Development of Web Programming for Calculation of

Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI)

Miskli Iska Nanda

1,a

, Raja Oloan Saut Gurning

Department of Marine Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia

Keywords: Emissions, Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), Ship Propulsion, Web Programming.

Abstract: Transportation is one of the biggest contributors to air pollution. To create a clean environment from pollution

in sea transportation, International Maritime Organization (IMO) issued a regulation in the form of energy

efficiency design index (EEDI) that applies to ships over 400 GT. The calculation is based on the divisor

between CO2 emissions and transportation work. But to calculate the overall energy efficiency design index

requires several parameters that are quite detailed. These parameters will be the basis for increasing efficiency

according to sufficient load capacity and will make an innovation for the creation of a blue economy.

Therefore, to make it easier to find an optimal and fast design process, web programming will be created and

developed for the calculation of the energy efficiency design index which can later be accessed via the internet

and hopefully can be used for ship designers.

1 INTRODUCTION

In this era of globalization, the world's industry is

developing very fast. The development of the

industrial world known as the Industrial Revolution.

According to (Schwab, 2017), the development of the

industry is divided into 4 industrial revolutions,

Industrial Revolution 1.0 to 4.0. The emergence of the

industrial revolution began with the discovery of

steam engines in the 18th century so that goods could

be mass-produced. The 2.0 Industrial Revolution

began in the 19-20 century with the use of electricity

that could make production cheaper. With computers

and automation systems found around 1970, the 3.0

Industrial Revolution emerged. The 4.0 Industrial

Revolution through intelligence engineering and the

Internet of Things occurs movement and connectivity

between humans and machinery in various areas that

cause such activities can also accelerate human work

(Mukhopadhyay and Suryadevara, 2014; Prasetyo

and Trisyanti, 2018). The impact of the rapidly

expanding industrial revolution one is with the

demand of the customers that will increase. Because

the development will also increase fossil-fired

machines used in the production of an item. The many

uses of these fossil machines will cause increased air

pollution. Closely related to the world of shipping, the

automatic capacity of the ship can also increase

according to the supply needs in an area. Because this

increased capacity can also cause the use of larger

diesel engines too. It can also increase emissions or

air pollution.

Figure 1: Global CO2 emission (Global Carbon Project,

2020).

To create a healthy environment caused by this

industrial revolution, green economy is introduced by

UNEP. The green economy is based on economic

production, by minimizing emissions, reducing

resource consumption, and reducing environmental

cost (Bauer, 2014). Transportation is one of the

biggest contributors to air pollution, one of which is

sea transportation. To reduce pollution on vessels, the

International Maritime Organization (IMO) issued a

160

Nanda, M. and Gurning, R.

Development of Web Programming for Calculation of Energy Efﬁciency Design Index (EEDI).

DOI: 10.5220/0010863900003261

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Marine Technology (senta 2019) - Transforming Maritime Technology for Fair and Sustainable Development in the Era of Industrial

Revolution 4.0, pages 160-168

ISBN: 978-989-758-557-9; ISSN: 2795-4579

regulation in the form of energy Index design

Efficiency (EEDI). This Regulation applies to new

vessels above 400 GT which is a building contract

placed on or after 1 January 2013or without the

existence of a contract of construction, the keel placed

or that at the same stage of constructions on or after 1

July 2013 or shipments on or after 1 July 2015

(International Maritime Organization, 2011). As well

as being useful for minimizing emissions, it also

raises innovations that will be used to increase ship

efficiency. The increasing efficiency of this vessel

will save fossil fuels that will benefit the owner of the

ship itself as well as the environment. Mutually

beneficial factors between ship owners and the

environment because the innovations that have been

made are also included in the concept of the Blue

Economy (Pauli, 2010).

In this 4.0 industrial revolution in addition to

increased demand for capacity, it is also necessary to

quickly process the ship design. One of the most

important ship designs is designing a propulsion or

machining system of ships. In the process of

constructing a new vessel of the construction of the

vessel, holding the role of 70% both in terms of

Finance and in terms of job execution (Cahyasasmita

and Utama, 2014; International Maritime

Organization, 2009). Therefore, since the initial

selection of the engine is to be.

The design of the propulsion system is closely

related to the calculation of the energy efficiency

index design (EEDI) for new ships (International

Maritime Organization, 2012). Before calculating

EEDI, it takes the main engine power parameters to

be adjusted to the propeller. In the design of the initial

design is calculated in complex beforehand to be able

to push the ship according to the desired speed of the

ship. Even to predict in detail can use software or

conduct experiments directly. In addition to the main

engine power parameters, the selected machining

power data is also required.

