conditions set

by the state. Tempo originated from a news

magazine. In order to operate, it has to fulfill Surat

Izin Usaha Penerbitan Pers (SIUPP), a license to

start press and news media business. It is through the

issuance and revocation of the SIUPP that the state

supervises and controls the press for the sake of

pembangunan nasional (national development

programs), which becomes their ideology, and

political stability.

Tempo founders and earlier journalists, unlike

other media, however, refused to submit to a number

of rules. Although they took care of SIUPP and

fulfilled all administrative requirements, Tempo

continued to develop a critical, free, and impartial

attitude to the interests of the state. They developed

the principle of independence and planted it in the

mind of the journalists and workers. As explained by

Schein (2010), the founders and leaders at the

beginning of the organization were very

instrumental in giving color to organizational

culture. This paper will specifically examine

Schein's classic examples of the importance of the

role of founders and leaders in determining

628

Sanusi, R. and Purwanto, S.

Organization Culture, Online Journalism, and Media Independence: The Case of Tempo Newsroom.

DOI: 10.5220/0008434606280634

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Inclusive Business in the Changing World (ICIB 2019), pages 628-634

ISBN: 978-989-758-408-4

organizational culture, especially in situations where

technology increasingly enables various

stakeholders from organizations to directly interact.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

The concept of organizational culture according to

Schein (2010: 23-24) refers to values and beliefs of

an organization consisting of three layers that show

the level of culture. From the most concrete

manifestations, the level begins with artifacts, then

espoused beliefs, and basic uderlying assumptions.

Artifacts are a visible part of the culture and feelable

structures and processes; espoused beliefs and

values refer to ideas, goals, values, aspirations,

ideologies, and rationalizations; while the basic

underlying assumptions are unconscious, taken for

granted beliefs and values. Practically, this

organizational culture is an effort to corporate

effectiveness, growth and success (Alvesson 2012:

1-2). Both Schein and Alvesson, see that

organizational culture provides direction and

orientation for organizational members to achieve

goals. Experts nowadays see the organizational

culture that is applied to companies as a corporate

culture that function like secret sauce which causes a

company to progress and is different from the others

(Guiso, Sapienza & Zingales 2015).

Talking about organizational culture or corporate

culture in the journalism, Hanitzsch (2007) came

with journalism culture as a more specific concept.

He mentioned about three essential constituents of

journalism culture which are institutional roles,

epistemologies, and ethical ideologies. Moreover, he

continues to detail those dimensions to

interventionism, power distance, market orientation,

objectivism, empiricism, relativism, and idealism.

With his approch he saw that the typical Indonesian

journalists are men, came from a higher degree of

education, and enjoy good earnings compare to other

professions (Hanitzsch 2005, 2006). Those are some

capitals for them to be professional and

independence journalists. Unfortunately, he argues

that they are not really perform well these days.

In the case of Tempo, we learned that

independence is a value that is upheld by the

company. Actually, Bannet argues independence is a

central rhetorical means for the legitimacy of various

types of media in different contexts (Karppinen and

Moe, 2016). In the case of Tempo that grew during

the authoritarian state, independence became an

important keyword that distinguishes it from other

media. Therefore, it is clear that media independence

a relational concept. According to Bannet, we must

always ask for what purpose it is used for. Each

media will always deal with many different types of

constraints and external influences. Which is the

most relevant or politically relevant, depending on

the context. Independence becomes a concept that is

basically contested and inherently experience

endless revisions and interpretations (Gallie, 1956,

in Karppinen and Moe, 2013, 2014, 2016).

While in the past, independence contested with

state control and intimidation, in the present

independence is experiencing different challenges.

In the new economy, which is an economy of groups

whose purpose is to satisfy a person’s need for

quality communication (Dolgin 2012: 6-7), the

internet is the main technology that facilitates

interactions among individuals and between

individuals and the public. It has now been

embedded in news gathering activities and has

changed the relationship between journalists and

information sources. Digital communication has the

advantage of speed and efficiency in the newsroom

but also has implications for the quality and

independence of a mass media (Steensen, 2008:

358). Journalists, now sharing information space

without intermediaries, especially in relation to

government and other official publications that are

likely to be published online, and can research and

collect news on the internet more widely.

In online media, there are dominant features that

we can observe, one of which is interactivity, a

concept used to describe various processes related to

communication and the practice of online

journalism. Jensen describes interactivity as a

measure of a media's potential ability to let users

influence mediated communication content or forms.

All types of interactivity can be found on online

news (Stenseen, 2011: 315). Features that encourage

interactivity include comment columns, sharing

features to social media and messaging applications,

as well as discussion forums. The concept of

interactivity also makes the online media audience

not just active readers, but also users or users in

digital applications.

