Potentials of Coastal Ecosystemas Habitat of Malaria Mosquito

Larva and Alternative Control in Simandulang Village, Labuhan

Batu Utara 2019

Irnawati Marsaulina, Surya Dharma and Kalsum

Faculty of Public Health , Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan Indonesia

Keywords: Coastal Ecosystem, Larva Habitat, Mosquitoes, Control.

Abstract: The breeding of mosquitoes Anopheles which are very potential in the area of coastal ecosystem are lagoons,

wetlands - marshes and paddy fields . Lagoons, swamps and rice fields are located side by side along the

coast. Lagoons play only in the dry season, while swamps and rice fields contribute most of the year.The

research location was in Simandulang Village, Tanjung Leidong Village, Kualuh Leidong District, Labuhan

Batu Utara Regency.The purpose of this studywasto analyze the potency of coastal ecosystem as Malaria

Mosquito Larvae Habitat andalternative control in the District Kualuh Leidong North Labuhan Batu regency

. Analyzing the potential breeding places, such as lagoon, marshes and rice fields . Breeding anopheles

mosquito larvae into adult mosquitoes. Identifying the types / species of mosquitoes in the study area in

Simandulang Village, Tanjung Leidong Village, Kualuh Leidong District, Labuhan Batu Utara Regency. To

Socializing Anopheles mosquito control in an environmentally friendly manner. Analyzing the quality of

water physical parameters from mosquito breeding, namely lakes, swamps and rice fields. Conducting FGD,

interviewing and distributing questionnaires to the fishing and farming communities in Simendulang Village,

Tanjung Leidong Village, Kualuh Leidong District, Labuhan Batu Utara Regency. Distribution of

questionnaires to the community was conducted to see the effect of population characteristics (age, sex,

education, employment income) on malaria transmission. Through the control of mosquito vectors, it is

expected that a decrease in the incidence and cases of malaria in the study area.

1 INTRODUCTION

Malaria is a serious and fatal disease that is

transmitted by mosquitoes and if treated immediately

the sufferer will experience severe complications and

can cause death (CDC, 2016). According to the World

Health Organization ((WHO), 2014), malaria

mortality rates in the world in 2013 still reached 47%

and 78% of them are children under the age of 5 years.

The Global Malaria Program (GMP) states that

malaria is a disease that must be continually

monitored and evaluated, and needed to establish

proper policy and strategy. GMP was targeting 80%

of the population protected and patients receiving

Arthemisinin based Combination Therapy (ACT)

treatment (Harijanto et. al., 2010).

The process of transmission of malaria in an area

includes three main factors, including patients with or

without clinical symptoms, mosquitoes or vectors,

and healthy humans. Physical, chemicaland

biological environmental and socio-cultural factors

of the local community greatly influence the spread

of malaria. The interaction of weather and climate

change, pond excavation, deforestation and areas

with lots of standing water, bushes, and an unhealthy

environment will affect the growth and development

of malaria agents.

Global efforts in eradicating malaria have saved

3.3 million lives since 2000, decreased global

mortality rates from mosquito-borne diseases by 45

percent and half of children under five years old. The

WHO stated in the 2013 World Malaria Report that

the expanded efforts of prevention and control helped

in reducing mortality and illness due to malaria. Of

the 3.3 million saved persons were most of themcome

from 10 countries with the highest levels of malaria

burden and children under five years old whose the

group most affected by the disease(WHO, 2013) .

Malaria is an endemic disease in more than 100

countries around the world but it can be prevented by

the use of mosquito nets and indoor spraying to avoid

Marsaulina, I., Dharma, S. and Kalsum, .

Potentials of Coastal Ecosystemas Habitat of Malaria Mosquito Larva and Alternative Control in Simandulang Village, Labuhan Batu Utara 2019.

DOI: 10.5220/0010013401670170

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Social and Political Development (ICOSOP 3 2019) - Social Engineering Governance for the People, Technology and Infrastructure in

Revolution Industry 4.0, pages 167-170

ISBN: 978-989-758-472-5

167

malaria-carrying mosquitoes. This parasitic disease

caused by mosquitoes kills hundreds of thousands of

people each year, especially infants in the poorest

areas of subsahara Africa. An estimated 3.4 million

people continue to be at risk of contracting malaria,

especially in Southeast Asia and Africa where around

80 percent of malaria cases werìe found

(Steenhuysen, 2013).