After going through a lengthy process in

predicting the main engine, along with other

parameters, an EEDI calculation can be performed to

determine and predict the emissions released in

accordance with the capacity and speed desired by the

ship. If the EEDI results obtained do not meet the

requirements, then go back to the previous calculation

(spiral design) (Papanikolaou, 2014). If the traditional

propulsion system still has an EEDI that does not

meet the requirements, it can be interpreted that the

efficiency of the ship is still low and has high

emission gas. To overcome this, optimization efforts

can be made to increase the efficiency of the ship

(Ančić and Šestan, 2015).

The energy efficiency design index can also be

said as verification for a new ship design so that it has

sufficient efficiency to minimize emissions and fuel.

The industrial revolution 4.0 demands that every

process be carried out quickly and accurately.

Although as a verification, EEDI has a fairly complex

calculation and varies for each type of ship, fuel, the

amount of power produced and several other

parameters (International Maritime Organization,

2011, 2012). Besides technical data, documents or

certificates are also needed for the approval of

classification bodies (International Maritime

Organization, 2013). Lifting activity is one of

important part in the engineering sequence.

Figure 2: EDDI as verification.

An integrated system is needed to create, share

and exchange design, manufacturing, operating and

maintenance information. The required system must

minimize redundancy in sharing and exchanging

technical information (Kim et al., 1998; Lee et al.,

2006; Suh et al., 2000). Therefore, it would be very

helpful if the energy efficiency index design

calculations can be done quickly and precisely

according to predetermined standards to expedite the

approval of the classification body both the

calculations and the documents required. For this

reason, a web-based development program can be

made to meet and help these needs that can be easily

accessed by those in need.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

In this literature review will discuss the calculation of

energy efficiency index design and web

programming. The following basic data is needed to

achieve EEDI:

2.1 Energy Efficiency Design Index

The Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) is a

measure of ship CO2 emissions in grams per ship's

capacity-mile (the smaller the EEDI the more energy

efficient ship design) and is calculated by a formula

based on the technical design parameters for a given

Development of Web Programming for Calculation of Energy Efﬁciency Design Index (EEDI)

161

ship (International Maritime Organization, 2019). In

EEDI calculation, CO2 emission is divided into 4

main parameters. The parameters are emissions

produced by the main engine, emissions produced by

auxiliary engines, emissions produced by shaft

generators or motor shafts, and technology efficiency

used in propulsion systems. While for transport work

(ship's capacity-mile) there are 4 main parameters.

The parameters are capacity factor, cubic capacity

correction factor, capacity, ship speed, and weather

factor. The following formula per parameter is used

to calculate EEDI:

2.1.1 Main Engine Emissions

𝑃









.𝐶









.𝑆𝐹𝐶















(1)

is 75per cent of the rated installed power (MCR

for each main engine. C

is conversion factor

between fuel consumption and CO

emission of main

engine. Conversion factor is given in Table 1. SFC

is specific fuel oil consumption.

2.1.2 Auxiliary Engine Emissions

𝑃



.𝐶



.𝑆𝐹𝐶



(2)

is power of auxiliary engine. For calculation of

, divided into two depending on the main engine

power. For ship power with a main engine power of

10.000 kW or above, P

is defined as:

0.025



𝑀𝐶𝑅











∑

𝑃









0.75



250

(3)

For ship power with a main engine power below

10,000 kW, P

is defined as:

0.05𝑀𝐶𝑅













∑

𝑃









0.75



(4)

PTI(i)

is 75 per cent of the rated power

consumption of each shaft motor divided by the

weighted average efficiency of the generator(s). If

there is not shaft motor PPTI(i) is 0 (Bøckmann and

Steen, 2016). CFAE is conversion factor between fuel

consumption and CO

emission of auxiliary engines

given in Table 1. SFC

is specific fuel oil

consumption of auxiliary engine.

Figure 3: Basic data and parameter.

Table 1 Conversion factor

etween fuel consumption an

CO2 emission.