More and more online news agencies seem

increasingly trying to be more interactive. Readers

and media consumers are facilitated to contribute to

the production of content by sending photos, videos,

and text. But some previous studies stated that

online news sites do not use all forms of available

interactive features, especially features that actually

function to facilitate human interactivity

(Baczkowski, 2004; Chung, 2007; Deuze, 2003;

Schultz, 1999). Deuze (2003) argues that

Organization Culture, Online Journalism, and Media Independence: The Case of Tempo Newsroom

629

mainstream media not only take their content online

but also transfers their culture and work practices to

the online world. Similarly, the study of Boczkowski

(2004) illustrates how a mass-based media, when

adopting internet technology does not ignore or fully

implement electronic publishing (2004: 20).

Boczkowski said the media chose to adopt features

that were in line with the corporate culture while

building something new (2004: 20). This study

specifically discusses the significance of the practice

of digital media, especially interactivity features,

towards Tempo's corporate culture.

3 METHODOLOGY

The data were collected through participant

observation in the Tempo Newsroom. It started by

attending a short course of journalism conducted by

tempo for two weeks, then followed by three months

of internship as a reporter. These activities took

place from early September to December 2017, and

then continued with observations from January to

April 2018 while working as a reporter. Data was

collected through participant observation in Tempo

Newsroom. It starts by taking a brief journalism

course that is conducted for two weeks, then

followed by a three-month internship as a reporter.

During the involvement in this organization, the

researcher had the opportunity to learn about

Tempo's version of journalism, to feel part of being

a journalist, and of getting socialization on the

corporate culture at Tempo. In addition, a thorough

literature study was conducted. The data then

qualitatively analyzed by using some

anthropological concept mainly culture (Jordan

2012), and it specifically focuses on the dynamic of

technology and value construction in the media

corporate facilitated by internet and communication

technology.

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 The rise and fall of Tempo

Started in 1971 as a national weekly magazine,

Tempo, is well known for its critical and

independence standing in Indonesian press

throughout the authoritarian New Order regime. At

those times, the state controlled the media and

freedom of expression through mass media and only

some media associated with state agencies could

freely operate (hill 1994). It is believed that Tempo

for three decades has succesful in planting the value

of being independence for the journalists and for the

companies. Tempo has been known for its neutral

and aplication cover-both-stories principles in

reporting, both from state and market pespective.

The target of readers of Tempo magazine is the

urban middle class who are also observers of

political issues and do not have a strong loyalty to a

particular party. In April 1982, Tempo magazine

was banned from publishing temporarily because of

the issue of the general election. On June 21, 1994,

the government completely banned the publication

of Tempo magazine by revoking the Press Issuance

Business License ‘Surat Izin Usaha Penerbitan Pers'

(SIUPP) because of its coverage of the purchase of

ex-German warships. In his speech, the President at

that time Suharto said that there was a press that

muddyes the political and national stability and pits

sheep the government actors. That was the reason

why he then revoked Tempo's SIUPP.

After no longer having SIUPP, Tempo looked for

loopholes on the internet to publish news articles.

This was done because government regulations at

that time had not touched the internet realm. The

news site titled Tempo Interaktif finally arrived in

1996. The digital era was then flourishing when

Tempo launched Koran Tempo, a daily newspaper,

in 2001. This was followed by publishing English

news versions, and Tempo Interactive online a few

years later. In addition, Tempo also began to expand

its business to radio and TV. The growth of Tempo

as a media enterprise is fasilitated by the

establishment of Tempo News Room as a news

agency to supply news for Tempo media groups.

Internet and media technology is of course the most

important factor to speed up Tempo's performance.

Unlike most mainstream mass media in

Indonesia or prior research on the relationship

between the internet and the independence of the

media (Hill & Sen 2005), the internet actually

became a Tempo strategy to continue to uphold

independence. Tempo innovations in exploring news

sites initially did not intend to pursue the market but

instead hid from the government's iron hand over

press freedom. At that time students and the wider

community were able to print and distribute

thousands of articles from Tempo Interaktif and

Goenawan Mohamad, editor in chief of Tempo

magazine, just laughing and saying, "They may read

it for free," (see Steele, 2005).

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630

4.2 Independence as the business core

Schein (2010:25) says, the learning process in a

community or organization ultimately reflects the

values of someone about how they should act and

what should be avoided. When an organization first

encounters a problem, the proposed solution will

reflect some individual assumptions about what is

right and wrong. If the solution successfully resolves

the problem, the person or group that gives the idea

can influence the community or organization to

adopt the solution as a specific approach to solving

the problem. We found that Schein's formulation

mostly appears in Tempo newsroom. The idea of

Tempo independence did not immediately become

shared knowledge but was triggered by the leader

and its founder, who was also written in the editorial

introduction of the first edition of Tempo magazine.

