Practice of Rhetoric by Stand-up Indonesia Comic's Community

Devie Rahmawati

, Wiratri Anindhita

, Anthony

, Amelita Lusia

and Mila Viendyasari

Vocational Educational Program, Universitas Indonesia, Depok Indonesia

Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta Indonesia

Independent

Keywords: Rhetoric, Stand-up Comedy

Abstract: Stand-up comedy has become entertainment that caught the attention of Indonesia society. This single comedy

trend initially arises from an event stand-up comedy talent search in one of the private tv stations. Stand-up

comedy's characteristic as an only comedy has elements of rhetoric that are inherent in it. As a form of rhetoric,

rhetoric becomes an essential aspect in the preparation of stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy is not an instant

and secure comedy. It takes a long and challenging process for someone to become a comic and pursue a

world of stand-up comedy. Implementation of rhetoric is crucial and necessary that becomes the key to the

success of the stand-up comedy appearances by the comics of the Indo North Jakarta Stand-up comedy

community.

1 INTRODUCTION

Rhetoric, which is considered as an art or technique

to influence people through words and was

introduced over 2000 years (Boisvenue, 2013;

Malesh, 2018), has become more relevant nowadays

in the digital era. With the massive development of

technology (Rahmawati et al., 2018), the ability to

getting public attention becomes a real skill needed

by every person. Words can be a powerful tool to

offer ideas, to explain phenomena, to influence

decisions, and to build up beliefs in changing one's

behaviour.

However, it is often found that the skill of

rhetoric is not getting enough attention from a broader

scope of people. In a study conducted in America, for

example, it was found that many students at

universities were not able to produce excellent

writings when they graduated. Furthermore, from

various tests conducted in Texas, the students' writing

skills decreased (Karr, 1995).

People live to communicate, in which most of the

communication happens in a public sphere. Public

speaking is one of them, and speaking in public really

has a real influence on society. Thus, public speaking

has a significant impact on empowering the mind of

the listeners (Vanover, 2015).

Every person has a different style of rhetoric. In

communication, it needs both the actor's background

in conveying ideas and the context that happens at the

moment. Dialogues occur in a private sphere (e.g. a

talk with family) will be different from discussions

that occurred in a public sphere (public speaking).

Rhetoric, or the ability to influence people, is not

an abstract concept. In a business world, the

knowledge of rhetoric has a significant impact on the

company as an effective technique to get investors.

One of the popular methods of rhetoric among the

entrepreneurs is an elevator pitch, which means the

ability to perform a presentation in only 30-60

minutes to the investors (Boisvenue, 2013).

This short presentation becomes crucial since an

entrepreneur needs to demonstrate a whole plan and

strategy in order to get investors' funds as well as to

manage them. A less-than-an-hour presentation is a

chance for every entrepreneur to validate their ideas

and strategies in running the business and managing

the funds from the investors.

The study analysis of rhetoric centres on

understanding people in certain social situations in

which it uses language to influence others.

Philosophers have used techniques of rhetoric to

understand how conventional media, such as print

media and television, use advertisements to persuade

customers, and how media is used by the officers to

make people following the rules (Malesh, 2018), as

well as how the media is used by presidential

candidates in giving their speeches to convince

Rahmawati, D., Anindhita, W., Anthony, ., Lusia, A. and Viendyasari, M.

Practice of Rhetoric by Stand-up Indonesia Comic’s Community.

DOI: 10.5220/0010171300002967

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE 2019) - Empowering Human Capital Towards Sustainable 4.0 Industry, pages 175-181

ISBN: 978-989-758-530-2; ISSN: 2184-9870

175

people (Minder, 2013). Moreover, even scientific

works use analysis of rhetoric since academic texts

are also considered as a tool for social persuasion

(Boisvenue, 2013).

Rhetoric basically emerges as a form of social

interaction as simple as how speakers position

themselves among the audiences, whether they use a

formal or informal style to show their impressions to

people and to show how they present themselves. If a

speaker wants to be respected, she or he may need to

build up the gap from the audiences (listener). For

example, the speaker always uses formal style and

talks structured dialogues. On the other hand, if a

speaker needs to appear as an egalitarian, she or he

often uses a more casual and informal style and talks

in a simple, everyday language. This will make

people easy to understand what the speaker is saying.