Type of

fuel

Reference

Carbon

Content

(t-CO2/tfuel)

Diesel/Gas

oil

ISO 8217

Grades

DMX

through

DMB

0.8744 3.206

Light Fuel

Oil (LFO)

ISO 8217

Grades

RMA

through

RMD

0.8594 3.151

Heavy Fuel

Oil (HFO)

ISO 8217

Grades

RME

through

0.8493 3.114

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gas (LPG)



Pro

ane

0.8182 3.000

 Butane

0.8264 3.030

Liquefied

Natural Gas

(

LPG

)

0.7500 2.750

senta 2019 - The International Conference on Marine Technology (SENTA)

162

2.1.3 Shaft Generator/Motor Emission





𝑓





𝑃

















𝑓





𝑖









.𝑃

















𝐶



.𝑆𝐹𝐶



(5)

, is a correction factor to account for ship specific

design elements. f

is divided into three types: for ice

class ship, for ice shuttle tanker with propulsion

redundancy, and for other ship.

The power correction factor for ice-classed ship

should be taken as the greater value of f

0 and f

min,

as tabulated in Table 1 but not greater than f

max=

1.0.

For further information on approximate

correspondence between ice classes, see HELCOM

Recommendation 25/7. For correction factor for

power fj ice-class ship see MEPC 212 (63) Annex 8,

Page 9 (International Maritime Organization, 2012).

For shuttle tankers with propulsion redundancy

should be fj = 0.77. This Correction factor applies to

Shuttle tankers with propulsion redundancy between

80,000 and 160,000 deadweight. The Shuttle Tankers

with Propulsion Redundancy are tankers used for

loading of crude oil from offshore installations

equipped with dual-engine and twin-propellers need

to meet the requirements for dynamic positioning and

redundancy propulsion class notation (International

Maritime Organization, 2012). For other shiptypes fj=

1.0.

eff

is avaibility factor of each innovative energy

efficiency technology. f

eff

for waste energy recovery

system should be (1.0). P

AEeff(i)

is auxiliary power

reduction due to innovative electrical energy efficient

technology measured at P

ME(i)

2.1.4 Efficiency Technologies



𝑓









.𝑃









.𝐶



.𝑆𝐹𝐶











(6)

eff

, C

FME

, SFC

have been explained above. While

AEeff(i)

is the output of the innovative mechanical

energy efficient technology for propulsion at 75 per

cent main engine power.

2.1.5 Transport Work

𝑓



𝑓



.Capacity.

𝑓



.𝑉



(7)

is capacity factor and should be assumed to be one

(1.0) if no necessity of the factor is granted. There are

three capacity factors that are required according to

the type of ship: for ice-classed ships, for ship specific

voluntary structural enhancement, for bulk carriers

and oil tanker (International Maritime Organization,

2012).

is the cubic capacity correction factor and

should be assumed to be one (1.0) if no necessity of

the factor is granted. There are two cubic capacity

factors that are required according to the type of ship:

for chemical tanker and for gas carriers having direct

diesel driven propulsion system constructed

(International Maritime Organization, 2012).

For calculating EEDI, the capacity of the ship is

also defined according to the type of ship. For bulk

carriers, tankers, gas tankers, ro-ro cargo ships,

general cargo ship, refrigerated cargo carrier and

combination carriers, deadweight should be used as

Capacity. For passenger ships and ro-ro passenger

ships, gross tonnage in accordance with the

International Convention of Tonnage Measurement

of Ships 1969, Annex I, regulation 3 should be used

as Capacity. For containerships, 70 per cent of the

deadweight (DWT) should be used as Capacity.

is coefficient indicating the decrease of speed in

representative sea conditions of wave height, wave,

frequency and wind speed. While V

ref

is ship speed.

2.1.6 Main Formula EEDI



𝑓









𝑃









.𝐶









.𝑆𝐹𝐶



















𝑃



.𝐶



.𝑆𝐹𝐶









∏

𝑓



∑

𝑃











∑

𝑓





𝑖









.𝑃

















𝐶



.𝑆𝐹𝐶







∑

𝑓









.𝑃















.𝐶



.𝑆𝐹𝐶





𝑓



.𝑓



.Capacity.𝑓



.𝑉





(8)

The explanation above is the parameters used and

needed to calculate EEDI. Calculation and formula

This is a combination of main engine emission,

auxiliary engine emissions, shaft generator or shaft

motor emissions, additional technology efficiency,

and transport work. To obtain the Energy Efficiency

Design Index use the following formula

(International Maritime Organization,2012):

2.2 Web Programming

There are several types of web programming such as

PHP, MySQL, and Javascript. But what is

recommended for this case is to use PHP web

programming because it has advantages compared to

another web programming (Nixon, 2014). The

advantage of PHP is its use is relatively easy, PHP

only requires HTML and CSS to support the creation

of web programming. PHP is a free application

because it has many PHP communities. The

advantage of this large number of communities is that

Development of Web Programming for Calculation of Energy Efﬁciency Design Index (EEDI)

163

when you have a few problems with PHP, finding a

solution is relatively easy. PHP is also special

programming for making the web, so it is very

suitable in this case. Most websites today also use

PHP, including large websites like facebook,

yahoo,Wikipedia, Flickr.

