Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Particleboard using

Dextrin-citric Acid as Adhesive

Ragil Widyorini

, Greitta Kusuma Dewi

, Arif Nuryawan

and Eka Mulya Alamsyah

Forestry Faculty, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Forestry Faculty, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia

Keywords: Bamboo Particleboard, Dextrin-Citric Acid, Mechanical Properties, Physical Properties.

Abstract: Dextrin-citric acid adhesive is predicted to be a promising natural adhesive of particleboard. Different types

of dextrin may affect the performance of wood bonding. The aim of this research was to investigate the

effect of dextrin types and the ratio of dextrin/citric acid on the physical and mechanical properties of

particleboard made of petung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper). Two kinds of dextrin-based materials, i.e.

maltodextrin and durian seed dextrin were applied in this research. The dextrin/citric acid ratios were set at

100/0, 75/25, and 50/50 wt%. The particleboards were made in 25 cm x 25 cm x 1 cm size, with target

density and adhesive content were set at 0.75 g/cm³ and 15 wt% based on the dried weight of particles,

respectively. A three-step press cycle method was used for particle board manufacturing and the press

condition was set at 200°C for 10 minutes. The result showed that particleboard with maltodextrin-based

adhesive has better properties than particleboard with durian seed dextrin-based adhesive. The best

properties of particleboard were achieved by maltodextrin/citric acid adhesive at the ratio of 50/50 wt%.

Those properties could meet the requirement of Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A 5908 (2003) for

particleboard. In addition, this research indicated that durian seed dextrin can be improved as adhesive for

particleboard.

1 INTRODUCTION

Dextrin is a product derived from starch, which

produced by starch degradation process that usually

uses heat and a hydrolyzing agent such as acids, acid

producing chemicals, enzyme or other catalyst

(Kollman et al., 1975). It was referred to a group of

hydrophyllic polysaccharides consisting of D-

glucose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds with

shorter saccharide-chain than starch (USDA, 2011).

The raw material of dextrin (i.e. starch) was

environmental friendly, renewable resource, low

cost and abundant available in various types

(Kennedy, 1989). Corn starch, waxy maize starch,

wheat starch, as well as rice starch were native

starches that can produce dextrins. Dextrin has low

viscosity due to their low molecular weight and also

has properties that is partially- completely soluble in

water but practically insoluble in ethanol (95%),

propan-2-ol and chloroform (Hassid, 1993; Merck

Index, 2006; Rowe et al., 2009). Its properties were

potential to be developed as adhesives and the most

dextrins were used as adhesives for paper products

or as food additive (BeMiller, 2003; Radley, 1976).

Kollman et al., (1975) stated that dextrins could not

be a satisfactory wood adhesive because of the low

bonding capacity. Some researchers used cross

linker like citric acid to improve the bonding

capacity of dextrin for glass paper and wood

bonding purposes (Castro-Cabado et al., 2016;

Santoso et al., 2017). The physical and mechanical

properties of dextrin-based particleboard were

proven to be increased by citric acid addition

(Santoso et al., 2017). Citric acid was known to be

able to increase particle size.

There are various types of dextrin, but the easiest

type to find is maltodextrin. Maltodextrin is a

dextrin that has average chain length of 3-20 glucose

units and pH 4.5-6.5 (Dokic et al., 1998; Rowe et al.,

2009). Maltodextrin had been used as wood

adhesive with citric acid addition in Nipa

particleboard manufacturing at 100/0~0/100 wt%

maltodextrin/citric acid ratios. Addition of 25 wt%

bonding strength value and decrease almost 50% of

Widyorini, R., Dewi, G., Nuryawan, A. and Alamsyah, E.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Particleboard using Dextrin-citric Acid as Adhesive.

DOI: 10.5220/0010205200002775

In Proceedings of the 1st International MIPAnet Conference on Science and Mathematics (IMC-SciMath 2019), pages 475-480

ISBN: 978-989-758-556-2

475

the board’s thickness swelling and water absorption

values from the adhesive without citric acid addition

at 200°C pressing temperature (Santoso et al., 2017).

