Influence of Waters in Silvofishery Ponds on Wonorejo Mangroves

That Contaminated by Heavy Metals Pb, Cd, and Cu toward

Aquaculture Animals

Nirmalasari Idha Wijaya, Rendi Febrianto Sanjaya and Nuhman

Department of Oceanography, Hang Tuah University, Jl. Arif Rahman Hakim No. 150, Surabaya, Indonesia

Keywords: Silvofishery Ponds, Heavy Metal, Toxicity, Milkfish, Wonorejo.

Abstract: Wonorejo silvofishery ponds obtained fresh water from two rivers, namely Jagir River and Afour River which

flow through the city of Surabaya before entering Wonorejo mangroves area. The white shrimp and milkfish

that have been cultivated in silvofishery pond often fail to be harvested. Preliminary observations found that

Pb content in Wonorejo ponds reached 0.082 ppm. The purpose of this study is to determine the toxicity of

waters in the Wonorejo silvofishery ponds that contaminated with heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Cu) toward

Chanos chanos and Penaeus merquiensis. The results of the tests revealed that the concentrations of Pb, Cd,

and Cu in R. Avour were 0.284; 0.0380; and 0.017 ppm respectively. On the other hand, the concentration of

Pb in the pond water is 0.304; 0.047; and 0.024 ppm. Laboratory test shows that milkfish can survive in the

condition where water is contaminated by heavy metals until the concentration increases ten times from the

concentration of metals in nature, as long as the other environmental parameters are appropiate. Meanwhile,

white shrimp cannot survive more than two days in these conditions.

1 INTRODUCTION

Mangrove Wonorejo is part of mangrove ecosystem

located on the shore of Pamurbaya (East coast of

Surabaya). Currently, the Wonorejo mangrove is

utilized by the community for the cultivation of

traditional ponds with shrimp and milkfish

commodities. Wonorejo Mangrove which is the

conservation area of Surabaya City government is

also managed for Mangrove ecotourism and

Mangrove Information Center (MIC). One form of

mangrove conservation management from MIC is

Mangrove Pond (Silvofishery Pond).

Silvofishery pond is utilized for the cultivation of

milkfish and shrimp by the management of MIC. In

2017 and 2018, there were also conducted a test of

silvofishery cultivation of mangrove crabs for the

research of the Ministry of Research, Technology and

Higher Education of Republic of Indonesia

(Ristekdikti) at the site. But the harvest was not good

enough because the death rate was still high. It was

suspected that this high death was caused by the

quality of water in the Wonorejo Mangrove Pond

which was low and polluted by the heavy metals. This

reason was delivered because the cultivated biota in

other farms were also experiencing mass death at the

same time. The results of observations in previous

studies showed that the average of heavy metals in the

waters of the Wonorejo Mangrove Pond was above

the quality standard of marine-life living needs. The

highest heavy metal level was in cadmium elements.

The heavy metal concentration of the Wonorejo

mangrove pond water in the measurement of July

2018 resulted; Hg at 0.004 mg/l, Cd at 0,087 mg/l,

and Pb at 0,022 mg/l. This heavy metal concentration

led to the death of more than 50% of cultivated biota

at the time. The regulation governing the quality

threshold for marine life is the decree of the Minister

of Environment No. 51 year 2004 about the quality

standards for marine life, which are Hg at 0,001 mg/l,

Cd at 0,001 mg/l, and Pb at 0,008 mg/l.

To find out whether this heavy metal content is

always that high in the waters of Mangrove Pond

Wonorejo and whether this heavy metal is indeed

triggering the death of biota cultivation, it is

considered necessary to conduct the toxicity test on

cultivate biota in the Wonorejo Mangrove Pond,

which are milkfish (Chanos chanos) and local white

prawn (Penaeus merguensis). The purpose of this

research is to know the level of water toxicity in the

Wijaya, N., Sanjaya, R. and Nuhman, .

Inﬂuence of Waters in Silvoﬁshery Ponds on Wonorejo Mangroves That Contaminated by Heavy Metals Pb, Cd, and Cu toward Aquaculture Animals.

DOI: 10.5220/0010061602070211

In Proceedings of the 7th International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management (ISOCEEN 2019), pages 207-211

ISBN: 978-989-758-516-6

207

Wonorejo Mangrove Pond that is contaminated with

heavy metals against cultivation biota in the pond.

2 RESEARCH METHOD

The method used in this research was an experimental

method using milkfish (Chanos chanos), and local

white prawns (Penaeus Sp.) as tested biota. Water

from the Wonorejo Mangrove Pond and the Avour

channel was used as a medium to create a test

solution.

2.1 Time and Location

University Fishery Cultivation Laboratory, on May-

June 2019 during the beginning of the dry season.

Thus, the surface water discharge (run off) has begun

to thinning and slightly diluted by rainwater. Location

of the research was in the Wonorejo Mangrove

Silvofishery Pond, by taking 3 points of observation

station (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Location of Wonorejo Mangrove Pond.

Table 1: Tools and Materials Used during Research.

