Distribution on Mosquito Larvae at Various Breeding Sites in Village

Tanjung Sari Medan Selayang Subdistrict Medan

Merina Panggabean, Yoan Carolina Panggabean and Lambok Siahaan

Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Keywords: Breeding Sites, Mosquito Larvae, Vector Infectious Diseases

Abstract: Mosquitoes are small insects that act as vectors of disease in humans. Vector infectious diseases due to

mosquitoes are dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever, encephalitis, filariasis, and malaria. This research

was conducted to determine the distribution of mosquito breeding sites in residential homes in Tanjung Sari

Village, Medan Selayang District. A total of 100 residents' homes were visited and inspected for breeding

places for mosquito larvae inside and outside the house from October 2017 to November 2017. Mosquito

larvae encountered were examined using the single larva method and identified. The results of this study

found 40 houses there are mosquito breeding places. Mosquito breeding sites are found, namely: water

dispenser reservoirs, buckets, puddles, bathtubs, barrels, flower vases, water reservoirs, drums, and used

cans. The most mosquito breeding sites are in the reservoir of water dispenser by 19%, followed by buckets

and puddles of 5% each, bathtub 4%, barrels and flower vases respectively 2%, water reservoirs 2%, and

used cans respectively 1%. The most frequently encountered species are Aedes aegypti 33 breeding sites,

followed by Culex sp 5 breeding sites, only in standing water outside the house and 2 Aedes albopictus

breeding sites, in the flower vase outside the house. Mosquito breeding sites are found distributed inside

and out side the house.

1 INTRODUCTION

Mosquitoes have an important role in human health

because mosquitoes have the ability to transfer

(vector) diseases. A mosquito as vector borne

diseases such as dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow

fever, encephalitis, filariasis, and malaria.

Mosquitoes that play a vector role are from genera:

Aedes, Culex, Anopheles and Mansonia (Li et al.,

2013). Mosquitoes are spread throughout the world

and can be found at an altitude of 5000 meters above

sea level (Susanto, et a.l, 2009). Mosquitoes are

more common in the tropics than in the subtropical

regions. The only place with no mosquitoes is

Antarctica (Mike, 2003).

All types of female mosquitoes need water for

survival. The water is used for laying eggs, where

larvae and pupae live, while adult mosquitoes do not

need water anymore. Female mosquitoes choose

certain types of water for their eggs, such as clean

water, dirty water, and brackish water (Komariah et

al., 2010). Anopheles sp mosquitoes lay their eggs in

clean water, water in mangrove forests, water in rice

fields. Culex sp mosquitoes always lay their eggs in

dirty water. Aedes sp mosquitoes lay their eggs in

clean water, while Mansonia sp mosquitoes lay their

eggs in the roots of aquatic plants (Mosquito World,

2015). Many species lay their eggs on the surface of

the water, and there are those that either lay their

eggs (Anopheles, sp) or those that lay their eggs

(Culex sp). Aedes sp places his eggs on the surface

of calm water or damp places. Generally, mosquito

eggs will hatch in 2-3 days. Aedes sp mosquito eggs

can last up to 6 months if they are in a dry place and

will hatch if placed on a moist or wet surface (WHO,

2007).

Temperature is an important environmental

parameter in increasing vector breeding, mosquito

gonotropic cycles, bite rates, shortening the

pathogen incubation period and extending the life of

adult mosquitoes. In addition, the optimum

temperature also increases the level of larval

development. In adult mosquitoes, the optimum

temperature can increase the level of mosquito bite

(biting rate) and reduce the time it takes for parasites

to replicate in the mosquito's body, known as the

extrinsic incubation period. The extrinsic incubation

period of parasites in the body of mosquitoes which

514

Panggabean, M., Panggabean, Y. and Siahaan, L.

Distribution on Mosquito Larvae at Various Breeding Sites in Village Tanjung Sari Medan Selayang Subdistrict Medan.

DOI: 10.5220/0010209900002775

In Proceedings of the 1st International MIPAnet Conference on Science and Mathematics (IMC-SciMath 2019), pages 514-518

ISBN: 978-989-758-556-2

is more quickly offset by the level of mosquito bites

becomes more frequent will result in increased risk

of parasite transmission as well (Gama and

Nakagoshi, 2013).