Besides maltodextrin, there is also dextrin from

durian seed starch that may be potentially

developed. Durian seed waste and its starch have not

been widely used yet, instead of their potential

availability on Indonesia. Some researchers had

studied the potential uses of durian seed waste and

its starch for animal feeds, food filler, biodegradable

film and pharmaceutical industry (Ho & Bhat, 2015;

Malini et al., 2016; Pimpa et al., 2012; Siriphanich,

2011; Sugiarto & Toana, 2018), but the dextrin have

not been studied yet. The dextrinization of durian

seed starch was expected to increase its properties

and utilization. Two types of dextrin (maltodextrin

and durian seed dextrin) were expected to have

different effect on wood bonding. This research was

aimed to study the effect of dextrin types and

dextrin/citric acid ratio on the physical and

mechanical properties of particleboard made of

petung bamboo (Dendrocalamusasper).

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Materials

Petung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) particles

were collected from Sleman district, Yogyakarta

province, Indonesia. The particles passed through 10

mesh screen with the moisture content around 12%

were used as raw material. Maltodextrin with

dextrose equivalent (DE) 10-15 were purchased

from Zhucheng Dongxiao Biotechnology Co. Ltd,

China without further purification. Durian seed

dextrin was obtained by dextrinization of durian

seed starch in acid hydrolysis. The durian seed was

collected from Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia.

The dextrinization method was done by making

durian seed starch into suspension with 30%

concentration based on dried weight before adding

HCl until its pH was 1, then it was liquidated at

95°C for 35 minutes, neutralized by NaOH, oven-

dried at 50°C for 2 days and pulverized into 80 mesh

size. Citric acid (anhydrous) was purchased from

Brataco Ltd, Indonesia without further purification.

2.2 Methods

2.2.1 Preparation of the Adhesive Solution

All of the adhesive solutions were made in the

concentration of 50 wt%, except the durian seed

dextrin/citric acid ratio (100/0) that used dextrin-

solvent ratio of 1:20 (w/v) for good spraying. The

dextrin and citric acid was dissolved in hot water

(70°C±2°C). The mixture ratios of dextrin/citric acid

were set at 100/0, 75/25, and 50/50wt%.

2.2.2 Manufacturing of Particleboard

The adhesive solution (45°C ± 2°C) was spreaded on

the surface of the bamboo particles using spraying

method. The adhesive content of the solution was 15

wt% based on the air-dried particles weight. The

moisture contents of the sprayed particles were then

reduced to 2-4% by oven-drying for good inter-

particles bonding. The particles were then hand-

formed into a mat with 25 cm x 25 cm size using

forming box. The mat was hot-pressed using 3-step

press cycle method as done by Widyorini et al.

(2018). The mat was hot-pressed for 5 minutes in

first-step cycle, followed by breathing process (hot-

press release) for 1 minutes in second-step cycle,

and then another 5 minutes hot-press in third-step

cycle (the total pressing time was 10 minutes). The

hot- press was set at 200°C in the specific pressure

of 3 MPa. The target size and target density were 25

cm x 25 cm x 1 cm and 0.75 g/cm³, respectively.

After hot press process, the boards were then

stored/conditioned for ± 7 days at room temperature

before the board properties evaluation.

2.2.3 Evaluation of Board Properties

Evaluation of boards properties used Japanese

Industrial Standard (JIS) A 5908 (2003) as the

standards of sample sizes, test method and board

quality classification. The boards properties

evaluated in this research were density (D), moisture

content (MC), thickness swelling (TS), water

absorption (WA) and surface roughness (SR) for

physical properties, as well as, internal bonding

strength (IBS), modulus of rupture (MOR), and

modulus of elasticity (MOE) for mechanical

properties. D, MC, TS, WA and IBS were tested

using sample in 5 cm x 5 cm size, while MOR-MOE

was tested using sample in 20 cm x 5 cm size. D was

determined by dividing the weight of the sample

with its volume, while MC was determined by

dividing the weight change of the sample after oven-

drying with its oven-dried weight (based on the

percentage). TS and WA were determined by the

percentage of thickness change and weight change

of samples after 24 hours water-immersion at room

temperature based on initial thickness and weight of

the sample. SR test was measured with surface

roughness tester SRG 4000 (Bosworth Instrument,

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Cleveland, USA). IBS was determined after a

sample was failed (splitted in the middle) at

maximum tension (vertically to board face) with the

rate of 2 mm/min. MOR and MOE were tested with

giving load vertically on board face at 10

mm/minute rate and 150 mm span until maximum

load before cracking.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

All boards were manufactured successfully without

any delamination, although the board densities could

not meet the target density. The densities (D) were

ranged from 0.68-0.72 g/cm³. The low board

densities were achieved by durian seed dextrin/citric

acid 100/0 wt% (0.68 g/cm³) and maltodextrin/citric

acid 100/0 wt% (0.69 g/cm³). This phenomenon

might be resulted by the spring back of those boards

which caused the thickness was > 1 cm. The high

springback was occurred on those boards than other

boards. It also indicated that the bonds among

particles and dextrins were not so strong compared

other boards using citric acid addition.