The benefits of the system developed are the

reduction in management costs by the systematic and

integrated management of a large amount of data

created during the entire life cycle of the ship, the

reduced number of paper documents and drawings,

increased consistency and integrity between each

department in the organization. In addition, because

the system developed is based on the internet, users

can utilize information regardless of time and place,

reducing the time needed to collect data and analysis

for decision making (Lee et al., 2006).

2.3 PHP Web Programming

HP is a server-side scripting language designed to

make the web. On HTML pages embed PHP code.

PHP code is executed on the server side not on the

client computer. And the results displayed are pure

HTML code (Astamal, 2009).

This programming language uses a server-side

system. Server-side programming is a type of

programming language that later scripts / programs

will be run / processed by the server. The advantages

are easy to use, simple, and easy to understand and

learn.

PHP can help to develop web-based applications

that are quite complex, reliable, and fast. Depending

on business specifications, hosting usage, level of

experience, application requirements, and timeframe

development. In addition, there are many PHP

frameworks to choose from (Oktavian, 2010).

The way PHP works is as a programming

language for developing web-based applications.

Because in addition to PHP web programming can

also be used to develop desktop-based applications

and CLI (Command Line Interface).

Figure 4: PHP Works.

From the picture above it can be explained

PHPworks (Astamal, 2009):

1. The user requests a PHP page

2. The browser sends an HTTP Request to

WebServer

3. WebServer sends the PHP file request to the PHP

processor. PHP processor can be a module (part

of the webserver) or separate (as CGI / FastCGI)

4. He request is processed by the PHP processor then

the results are sent back to the webserver

5. The web server repackages the results by adding

an HTTP header and sending it back to the

browser.

6. The browser processes the HTTP packet and

displays it as HTML to the user.

Variables are very important elements in a

programming language. Almost every programming

language knows what is called variable. Variable

itself is a form of temporary data storage in computer

memory that will be further processed. Conditions for

making variables:

1. Variables can consist of letters, numbers and

underscore (_) and of course the dollar ($).

2. Variables cannot begin with numbers.

3. Variables are case sensitive meaning to

distinguish between lowercase and uppercase

letters.

4. The $ name variable is not the same as $ NaMe.

For that reason, be careful in writing variable

names.

2.3.1 PHP Variable

There are several variables in PHP; type variables,

constants, variable and constant theory, and

comments. In PHP we don't need to declare variable

types explicitly, the cool term is dynamic typing.

Because PHP can automatically determine the type of

variable based on the values that exist in that variable.

The following are some data types that are covered by

PHP; integer, string, double, boolean, array, and

object.

Almost the same as a variable, constants are also

used for temporary storage of values. But the

difference between constants and variables is that

your constants cannot change its value if it has been

declared. The method of declaration is also different

from the variable. The constant is used the define

keyword to declare a variable. Constants also do not

start with a $ (dollar).

2.3.2 Comment

The commentary on the script aims to tell the reader,

whether it's someone else or yourself. Usually,

comments are used to explain the purpose of writing

the script, who the author is, when it was written and

so on. Comments are also useful for yourself when

someday you forget why you wrote this file, what it's

senta 2019 - The International Conference on Marine Technology (SENTA)

164

for and many others. PHP will ignore all the text in

the comments. It will not affect the running of a

script.PH P recognizes three types of comment styles.

First the C language model (many lines / multi line),

usually can be placed at the top of the script. Second

is C ++, and third is a shell script model

(Oktavian,2010).

2.3.3 Operator

Operators are symbols that can be used to manipulate

values and variables. In the previous section we have

used several operators including =, ==, <, +, * and

others. Words like “is”, “or”, “then”, etc. should not

be capitalized unless they are the first word of the

subtitle. There are several types of operators:

arithmetic operators, combination operators,

comparison operators, logical operators,

increment/decrement operators, and string operators

(Astamal, 2009).

2.3.4 Control Structure

Control Structure is a structure in a programming

language that allows us to control the flow of the

execution of a program or script. The control structure

includes the structure of conditions and the structure

of repetition or looping (Astamal, 2009). The

condition structure consists of several statements,

namely:

if...

if...else...

if...elseif...else...

switch...case...break...