Rhetoric can be charismatic in which it will inspire

the listeners, or even it can be so emotional until it

reaches the phase of shaping the listener's intellectual

mind since it stimulates logic (Vanover, 2015).

A speaker does not only play a role to just convey

the main message. A speaker needs to understand

metaphors and utterances as a part of what makes

every text come to life. Metaphors can be used as

some significant clues to understanding the whole

meaning of a document, or metaphors can be used

strategically as a basis for thinking and justification

for individual opinions or ideas when the speaker

delivers metaphors to the public.

The first rhetoric was known in a literary work

titled The Exaltation of Inanna (Inanna), a poem by

the Sumerian priest, which continues to develop in

various forms, including a model of repetition,

confirmation (using evidence), argumentation, and

others (Boisvenue, 2013). Aristotle then continued

the progress by developing the method of forming

rhetoric systematically in the theory of five canons of

rhetoric. This theory focuses on aspects of verbal

communication and a speaker's credibility. According

to Aristotle, the audience's perception towards the

characters, knowledge and intentions of the speaker

will affect the rhetoric (Minder, 2013).

According to Aristotle, it takes an understanding of

human communication to build up good rhetoric

(Sook, 2015). This is what makes Aristotle find his

five rhetorical techniques, such as inventio

(invention), dispositio (arrangement), elocutio

(style), memoria (memory), pronuntiatio (delivery)

(Gawel, 2009; Karr, 1995; Madson, 2018; Minder,

2013). These five elements are the foundation of

conveying rhetoric. Rhetoric is used to influence

people, or even to change people, without validating

whether what the speaker says is true or not (Sook,

2015).

Rhetoric, or known as oral communication in the

past (Minder, R. (2013), is now familiar as public

speaking. One of the public speaking types, which is

currently popular among millennials, is a stand-up

comedy or an action of talking publicly for the

purpose of entertainment. Comedy is a form of

communication that is able to influence people since

it relates to people's emotion (happiness). Emotion is

being a crucial factor that can shape people's

perspectives or even change people (Aristoteles in

Sook (2015). There is also a presumption that

Aristotle's masterpiece has inserted a sense of

comedy in it (Castricone, 2019). Comedy has

dominated the works of human communication, such

as films (Castricone, 2019).

Comedy has become an inseparable part of human

"mental recreation" since it is able to heal people's

anger and sadness. Comedy often creates "great

momentum" as well as unforgettable and surprising

moments because it encourages our enthusiasm and

works to channel our redemption, joy, sadness,

resistance and even mockery (Cutrone, 2019; Pearce,

2014).

Stand-up comedy is a solo performance in

entertainment. Comedy is one of the oldest arts in the

West (Castricone, 2019). However, comedy has

transformed into a culture that is able to negotiate

with and to deconstruct a traditional culture, and the

industry started to begin in the late 19th century

(Marx, 2012). The popularity of stand-up comedy in

Indonesia started to rise in 2011.

In the same year, 2011, Kompas TV held a talent

search event titled "Stand Up Comedy Indonesia", or

was known as 'SUCI'. From SUCI, stand-up comedy

Indonesia community is formed. The popularity of

stand-up comedy is growing great when this kind of

comedy became a program on Metro TV and Kompas

TV in which this competition event gives an

opportunity for young people to have their stand-up

comedy performances.

Stand-up comedy is a comedy performed on stage

by someone who makes jokes in the duration of 10

minutes to 45 minutes. Stand-up comedy can also be

interpreted as a form of comedy that is conveyed in

different ways, and the speaker has her or his written

material. Someone who performs stand-up comedy is

called a comic (Pragiwaksono, 1:2012). Furthermore,

stand-up comedy has a unique concept in which the

speaker performs alone in front of the audiences, and

the speaker delivers the messages along with the

jokes to the audiences.