The MC values of the boards were ranged from

5.1-6.3%. All the MC values met the MC standard

of JIS A 5908 (5-13%). The MC value was rather

lowif it was compared to other bamboo particleboard

that used citric acid-based adhesives (6.3-8%)

(Widyorini et al., 2017), but almost same with the

MC of Nipa particleboard with maltodextrin-based

adhesives (±3- 8%) (Santoso et al., 2017).

The TS, WA and SR values of the boards were

presented on Table 1. Only TS value of

maltodextrin/citric acid (50/50) boards that could

meet the TS value requirement of JIS A 5908 (max.

12%), meanwhile the boards with maltodextrin/citric

acid (75/25 and 50/50) and durian seed dextrin/citric

acid (50/50) had WA values that could meet the WA

value standard of FAO (1966) (20-75%). The SR

values in this research could not achieve the SR

value of commercial particleboard (3.67-5.46 µm)

(Hiziroglu & Suzuki, 2007), therefore it might not

easy to cover the boards using veneer, vinyl or the

other materials.

The TS, WA and SR values of durian seed

dextrin/citric acid (100/0) particleboard was lower

than maltodextrin/citric acid (100/0) particleboard.

The TS value was 36% lower, while the WA and the

SR value were 34% and 16% lower, respectively.

This result indicated that durian seed dextrin

particleboard has better water resistance-

dimensional stability and surface smoothness than

maltodextrin particleboard. Different results

occurred when citric acid was added. The TS, WA

and SR values of durian seed dextrin/citric acid was

higher than maltodextrin/citric acid-based

particleboard on each ratio of 75/25 and 50/50 wt%,

except the SR values on ratio 75/25 wt%. It was

expected that maltodextrin-citric acid has better

compatibility on bamboo particles than durian seed

dextrin-citric acid. Good compatibility could result

on good bonding between adhesives and particles so

the bonding is not easily broken by water. Sekino et

al. (1999) stated that breakage of adhesives bond

network was one of factors affecting in the TS

values of resin bonded particleboard.

Table 1: The TS (thickness swelling), WA (water absorption), and SR (surface roughness) values of dextrin/citric

acid-based particleboards.

Maltodextrin/citric acid (wt%)

100/0 75/25 50/50

TS (%) 69.9 ± 5.2 19.8 ± 0.9 9.8 ± 0.2

WA (%) 192.0 ± 10.7 65.7 ± 5.2 42.4 ± 1.8

SR (µm) 15.44 ± 1.96 14.75 ± 1.34 10.63 ± 1.14

Durian seed dextrin/citric acid (wt%)

100/0 75/25 50/50

TS (%) 44.6 ± 5.9 37.9 ± 4.2 14.1 ± 2.3

WA (%) 126.1 ± 13.7 99.9 ± 7.7 71.7 ± 2.0

SR (µm) 13.03 ± 1.78 13.31 ± 1.99 11.54 ± 1.72

Increasing citric acid ratio on the adhesive could

bring positive trend on physical properties of

particleboard. Increasing citric acid ratio could

increase water resistance, dimensional stability and

surface smoothness of the boards with dextrin based

adhesive. This phenomenon also occurred on

maltodextrin-based adhesives by Santoso et al.

(2017) and sucrose-based adhesives by (Widyorini,

Nugraha, et al., 2016). The carboxylic group of citric

acid could undergo an esterification reaction when

reacted with hydroxyl groups of lignocellulosic of

bamboo to form ester linkages. This ester linkage

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Particleboard using Dextrin-citric Acid as Adhesive

477

could reduce free hydroxyl groups of lignocellulose

that could bind with water so the physical properties

of the boards, especially water resistance and

dimensional stability increased (Umemura et al.,

2011, 2012; Widyorini, Umemura, et al., 2016). The

ester linkage could also increase the particles

compactness and the board density so the surface

smoothness was increased. Increasing the board

density could decrease the surface roughness of

particleboard (Nemli et al., 2005).