Previously, independence was only a kind of

proposal to be questioned, debated and tested. Only

when group members have taken several joint

actions to apply the ideas of their leaders and if the

solution is proven to be able to solve the problem,

then the ideas brought by the leader will gradually

change into values and espoused beliefs (Schein,

2010: 27).

Starting from the idea of the founders who were

mostly young people and activists of the 1960s

generation, independence became a solution for

Tempo during President Soeharto's reign, when the

Indonesian press found it difficult to be critical and

impartial. The idea of independence continued to be

tested in Tempo's journey. When independence was

implemented, the idea turned out to be successful

because Tempo received a lot of support from

various community backgrounds. The idea of

independence finally transformed as an important

and espoused belief for Tempo to date. The actions

taken as independent media continue to succeed so

that the value becomes a shared belief and ultimately

becomes a shared assumption.

The value of Tempo's independence grew, even

more, when the magazine promoted investigative

journalism. After the New Order ended, the

challenge to independence came from within the

company's own body. For example, in April 2002,

Tempo magazine investigated the Pantai Indah

Kapuk housing estate, which was blamed for

causing flooding on some toll roads to Soekarno-

Hatta Airport. The company belongs to a

commissioner of PT Tempo Inti Media, who also

played a role in the birth of Tempo magazine. The

magazine also has rebuked Abdurahman Wahid, a

freelance columnist of the magazine, who is later

becoming the fourth president of Indonesia. Tempo's

close relationship with Wahid did not necessarily

make the media soft in criticizing him while serving

as president in the public interest. Tempo Magazine,

among others, wrote the main report criticizing his

leadership: "Never mind, Gus" (May 14-20, 2001),

"Playing Fire with Decrees" (May 28-June 3, 2001),

and "Sweep Recognition and Engagement of the

Palace" (May 29-June 4, 2001).

Through a long journey, the value of

independence has been meaningful to the Tempo

editors. But how is the value of independence

reflected in the daily life of later reporters and

journalists when Tempo has adopted new

technology such as internet?

In a journalistic training at Tempo Institute,

September 2017 that we observed, the main material

is given was entitled "Becoming a Tempo

Journalist". The class was filled by Pak To, Tempo's

senior editor. What he stressed was the attitude of

independent Tempo journalists. "Professional and

independent attitudes are characteristic of Tempo

journalists, in addition to anti-bribery and anti-

hoaxes," he said. Independence is explained to the

new journalists by emphasizing Tempo's history of

news coverage which he judged reflects

independence. According to Pak To, the essence of

independence is to focus on public rights in

obtaining information. Thus he asked the new

reporters to really pay attention and to try their best

to apple principle of independence on their

journalism works.

4.3 Dynamics of Independence and

Online Media Journalists

The later development of online media has changed

the editorial routine, one of which is in choosing

news titles, topics, and points of view. If the

selection of topics for print-based Tempo magazines

could be more independent and investigative, the

choice in online media would be more complex. The

amount of advertising spending on online media

becomes a way for online media to survive. The

more internet users click on the site, the greater the

income earned. To get more clicks, people turn

themself to implement Search Engine Optimization

(SEO). SEO is a series of processes carried out

systematically with the aim of increasing the volume

and traffic of search engines to the site address. SEO

works by utilizing the natural working mechanism of

media algorithms such as Google and Yahoo. The

specific purpose of SEO is to place a website

address on the top position of search results based on

Organization Culture, Online Journalism, and Media Independence: The Case of Tempo Newsroom

631

certain keywords that are entered by internet users.

The logical consequence of the website address that

occupies the top position of search results is that the

site will have a greater chance of getting visitors

because it immediately knows the place where he

will get the information sought.

Keywords become important in search engines.

To increase readability, editors need to consider the

keywords that are being traced a lot by internet users

as issues to be written or covered. Keywords that

usually invite many readers are usually topics that

are becoming a trend, especially on social media.

This system indirectly broke the concept of Tempo's

independence because ad-changing advertisements

made editors unable to fully and firmly draw a line

between news and traffic. "The purpose of writing is

to be read. If you don't think about the traffic, it's

also impossible," said Mas Jim, editor of Tempo.co.

The interactivity feature also changes the

relationship of the journalist's mindset in choosing

topics. Here is the case that we examine in the field:

In March 2018, I conducted participant

observation and got a reporting assignment at the

office of one of the major parties in Indonesia.