ICVHE 2019 - The International Conference of Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE) “Empowering Human Capital Towards Sustainable

4.0 Industry”

176

The popularity of stand-up comedy makes young

people interested to learn stand-up comedy and even

become one, or to become a comic. This rationale

encourages people around Indonesia to build up

stand-up comedy communities, such as in North

Jakarta. The stand-up comedy community in North

Jakarta was established in February 2012 and is

named Stand-Up Indo Jakarta Utara.

In a comic's performance, a comic is actually doing

the process of rhetoric or public speaking in which a

comic delivers a message in the form of humour about

topics or phenomena to the audiences, and the

viewers are mostly laughing as their response towards

a comic. In doing stand-up comedy, every comic must

plan what she or he wants to share to the audiences,

and a comic will deliver the humour or message

through his or her own style supported by stand-up

comedy techniques. Every comic in Stand-Up Indo

Jakarta Utara has different style and technique, and

these styles, as well as techniques, give them personal

identity or image as a comic.

There is something unique about delivering

message or humour through stand-up comedy in the

eyes of communication perspective. Every comic's

communication style during a stand-up comedy is not

only an action of talking like a comedian with a

conventional method of comedy, and preferably a

comic tends to deliver more critical and satirical

humour and messages in the form of a comedy.

Besides a comic plays a role to entertain the

audiences, a comic can also be a platform to deliver

public aspiration towards any issues happening

nowadays. As a person who becomes a powerful tool

in influencing others, the messages shared by a comic

to the audiences become the new perspectives and

knowledge for the viewers.

This article explained the implementation of

rhetoric done by the comics of Stand-Up Indo Jakarta

Utara community. Every comic in Stand-Up Indo

Jakarta Utara community has a different perspective

towards phenomena happening in the society.

2 DEFINITION AND

EXPLANATION

2.1 Rhetoric

Rhetoric is a style of speaking that can be achieved

by technical skills or even natural talents. Nowadays,

rhetoric is defined as an art of speaking in which it is

used during a communication process between

individuals. This art of speaking does not mean that a

speaker can talk nonsense, yet a speaker must have

the ability to speak and give a speech in a concise,

clear, and impressive manner. Furthermore, modern

rhetoric includes strong memories, high creativity and

fantasy, effective techniques with great research as

well as a sense of having good judgments. Good

rhetoric also needs the right choice of words and tone

of speech in accordance with its purpose, space, time,

situation, and whom a speaker is talking with.

The starting point of rhetoric is talking. Speaking

means saying a word or sentence to someone or a

group of people or to achieve a particular goal, for

example giving information or giving a response.

Speaking is one of the specific abilities' human

possessed. Language emerges when humans say and

convey their thoughts to other humans. Modern

rhetoric is a harmonious combination of knowledge,

mind, art and speaking ability. In conversational or

accessible language, rhetoric means at the right place,

at the right time, in a more effective way, saying the

right, correct, and impressive words. In other words,

a person must be able to speak clearly, concisely and

effectively, in the art of speaking, it is also required

that the mastery of the material and proper disclosure

through language.

According to Echols in Suhandang (2009: 25), the

term rhetoric can be found in the vocabulary of

English, which means cleverness of talk or speech.

The art of public speaking actually has emerged in the

past (around 3000 years BC). According to Devito in

Suhandang (2009: 35), there was an essay aimed at

the Egyptian king Pharaoh, and the article contained

suggestions for being able to speak effectively

(Boisvenue, G. (2013). Humans have unwittingly

learned how to express their feelings and opinions

since they first communicated with other humans.

The tradition of rhetoric is even mentioned by

Stephen W. Littlejohn "The study of rhetoric is really

where the communication discipline began because

rhetoric, broadly defined, is human symbol use"

(Littlejohn, 2008:50), has become the most

fundamental language technique and has been the

basis of reference throughout the history of

communication theory (Burkett, 2011).

The techniques of rhetoric are systematically

compiled by Aristotle (384-322 BC). Aristotle was a

pupil of the great Greek philosopher Plato (427-347

BC). In his thinking, Plato developed techniques to

do rhetoric more effectively. Plato was a student of

"the father of world philosophy" Socrates (469-399

BC). From the sources of the teachings of Socrates

and Plato, we then came to the theory of "The Five

Rhetorical Canons" that were conceived by Aristotle

(Graff, 2000; Burkett, 2011).