Indonesia is still a malaria transmission country or

at risk of malaria because in 2010 there were 229,819

positive cases of malaria and it increased to 256,592

cases in 2011 (Ministry of Health, 2012). An

estimated 50 percent of Indonesia's population still

lives in malaria endemic areas. According to WHO

no less than 30 million cases of malaria occur

annually in Indonesia, with 30,000 deaths. In year

2001, national health survey found malaria mortality

rates around 8-11 per 100,000 people per year. The

prevalence of malaria in Indonesia is still high,

reaching 417,819 positive cases in 2012. By 2015,

malaria elimination was expected to be carried out in

Java, Bali, Riau and West Nusa Tenggara Province.

Whereas the Annual Paracite Incidence ( API) in

Indonesia in 2013 reached 1.38 per 1000 population,

meaning that there were 138 residents infected with

malaria out of 100,000 residents. This figure had still

not reached the Ministry of Health's Strategy target of

<1.25 per 1000 population in 2013 (Ministry of

Health, 2014). In addition, more than 70% of infant

deaths in Indonesia were caused by diarrhea,

pneumonia, measles, malnutrition and malaria

(MOH, 2008) .

2 MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION

The researchdesign was a qouasi experimental

design, that is a control time series design (Camphell,

1996). In other words, this design did not have strict

restrictions on randomization and at the same time as

controlling threats to validity. In this case, the

experimental group consisted of 3 mosquito habitats,

namely lagoon, swampand rice field. Those larvae

were taken with a dipping device and then the larvae

were breeded from larvae, pupae to adult mosquitoes

with two repetitions. Then it was carried out

identification of mosquito species found in the village

of Simandulang, Kelurahan Tanjung Leidong,

Kualuh Leidong District Labuhan Batu Utara

Regency.

3 RESULTS

Based on Table 1, all water inspection parameters are

still below the TLV except NH

which can be caused

by the results of organic waste decomposition. To

support the life of mosquito larvae, the above

parameters can still increase the density of Anopheles

mosquitoes. Research locations in coastal areas often

do not support mosquito life due to salinity or high

salt levels.

Table 1: Inspection results of ricefields, swamp and lagon water.

No Parameter Unit

Results Quality

standards*

Ricefields Swamp Lagoon

pH mg / L 6.7 6.9 7.3 6 - 9

TDS mg / L 35.6 33.2 42.2 1000

TSS mg / L 138.2 125.2 186.4 400

DO mg / L 2.84 2.26 2.82 3

BOD mg / L .86 0.92 1.36 6

COD mg / L 14.68 16.23 24.6 50

mg / L 1.24 1.86 2.36 20

mg / L 0.3 0.4 0.6 (-)

mg / L TT TT TT 0.06

-3

mg / L .16 .18 0.25 1

* PPRI No. 82 of 2001 concerning management of water quality and water pollution control

ICOSOP 3 2019 - International Conference on Social Political Development (ICOSOP) 3

168

Table 2. Number of Malaria Cases in Labuhan Batu Utara Regency in 2018

No Districts Public Health

Center

(Puskesmas)

Village Number of

cases

1 Kualuh Leidong Tanjung Leidong Tanjung Leidong 101

Iunang Farm 21

Outer Island Bay 27

Teluk Pulau Dalam 15

2 Kualuh Hilir Mosque Village Black water 2

A coconut 7

Simandulang 8

Mosque Village 1

Bay of Piai 36

Sentang River 1

Tanjung Mangedan 56

TOTAL 275

4 DISCUSSIONS

The results of the FGD activities found that according

to the Head of Labuhan Batu Utara Regency's Health

Service, the malaria problem in Tanjung Leidong

Kualoh Leidong District Simandulang Village was a

geografis factor such as located on the shoreline and

the lagoons as mosquito nests needed a large budget

to develop permanent drainages so there is no

stagnant water for mosquito breeding places, while

the budget is relatively small. According to the Head

of the Tanjung Leidong Community Health Center,

in Tanjung Leidong malaria was endemic in the past

and the number of vector breeding places may be due

to environmental factors.

According to the Head of Kualuh Leidong, the

character of the people were careless or apathetic

about cleanliness, even waste disposal in unsanitary

manner and causing mosquito breeding places in

Tanjung Leidong and having potency to malaria more

widespread. Furthermore, the Head of Puskesmas Kp

Mesjid explained the Puskesmas Kampung Mesjid,

Kualuh Hilir Subdistrict also included malaria

endemic areas, there were 2 villages namely Tanjung

Mangedar Village and Piai Bay and it had ever been

a massive out break of malaria in 2000. The types of

malaria were Plasmodiumfalcifarum and

Plasmodium vivax . The community leader of

Tanjung Leidong Village said his area was a slum

area and the most difficult thing was to change the

mindset of human resources to be having a clean and

healthy life behavior (Bruce-Chwatt, 1985).