After the coverage was finished, the next day one

of Tempo.co's editors gave a news link from

another online media. The news he asked

contained the opinion of the party chairman

about the situation in the DPR at that time. I

don't think the opinion of the party leader is

qualified news because I think that the speaker

did not show data that support his opinion and he

was not in the position of the parliament at that

time. But my editor argues that the information

has news value, especially in online media,

because the character has many followers on

social media and news about his opinion will be

viral on social media. In fact, one of the main

material that I got at Tempo Institute was the

ability of journalists to sort out which opinions

and facts. But in fact, opinions can also become

news because it follows the tastes of online

media readers.

Viral logic indirectly drives the editor in choosing

news content to broadcast. We argue that traditional

values in journalism experience changes and

adjustments in online media. The readers (market)

interest and attraction to be more active-commenting

or sharing news has become an important factor in

determining what content needs to be written. Mas

Ri, the Tempo editor, said that ideas could also

emerge from cyberspace. In this digital era, the latest

developments are easier to follow through social

media. They will follow accounts that are popular in

certain fields. For example, science reporters must

follow several scientific accounts or research

institutions on Twitter. Information from Twitter is a

hook for journalists to dig deeper into the

information as writing material. Unlike conventional

journalism, when the independence of the editors

from outside influences, especially the market and

certain groups, becomes an important factor in

choosing the content to be processed as news.

Active readers commented, according to Mas

Jim, a reader of social media. "They clicked on the

Tempo news from our social media (Tempo).

Facebook, Twitter, and Line are the most,” said Mas

Jim. The relationship between online media and

social media has an effect on news writing and

sometimes content selection for editors. According

to Mas Jim, "The majority of online media readers

are a millennial generation, so they are also adjusted

to their tastes". Bang Ron, editor of Tempo.co also

believes that the editorial staff must intensively

observe market tastes. He explains, "Being a

journalist is like selling food. Not everyone likes

food in restaurants, but there are also those who like

roadside fried rice. Make the news too, what kind of

reader do you follow, please.".

We saw how new journalists were internalized

with Tempo values which were actually difficult to

apply in the online media environment. However,

we find that independence remains important for

new journalists who enter Tempo when they have

adopted digital media. Tempo newsroom, which

consists of magazine, newspaper, and online

journalists, had respectively different values. Tempo

magazine reporter tends to assume that online

journalists have not yet fully become Tempo

journalists. Mas Re, a journalist at Tempo magazine,

said for him online media is a place to practice and

sharpen writing abilities. Senior editor of Tempo

magazine, Mas Rik, said, "The good Tempo values

are not always in line with the current development

of Tempo. Because convergence gave birth to online

reporters who work typing reports in front of

laptops."

5 CONCLUSION

Digital media significantly affects the dynamics of

independence, that previously is considered to be a

basic assumption, in the Tempo newsroom. The

editors and senior journalists that served as the

keeper of the corporate culture in Tempo Magazine,

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632

that became the core culture in the Tempo media

group, have tried their best to maintain

independence as Tempo's main ideology. However,

times have changed many things. The authoritarian

political regime has replaced by a more democratic

political system that allowed freedom of the press

and public expression (Sen & Hill 2007). Indonesian

people really enjoy a free the reformation era that

allows more freedom, democratic, and economic

acceleration after the 1997 economic turbulence

(Warren & McCarthy 2009). Altough there many

argued on the positive effect of the post-Suharto era

on the society, but the media and press are

undeniably enjoy more favourable conditions (Ida

2010).

Those changes in the macro environment of

Tempo has inavitably influenced the organizational

culture of that media group. We described in this

paper some data and analysis of how technological

changes, particularly internet and communication,

have shaded the corporate culture where

independence has been the basic assumption. Online

practices that blur the boundary between journalism

and sponsored content have also been seen as

threatening the values of media independence. The

power of new gatekeepers, such as search engines

and social media platforms, have influenced what

the public sees and that is not seen online is a new

algorithmic or computational dependency.

At the individual level, we noticed that

independence is then a negotiated value rather than a

basic assumption. Some magazine editors and

journalists have persistently perceived independence

as inarguable; technology like the internet in this

case plays merely as facilitating the news

broadcasting. It did not change the value of being

independence. Meanwhile for the online journalists,

who are mostly come from the younger generation,

the need for news to be viral is one of the best

reason for them to write. It sometimes makes them

chase for sensational news, write a provocative news

title, but in other cases they have to be careful and

apply self censorship (Tapsell 2012, 2015). While

Schein (2010) emphasizes a basic assumption as a

taken-for-granted value, we conclude that in the

current state when Tempo applying internet and

communcation technology, independence is at the

individual or journalist's consideration. Therefore, it

is now an espoused belief, a level when a particular

value is being tested and questionable.

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