While the repetition structure consists of:

for...

while...

do...while...

foreach...

3 METHOD

The method used for web programming-based EEDI

calculations is to use a PHP Web programming

application. By installing the webserver and

phpmyadmin then create a database in mysql. After

all is done then make the form in accordance with the

concepts that have been made.

The concept of the form created is based on user

convenience. To calculate the main EEDI formula is

quite easy, but to get the value of each parameter is

rather complicated because each type of ship is

different also the value of the required parameters.

So, to simplify the calculation and user convenience

later the formula will be divided into two, namely the

main formula and the basic data formula which must

be calculated first. To verify the built-in web

calculator use excel calculations or calculations from

MEPC 214 guidelines (63).

4 RESULT

The results displayed in this chapter are a website

created for the purposes of calculating the energy

efficiency index design. The concept form that has

been created is the main formulation of EEDI. This

main formula is divided into 5 (five) parameter parts:

main engine emissions, auxiliary engine emissions,

shaft generator or shaft motor emissions, additional

technology efficiency, and transport work.

Lifting of objects generally takes place at

shipbuilding industry, construction sites, factories

and other industrial situations such as offloading with

a forklift truck, containers at a warehouse or at a

commercial area. There are many goals in lifting for

good practice and correct lifting method such as move

large objects efficiently, safely and reduce manual

handling operations (Chevron, 2009). The major

accident usually happens due to incorrect lifting

method. The process of carrying out correct and safe

lifting operations involves a range of requirements

which must be considered during the arrangement of

lifting operation (Milton, 2012).

In this study, lifting process was conducted in the

shipbuilding industry with ship block as object.

Figure 5: Five Components of EEDI.

The first page when opening a web address is to

into the calculation of energy efficiency index design.

Development of Web Programming for Calculation of Energy Efﬁciency Design Index (EEDI)

165

Figure 7: Log In success.

Figure 8: Edit profile.

Figure 6 shows that the log in that was done was

successful. After the user has successfully entered the

website, the user can also change their respective

profiles which can be seen in Figure 8. After

successfully entering the form, the user can perform

EEDI calculations by inputting values in accordance

with predetermined parameters. To enter into the

calculation form, users can enter via “add content” in

“Navigation”.

Figure 9: Form of Main Calculation EEDI.

From Figure 9 we can see the calculation of the

main formula of EEDI which is divided into 5

parameters so that users can easily categorize the

calculations and enter the required input parameter

values. After completing entering all the values

needed to calculate EEDI can be saved.

Figure: 10 View parameter input.

After the value of the entered parameter has been

saved, it can be seen the input summary seen

previously on the "Calculation EEDI" form. In

addition, the calculation can also be edited on the

"edit" form.

Figure 6: Log In.

senta 2019 - The International Conference on Marine Technology (SENTA)

166

Figure 11: Edit calculation.

For the final results the value of the EEDI

calculation can be seen in the "link calculation". In

addition to the results of the final values from the

EEDI calculations, also displays accepted or not

accepted.

Figure 12: Final calculation.

5 CONCLUSION AND

SUGGESTIONS

From the results discussed above a calculation has

been developed from the energy efficiency design

index (EEDI) based on web programming using PHP.

To make it easier for users, a concept form is made to

make it easier. From the EEDI formula, 5mainforms

have been made, namely main engine emissions,

auxiliary engine emissions, shaft generator or shaft

motor emissions, additional technology efficiency,

and transport work. The resulting value is the energy

efficiency index design that can be directly viewed on

the web calculator. It also shows the value of EEDI

that is acceptable or unacceptable.

Many benefits derived from the transformation of

calculations using web programming are reducing the

number of paper documents and drawings increases

consistency and integration between each department

in the organization. In addition, users can utilize

information released from time and place, reducing

the time needed to collect data and analysis for

decision making. Web-based development can be a

solution to the problems of the maritime world in the

industrial revolution 4.0 era.

For further sustainability, basic data calculations

that are quite complicated can be further developed.

This basic data calculation is used for the initial

calculation before inputting the value into the main

EEDI formula. This EEDI calculation is used

specifically for ship designers. The next hope is that

this web programming-based calculation can be

further developed into the Ship Energy Efficiency

Management Plan (SEEMP) which can be used by a

wide range of stakeholders to facilitate the rapid

certification process. In addition to calculations,

technical and documents can also be developed.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research is an initial idea and is expected to be

implemented to be further developed for the better.

The author is open to receiving suggestions and

criticism. Hopefully this research is useful, and other

good research ideas emerge.

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