The optimum temperature for mosquito breeding

is 25-27ºC. Mosquito growth will stop completely at

temperatures less than 10°C or more than 40°C

(Oktaviani, 2011). The higher the air temperature,

the more water vapor it can contain. This means air

become more humid. Humidity affects the

mosquito's habit of laying eggs and their survival.

The body of a mosquito has holes called a spiracle to

regulate evaporation in the body of a mosquito. If

the humidity is low, it will cause evaporation of

water in the body of the mosquito, so it will die

quickly. At humidity less than 60% the age of

mosquitoes will be short, cannot be a vector because

there is not enough time for the transfer of the virus

from the stomach to the salivary glands. The average

optimum humidity for mosquito growth is 65%-90%

(Regariana, 2004). Optimum humidity not only

supports the breed speed and age of mosquitoes, it

also affects flying distance and biting habits

(Cahyati and Suharyo, 2006).

Appropriate habitat for mosquito breeding is not

only formed from nature itself, but humans can

indirectly provide a breeding ground for mosquitoes.

This can be seen as unplanned urbanization,

inadequate management of solid waste, water in the

bathroom tub that is not drained regularly, water in

sewers that do not flow due to the garbage dumped

by the community into the gutter, water submerged

in containers left for long periods of time. These

things will increase the mosquito population

accidentally (Mosquito World, 2015).

The existence

of containers is significant in increasing vector

density. This will facilitate the vector to breed so

that the mosquito population continues to grow. The

results of Nicholas Duma's research stated that the

presence of containers has a positive correlation with

the incidence of vector-borne diseases (Duma et al,

2007).

One of the infectious vector diseases that often

occur in the city of Medan is Dengue Hemorrhagic

Fever (DHF). Medan City is categorized as an

endemic area in North Sumatra. In 2014 there were

121 cases in Medan Selayang District with 66 cases

in men and 55 cases in women (North Sumatra

Province Health Service, 2015). In 2016 the

prevalence of DHF cases was 3010 cases with 17

deaths (Medan City Health Office, 2017). Medan

City has a dense population, high mobility and has

great potential for the occurrence of extraordinary

events of DHF (Susanti, 2015).

2 METHODS

This research has descriptive observational in which

the researcher only makes observations without

giving treatment to respondents. The research design

used was study cross sectional survey and interview

methods for sociodemography.

The study was conducted in Tanjung Sari

Village, Medan Selayang District, Medan. The study

was conducted from October to November 2017.

The determination of the sample in this study was

carried out using cluster random sampling

techniques for 100 houses visited.

The sample in this study were mosquito larvae

that were inside and outside the house (around the

house) visited. All containers containing water in or

around the house are recorded and seen if there are

mosquito larvae in it. Mosquito larvae were found

put in a bottle, labelled, recorded the location, and

pH of the water where the larvae were found. Other

data were collected for the temperature and humidity

of the air. Mosquito larvae were taken to the

Parasitology Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine,

Universitas Sumatra Utara, Medan, Indonesia to be

identified using journals for identifying larvae of

mosquitoes.

All larvae were killed by giving hot water with

a temperature of 60

C were identified by looking at

the morphology of the head and segments of the

8 mosquito larvae under a microscope. The

morphology observed was adjusted to the

morphology in the identification journal (Rueda,

2004; Rattanarithikul and Harrison, 2005).

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Tanjung Sari sub-district in Medan Selayang sub-

district with an area of 510 ha and has 1265 houses.

A total of 100 houses were visited as samples to

determine the distribution of mosquito larvae in

various breeding sites. A container containing water

which is likely the place of mosquito-breeding are

inside and outside the house as much as 264 and

that contains mosquito larva as many as

40 containers at 40 houses are inside (32 houses)

and outdoors (8 houses). It can be seen in Table 1.