Based on observations and examinations

conducted in Simandulang Village, Tanjung Leidong

Village, two types of malaria mosquitoes were found,

namely Anopheles dundaicus and Anopheles

kochi.(Marsaulina, 2010).

5 CONCLUSIONS

The results obtained from this study are:

1. It was found that basic sanitation conditions

(drinking water, clean water, garbage, waste water

management, and latrines) did not meet health

requirements.

2. Found a lot of mosquito breeding places, namely

lagoons, marshes and rice paddies around

resident's homes.

3. Found several species of malaria mosquitoes,

namely Anopheles sundaicus and Anopheles kochi

, in the village of Simandulang, Tanjung Leidong

Village , those habitat were payau water and rice

fields

4. Physical and chemical water quality inspection

results were still below the TLV except NH

due

to the results of inorganic waste decomposition.

The life of mosquito larvae in the water still

supports the proliferation of anopheles

mosquitoes, and its density can increase, whereas

in the coastal areas, it did not support mosquito

life due to salinity or very high salt content.

5. The results of the FGD activities showed that in

Simandulang Village, Tanjung Leidong Sub-

District, there were still a number of problems

causing the high incidence of malaria including

geographic factors, a lot of mosquito habitats such

as swamps, lagoons, and rice fields. The people

were lack of clean and healthy life behavior

(PHBS).

Potentials of Coastal Ecosystemas Habitat of Malaria Mosquito Larva and Alternative Control in Simandulang Village, Labuhan Batu Utara

2019

169

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The research was funded by the Research Unit of the

UniversitasSumatera Utara, for the assistance of

research grants with contract number Number: 4167 /

UN5.1.R / PPM / 2019, April 1

, 2019. A great thank

to Prof. Dr. Erman Munir, M.Sc. as Chairman of the

Research Unit of UniversitasSumatera Utara, and also

to the Secretary, Dra. Ir. Chairani Hanum, MS. for

their guidance on the work. In conducting this

research, the author received a lot of help, especially

from the Ministry of Research and Higher Education,

Rector of the Universitas Sumatera Utara, Leaders

and Staff of the USU Research Unit and Dean of

Faculty of Public Health Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Thanks to the HeadHealth Office of Labuhanbatu

Utara and his staff, the Office of the Environment, the

Office of Fisheries, the Office of PUPR, and the

Office of Agriculture for their contributions. Thanks

to the Head of Kualuh Kelurahan, Leidong

Subdistrict, Kualuh Hilir Sub-District Head, Tanjung

Leidong Puskesmas Head, Tanjung Leidong Village

Chief/Secretary, Village Head/ Simandulang

Secretary, community and religious leaders who have

cooperated well for the implementation of the FGD

and this research. Finally, to all those who have

helped us, but it is not possible all of them can be

mentioned one by one, who has helped a lot during

this research phase. For that, I sincerely apologize and

I express my deepest gratitude and highest

appreciation. Thank you for all helps given, may God

Almighty and Compassionate, be able to avenge all

the good thoughts of all parties.

REFERENCES

Bruce-Chwatt L.J., 1985. Essential malariology, William

Heinemann Medical Books Ltd.London, 2

edition.

CDC. 2016. Malaria, Centers for Disease control and

Prevention. Atlanta, Georgia. Retrieved from

http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/

Departemen Kesehatan RI. 2008. Profil Kesehatan

Indonesia 2007. Jakarta.

Harijanto, PN, Nugroho. A., & Gunawan, C.A., 2010.

Malaria and molecular to clinical , EGC. Jakarta

Kementerian Kesehatan RI. 2011. Profil pengendalian

penyakit dan penyehatan lingkungan, Dit.Jen PPM &

PL. Jakarta

Marsaulina, I., 2010. Pengendalian larva nyamuk vektor

malaria Anopheles spp. melalui pola irigasi berkala di

daerah persawahan, USU Press. Medan.

Steenhuysen, J., 2013. Malaria control efforts save 3.3

million lives since 2000, WHO Says. Reuters. Retrieved

from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaria-

who/malaria-control-efforts-saved-3-3-million-since-

2000-who-says-idUSBRE9BA0RG201 31211

WHO, 2014. Malaria. Retrieved from http://www.who.

int/topic/malaria/en/

ICOSOP 3 2019 - International Conference on Social Political Development (ICOSOP) 3

170