Figure 1: The internal bonding strength (IBS) values of dextrin-based particleboards.

Figure 2: The modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus elasticity (MOE) values of dextrin-based particleboards.

The IBS values of the dextrin-based

particleboard could be seen in Figure 1.

Maltodextrin-based particleboard has higher IBS

value than durian seed dextrin-based particleboard

on each mixture ratio. Good compatibility between

maltodextrin/citric acid and lignocellulose from

petung bamboo might be the reason behind those

results. The IBS value of maltodextrin/citric acid

(100/0) was higher 59% than durian seed

dextrin/citric acid (100/0), although the both values

could not meet JIS A 5908. The IBS value of durian

seed dextrin/citric acid (75/25) was equivalent with

the IBS value of maltodextrin/citric acid (100/0).

The highest difference of IBS value between

maltodextrin/citric acid and durian seed

dextrin/citric acid was achieved at the ratio of 50/50.

The IBS value of maltodextrin/citric acid could met

the JIS A 5908 standard type 18 (min. 0.3 MPa). In

addition, durian seed dextrin/citric acid-based

particleboard has the IBS value that met the IBS

value standard of JIS A 5908 type 8 (0.15 MPa) in

the ratio of 50/50 wt%. Increasing the citric acid

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

Maltodextrin/citric acid (wt%) Durian seed dextrin/citric acid (wt%)

IBS (MPa)

100/0

75/25

50/50

0,5

1,5

2,5

3,5

100/0 wt% 75/25 wt% 50/50 wt%

MOR (MPa)

MOE (GPa)

MOE of maltodextrin/citric acid MOE of durian seed dextrin/citric acid

MOR of maltodextrin/citric acid MOR of durian seed dextrin/citric acid

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478

ratio into the dextrin adhesive could produce

improvement trend of IBS as occurred on physical

properties. Addition of 25% citric acid into

maltodextrin (75/25) produces board with IBS value

that 158% higher than IBS value of 100%

maltodextrin (100/0). Ester linkage was expected to

be able to increase bonding strength of inter-

particles. This result showed that durian seed

dextrin-based adhesive has lower bonding

performance compared to maltodextrin-based

adhesive. The future research on characterization of

durian seed dextrin is needed to improve the

bonding performance.

The MOR and MOE values were presented in

Figure 2. The MOR and MOE were ranged from

3.9-10.6 MPa and 0.99-2.58 GPa, respectively. The

MOE values with maltodextrin/citric acid adhesives

(75/25 and 50/50) was 83% and 109% higher than

MOE value with maltodextrin/citric acid (100/0) and

both values met the MOE value standard of JIS A

5908 type 8 (min. 2 GPa). The MOE value of durian

seed dextrin/citric cid(50/50) also met the standard.

Only the MOR values of particleboard with

maltodextrin/citric acid adhesives (75/25 and 50/50)

that met the MOR value standard of JIS A 5908 type

8 (min. 8 MPa) and both value were 94-174% higher

than other MOR values. The MOR and MOE values

of particleboard with durian seed dextrin-based

adhesive were lower than the MOR and MOE values

of particleboard with maltodextrin-based adhesive at

each ratio, but those values tend to be the same

at100/0 wt% ratio. The biggest difference of the

MOR and MOE values between both adhesives were

occurred at dextrin/citric acid ratio of 75/25 wt% as

the MOR and MOE values of maltodextrin/citric

acid were 174% and 64% higher than MOR and

MOE values of durian seed dextrin/citricacid,

respectively.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Maltodextrin/citric acid based particleboards had

higher physical and mechanical properties than

durian seed dextrin/citric acid based particleboards,

which it met the JIS A 5908 standard requirement.

The best result in this research was the particleboard

that used maltodextrin/citric acid (50/50) as

adhesive. The further research is needed to

investigate the difference between bonding

mechanism of maltodextrin/citric acid based

adhesive and durian seed dextrin/citric acid based

adhesive. However, this research indicated that

durian seed dextrin can be improved to be as natural

adhesives.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors are grateful to Directorate of Higher

Education (DIKTI), Ministry of Research,

Technology and Higher Education of the Republic

of Indonesia that had been funded this research via

The Collaboration Research Program of Indonesia

(PPKI 2019 scheme).

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