Practice of Rhetoric by Stand-up Indonesia Comic’s Community

177

2.2 The Five Rhetorical Canons

The Five Rhetoric Canons is the basis for studying

and applying the science of rhetoric. In fact, the five

canons of rhetoric are at the centre of the rhetorical

tradition. "Central to the rhetorical tradition are the

five canons of rhetoric" (Littlejohn, 2008: 50).

a. Invention (Inventio)

The initial stage where a speaker must

find a topic or problem that will be raised in

his speech. Discovery is also interpreted

broadly as a group of information and

knowledge brought by a speaker into a

speaking situation (West Turner, 2010: 11).

The discovery stage is closely related to the

conceptualization process of a speaker on

the problem. In this stage, the speaker

collects data and then interprets it from the

speaker's personal point of view.

b. Arrangement (Dispositio)

In the drafting stage, the speaker

arranges words, sentences, and language that

will be used and conveyed into text or

speech notes. Aristotle believes this action is

taxis, which is performing the division. The

speech script that would be addressed by the

speaker is divided and arranged according to

the flow of human thought, namely:

introduction, statement, argumentation, and

conclusion (Suhandang, 2009: 39). More

than that, an arrangement is a process of

organizing symbols and organizing

information related to the relationship

between humans, logos, and the context

involved.

c. Style (Elocutio)

Style is how the speaker presents himself

in front of the audience. The choice of words

and the use of appropriate grammar with the

audience will make the speech or message

addressed can be received effectively. For

example, it is not possible to make a speech

about politics and economics in front of

Kindergarten students. Aristotle

(Suhandang, 2009: 39) argues: "Use the

right, correct, and understandable language;

choose clear and direct words; deliver

beautiful, noble, and lively sentences; and

adjust the communication to the audience.

d. Memory (Memoria)

In this stage, the speaker must remember

the script or text that has been compiled to

be conveyed to the audience. This stage is

the most essential stage for the success of the

speaker in delivering his speech in front of

the audience. In this stage, the speaker can

practice his memory over and over again for

the speech he will deliver later. This

memory does not only refer to simple

memories but also relates to reservoirs

cultural memories, including processes that

affect us in obtaining and processing

information (Littlejohn, 2008: 50).

e. Delivery (Pronuntiatio)

This stage is the final stage, where the

speaker "executes" or deliver the script that

he has made and remembers in front of the

audience verbally. In this stage, the speaker's

behaviour is very instrumental. Delivery

usually includes some actions such as eye

contact, vowel marks, spelling, clarity of

pronunciation, dialect, body movements,

and physical appearance. Aristotle said that

delivery was explicitly related to the

manipulation of sound. (West Turner, 2010:

14) In this stage, the speaker must, in various

ways convince the audience of what he is

saying through multiple means. The birth of

these five canons has made rhetoric always

a "knife" for evaluating and validating

actions of public communication (rhetoric)

(Graff, 2000), stand-up comedy is no

exception.

3 METHOD

This research is descriptive qualitative research. This

study aims to find a detailed description of the

problem under study. Data collection techniques used

in this study are interviews, observation, and

literature study. The method of observation which

emphasizes the effort to describe and analyze human

behaviour, the subjective experience that goes

through and the psychological dynamics that

represent the actual practice of the individual.

(Rahmawati et al., 2018, 2019; Sugiyono, 2014). The

author not only made observations but also attended

and took part in the work process of the individuals

and teams observed (Rahmawati et al., 2018, 2019;

Riyanto, 2010).

ICVHE 2019 - The International Conference of Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE) “Empowering Human Capital Towards Sustainable

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4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the research described in this sub-

chapter are based on the analysis activities that

researchers have conducted on primary data in the

form of interviews with three sources. From the

results of the interview, the researcher can see the five

stages of rhetoric that are passed and used by a comic

in the process of implementing rhetoric.