No Tools and Material Specification

1 Aquariums sized 30 cm x 25 cm

x 20 cm

2 Aerator Out of gas 3L/min

3 Pond water Clear water from

silvofishery ponds

4 Sea water Clear water from

Wonorejo Beach

5 Cu solution

6 Cd solution

7 Pb Solution

8 Milk fishes Chanos chanos

9 Prawns Penaeus Sp.

2.2 Research Plan

Job descriptions on this study include sampling,

research preparation, toxic testing, processing and

data analysis. The parameters of the heavy metals

analyzed were Pb, Cd and Cu using the method

of Atomic Absorption Spectrofometry (AAS).

The tools and materials used in this research as shown

in Table 1.

There were 12 aquariums (5 aquariums for 5

variations of concentration, 1 aquarium for control

and experiments performed for 2 types of biota

cultivation), 12 pieces of aerator (each aquarium was

always given sufficient aeration. Each aquarium was

filled with test water as much as 8 litres.

The experiment was conducted against 4-

weeksold milkfish (C. chanos) with 6-7 cm length,

and local white shrimp (Penaeus Sp.) with 5-6 cm

length and the age of them were approximately 2

months. Milkfish seedlings were obtained from fish

breeding in Gresik, while white shrimps were

obtained from the pond in Wonorejo area. Each

aquarium was filled by 8 tested biotas.

The stage of the toxicity test implementation for

cultivated biota was done by maintaining tested biota

in the water from the Wonorejo Mangrove

Silvofishery Pond with variations of concentration

made. The treatment of this experiment was carried

out with 6 variations of concentration in pond water

dilution; 100% (8 litres of Silvofishery pond water),

75% (6 litres of pond water and 2 litres of seawater +

enriched by Pb solution), 75% (6 litres of pond water

and 2 litres of seawater + enriched by Cd solution),

75% (6 litres of pond water and 2 litres of seawater +

enriched by Cu solution), 50% (4 litres of silvofishery

pond water and 4 litres of seawater), and 25% (2 litres

of silvofishery pond water and 6 litres of seawater).

The method used to determine the toxin level was

determined by the amount of death of the tested biota,

at the 24th hour and the 48th hour.

3 RESULTS

3.1 Distribution of Heavy Metals in the

Waters of Wonorejo Silvofishery

Pond

Results of laboratory analysis on the heavy metal

contents of Pb, Cu, and Cd in the waters and the

sediment of the Wonorejo Silvofishery Pond are

presented in Figure 2.

From the results of water analysis in several

locations in the Wonorejo pond, it is apparent that the

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208

contents of three types of metals (Pb, Cd, and Cu)

have metallic contents that exceed the quality

standards of water for marine life when compared to

the appendix III of the Ministry of Environment

decree No. 51 year 2004. The results of measurement

at the Wonorejo Pond are; the content of Pb is 0.304

ppm (NAB 0.008 ppm); Cd is 0.047 ppm (NAB 0.008

ppm), and Cu is 0.024 ppm, (NAB 0.001 ppm). NAB

is the quality default threshold value. The average

content of all three types of metals can be seen in

Table 2.

Figure 2: Distribution of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Cu) in

Wonorejo Pond.

When compared between metal types, Pb has

higher value which is 0.2923 in water samples and

0.3637 in sediment samples rather than Cd and Cu.

While Cu is the lowest one than Pb and Cd whether

in water and sediment samples. Metallic content on

sediment samples shows the higher yield rather than

on water samples.

Table 2: Average metals concentration at Wonorejo

Mangrove.

Avarage Stdev

Treshold

value of

marine

biota

Lead (Pb) water 0.2923 0.0104

0.008

sediment 0.3637 0.0133

Cadmium

(Cd

water 0.0423 0.0045

0.001

sediment 0.074 0.0125

Copper

(Cu)

water 0.0203 0.0035

0.001

sediment 0.0277 0.0061

The metal content of the Wonorejo mangrove on

all stations shows that those have exceeded the

quality default threshold of marine-life living needs

according to appendix III of the Ministry of

Environment decree No. 51 year 2004 on the quality

default of seawater for marine biota. The content of

Pb (lead) has been 36 times compared to standardized

quality standards. Cd (Cadmium) has even reached 42

times.

3.2 Influence of Heavy Metals against

the Mortality of Cultivated Animals

Pond water with the condition of the metal

concentration as presented above was then used to

test the toxicity of the cultivated milkfish and shrimp.

Six variations of concentration in silvofishery

pond water dilution for test water is as presented in

Table 3.

Table 3: Pond water quality used as test water.

From the results of the water pond testing for the

milkfish and shrimp protection, it is known that

milkfish have not been found dead up to the 48

hour

of observation time, on all concentrations of tested

metals. While at the 24th hour observation time of

shrimps, almost all prawns have been found 100%

dead, except those on controls and Cd enrichment

which are being dead yet. But at the 48

hour of

observation time, all shrimp biota were found 100%

dead.