Distribution on Mosquito Larvae at Various Breeding Sites in Village Tanjung Sari Medan Selayang Subdistrict Medan

515

Table 1. Type of container and existence of mosquito

larvae inside and outside the house

Place

containers

Containers Number

of Containers

(+) larva

Inside

the house

Buckets

Bathubs

Water

reservoir

dispenser

Water

reservoirs

Drums

Barrels

Total 32

Outside

the house

Puddles

Flower

Vases

Used cans

Used bottles

Pet drinkin

Total 264 40

From table 1, it can be seen that the community at

the site of this research to accommodate water in a

variety of containers and encountered mosquito

larva. Most of breeding mosquito larva inside the

houses. In the results of this research, it is necessary

to emphasize the community to make attention to

the control of mosquito breeding places in the

house. In this study, the water reservoir dispenser is

a key container. Generally, people's houses use

buckets (74 houses) to collect water for bathing

purposes followed by bathtubs (56 houses). The

water in the bucket that is

used often runs out when

bathing and the bathtub is generally small, the

bathtub almost always changes the water. Previous

research in East Java conducted by Joharina and

Widiarti in 2014 found a bathtub as a key container.

The community also needs to make attention to

mosquito larvae breeding places outside the house

by keeping the environment clean, especially after

the rainy season in the presence of standing water

on used goods (used cans), flower vases and puddles

where the water does not flow.

The pH water of containers influence .found

mosquito larvaes, it can be seen at Table 2.

Table 2: The pH water of containers found mosquito

larvaes

Containers % Total

(%)

pH 6 Bathups

Water reservoirs

Puddles

10.26

10.60

7.02

27.88

pH 7 Dispenser

Bathups

Buckets

Puddles

Vase

Used cans

Barrels

23.69

21.11

11.05

5.26

2.63

2.12

72.12

Total 100 100

Table 2. Shows that the pH of the water in the

container with mosquito larvae ranged from 6-7.

Research by Salit (1996) and Saleeza (2011) said

that the optimum pH for breeding mosquito larvae is

6.27-9.78.

Table 3: Temperature and humidity of the air in the house

visited

Variable %

Temperature

Optimum (25-270C)

Not Optimum (> 270C)

Humidity

Optimum (> 65%)

Not optimum (<65%)

Table 3 shows the optimum temperature was 22%,

and the optimum humidity was 65%. Regariana

(2004), said that the higher air temperature can the

more water vapor it can contain. This means that the

air becomes more humid. The condition of the

humidity is in the comfort zone for mosquitoes to

breed. It turns out that not only supports breeding

speed, humid environmental conditions can also

affect the age of mosquitoes, flight distance, and

biting habits. Then (Cahyati and Suharyo, 2006),

said low environmental humidity can cause

evaporation to increase which is the main enemy of

mosquitoes.

In this study, mosquito larvae found were Aedes

aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex sp. Table 4

shows the breeding sites for mosquito larvae found in

Tanjung Sari Village, Medan Selayang District,

Medan.

IMC-SciMath 2019 - The International MIPAnet Conference on Science and Mathematics (IMC-SciMath)

516

Table 4. Types of breeding sites containers larva

mosquito

Location

Breeding

sites

Breeding

sites

Aedes

aegypti

(%)

Aedes

Albopictus

(%)

Culex

(%)

Inside the

house

Water

Reservoirs

dispenser

Buckets

Bathubs

Barrels

Water

reservoir

Outside the

house

Puddles

Flower

Vases

Used cans

Total 33 2 5

Mosquito larvae are found in various containers

that contain water inside and outside the home.

Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae were found in 33

containers (32 containers containing water inside the

house and 1 containers outside the house), Aedes

albopictus were found at outside the house in 2

containers, and Culex sp is also found outside the

home in 5 containers. The results of this research are

also supported by the study by Ririh and Anny

(2005), who found a significant relationship

between the type of container with the presence of

Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae in Wonokusumo

Village.

The development of the vector pre-adult phase is

mostly determined by the availability of water,

water reservoirs (containers), and the environment

(rainfall and seasons). Mosquitoes as vectors have

excellent adaptability to various environmental

conditions (Aditya, et al 2006n and Adeleke et al,

2010).

4 CONCLUSIONS

Breeding sites are found as water dispenser

reservoirs, buckets, puddles, bathtubs, barrels,

flower vases, water reservoirs, drums, and used

cans. The most frequently encountered species are

Aedes aegypti at 33 breeding sites inside the houses,

followed by Culex sp 5 breeding sites, only in

standing water outside the house and 2 Aedes

albopictus breeding sites in the flower vase outside

the house. Mosquitoes as vector borne diseases in

this research are most found distributed inside and

outside house.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Universitas Sumatera Utara for suported

research Grant by the Grant TALENTA

Universitas Sumatera Utara No.

5338/UN5.I.R/PPM/2017.

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