The first informant is Krisna, in the early stage

namely gathering topics (or in stand-up comedy is the

premise), Krisna used observation in gathering topics

or premises by paying attention to the surroundings.

By looking around, Krisna can choose and determine

the premise to be used as material. In the second

stage, arrangement, Krisna chose to use mind-

mapping to make the material. The third stage is style

Krisna prefers not to create certain characters or

characteristics Krisna chose to be himself on the stage

so he can feel comfortable. Then, the fourth stage,

memory, is the stage where Krisna remembers the

material that has been made, by repeating the stuff

that he has made so that Krishna can remember the

material and sort the content that will be presented. In

the fifth stage, submission, Krisna believes that when

he was doing stand-up comedy, he was not working

but wanted to bring information about the unrest that

occurred in the community and provide a solution in

delivering the material to the audience.

The second informant, Rahman Avri, in the first

stage, claims to find material using his personal life

as a topic of discussion. In the second stage, Rahman

chooses to write because, by writing, Rahman can

select the words he will use. Then, about the style,

Rahman said that he always tried to relax when he

brought the material he had made on the stage and did

not create his own character when he was on the

scene. In the fourth stage, Rahman said that he often

uses the open mic event as a means to remember the

material, because in the open mic he can bring out the

content over and over again in different regional open

mic to remember and then sorts out material that

makes the audience laugh. He also uses keywords to

remember the content he made because keywords

make it easy for him to remember the words of the

material. In the fifth stage delivery, Rahman Avri

delivered the material he had made in front of an

audience, saying that he used his casual style and

continued to make eye contact.

The third informant, Yanto Black, in the first

stage, collects premises through events that occur in

the neighbourhood where he lives or from family and

society. In the second stage, Yanto Black arranged the

set up of material he had by writing it on a note so that

he knows which words could be used or not. For the

third stage, Yanto does not create his own

characteristics and prefers to be himself when

appearing on stage. In the fourth stage, Yanto

remembers the material that has been made by

practising in front of the mirror and also attending

open mic events around Jakarta so that he can practice

and remember the material he has made even more.

In addition, he also uses keywords to remember all

the material he has made. In delivery, Yanto

conveyed the material he had made by making the

audience feel like they were speaking with him

personally

5 CONCLUSION

The Five Rhetoric Canons is an inseparable step from

rhetoric construction, which consciously or not,

always done by comics in compiling and delivering

their stand-up comedy material. Each comic has its

own way of implementing rhetorical techniques into

the process of preparing their stand-up comedy. The

difference brings out its own uniqueness in each

comic both in terms of the content of jokes, personas,

and the way they appear when delivering material on

stage.

The authors get a clear and in-depth picture of

how comics always use the theory of five rhetoric

canons in every activity of creating, writing, and

delivering a stand-up comedy. From this research, we

learn a lot about stand-up comedy. As an intelligent

comedy, there is a long and systematic sequence of

processes behind the making of stand-up comedy. In

this comedy, one cannot rely solely on spontaneity or

the physical aspects of individuals. There is a process

of thought, arranging, honesty, anxiety and even

criticism that is poured by the comics in every

material delivered.

The stages of the theory of five rhetorical canons

are interrelated, and all phases must be carried out by

the comics. Indeed, the ability and manner of each

comic in carrying out these stages are different from

one another. This is the deciding factor that makes the

comics develop and find their true identity.

Comics also use tricks to attract the attention of

the audience, whether it's delivering their mainstay

materials to make the audience laugh in the first 30

seconds, speak loudly, do riffing, or make eye

contact. Besides, they always try to be themselves

when delivering material so they will not feel nervous

and feel comfortable on the stage.

Stand-up comedy is not an instant and easy

comedy. It takes a long and challenging process for

Practice of Rhetoric by Stand-up Indonesia Comic’s Community

179

someone to be able to become a comic and pursue the

world of stand up comedy. Based on this research,

according to the informants, they carried out the five

stages in the theory of the five rhetoric canons in each

process of preparing stand-up comedy materials to

deliver them on stage either in open mic activities or

in a show.

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