Based on the results of this observation, it is seen

that the milkfish have a higher tolerance ability to the

Inﬂuence of Waters in Silvoﬁshery Ponds on Wonorejo Mangroves That Contaminated by Heavy Metals Pb, Cd, and Cu toward Aquaculture

Animals

209

polluted waters rather than shrimps. The results of

this observation are in accordance with the conditions

in the silvofishery cultivation field in Wonorejo

Mangrove. Pond farmer also stated that they often

failed to harvest shrimp, while they succeeded to

harvest milkfish sometimes.

3.3 Metal Content on Tested Biota

Tested biota which succeeded to live until the 5

day

of subsequent testing were brought to metal level

testing in its flesh. In this research, because the

prawns were all dead at the 24th and the 48th hour,

then the test of metal content was only done on

milkfish. The test results of metal levels (Pb, Cd, and

Cu) in milkfish are presented in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Graph of heavy metal content in milkfish meat in

test water with different concentrations.

The test result shows that the accumulation of

metal in the milkfish meat will increase as the

increase of metal concentration in the test water. Even

in the metal-enriched test water, the accumulation of

heavy metals in milkfish meat has a quite high

increase.

On concentration of test water without heavy

metal enrichment, the highest metal level in milkfish

meat is the lead metal type (Pb), following by

Cadmium metal (Cd) and copper (Cu). The Pb metal

content of milkfish that is maintained on the test water

(100% of the water pond with concentration of Pb

0,292 ppm) is 0.117 ppm.

3.4 Metal Contain on Milkfish Flesh in

Wonorejo Ponds

Wonorejo ponds were found that some biotas in there

like milkfish, crabs, etc containing heavy metals. It’s

because the ponds itself got fresh water supplied by

Avour river which is along of this river there are many

industries and factories that suspected pollute this

river by its waste. It’s proven by this Table 4.

Based on the table above, we could see that Pb

contain in all of the point research was bigger than the

others. It’s because so many activities industry are

using Pb as their material. Automatically, the waste

of their industry contain heavy metals like Pb. This

waste suspected pollute the Avour river which is the

main of supplier fresh water for tradisional ponds and

silvofishery ponds in its around. Basically, this metal

was accumulated into the body of aquaculture

animals there especially the

milkfish itself.

The research of Napitu (2010) show that the

highest metal concentrations of Pb in the estuary of

Blanakan River at 0.1445 ppm, while the Pb

accumulation in milkfish amounted to 0.1962 ppm.

Pb metal accumulation in milkfish body is higher than

the concentration in the water. Pb accumulation in

milkfish that cultivated in Blanakan Subang pond

reaches 6,6 μg/kg, Heriyanto (2011).

Meanwhile in this study, the accumulation of Pb

metal in Milkfish was still under the concentration of

the Pb metal in the test water, allegedly because the

time was only briefly exposed that for two days.

The content of Hg in Milkfish that live in ordinary

ponds contains Hg 49 times higher than in mangrove

forests and for shrimps can reach as high as twice

Gunawan (2008).

The content of Cu is the lowest in mangrove of

Wonorejo, however Cu is an essential metal for

aquatic animals that is beneficial in the formation of

Haemosianin blood system and in enzymatic aquatic

animals (Darmono 2001). Metal Cu needed marine

organisms as enzyme cofactors for the growth and

development of his life. But if the amount of Cu in the

body is excess, it will turn into toxins for the body

(Palar, 2004).

Table 4: Metal contain on milkfish flesh.

When compared with the regulation of the

Agency for Drug Control and Food No. 5 year 2018

about the maximum limit of heavy metal

contamination in processed food, it is said that Pb

metal is 0.20 mg/kg and Cd metal is 0.10 mg/kg.

Then, Pb content in milkfish that live in the Mangrove

pond water is still under the maximum threshold. Or

it can be said that it is still safe to consume.

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Similarly, the content of cadmium (Cd) and

copper (Cu) on milkfish flesh reaches the highest of

0.075 and 0.043 respectively, which is still below the

maximum limit of Cd and Cu for food. So, it is still

safe to consume.

In milkfish that are kept in pond water enriched with

Pb, Cd, and Cu with a concentration of 0.25 ppm, it

indicates the presence of higher metal concentrations

in milkfish meat; Pb reaches 1.02 ppm; Cd reaches

0.82 ppm; and Cu reaches 0.79 ppm. This

concentration is still below the maximum limit for

food as well. However, if food containing metals with

such content is consumed continuously, it should be

asked whether it has an impact on health or not.

Surely, it requires further research.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The type of metals that pollute the water of the

Wonorejo Mangrove Pond is the lead metal (Pb) with

its highest concentration of 0.304 ppm, Cd metal with

its highest one of 0.047 ppm, and Cd metal with its

highest of 0.024 ppm. The metal concentration in

sediment is higher than in the water pond. Pb, Cd and

Cu metal pollutants in this concentration does not

affect to the milkfish, as long as other environmental

parameters are appropiate. But it caused more than

50% of shrimp deaths in the

24th hour.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A thousand thanks to the Rector of Hang Tuah

University of Surabaya for the support by giving the

Internal Research Fund to implement this research.

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Inﬂuence of Waters in Silvoﬁshery Ponds on Wonorejo Mangroves That Contaminated by Heavy Metals Pb, Cd, and Cu toward Aquaculture

Animals

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