Framing "Full Day School" Issues in National Media

Halomoan Harahap

, Bugi Satrio Adiwibowo

, Euis Heryati

, Fajarina

Communication Science Faculty, Esa Unggul University, Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Framing analysis, Full Day School, Online mass media

Abstract: The issue of Full Day School (FDS) gets media attention and raises the pros and cons of the community.

The emergence of pros and cons can also be seen in the news. The study aims to describe how news

coverage of Full Day School in Republika.co.id and Media Indonesia.com. Research method using framing

analysis by Zhongdang Pan & Gerald M. Kosicky. As the research material was published during June

2017.The results showed that there was a difference between the two media in reporting the issue of Full

Day School. The difference is seen in the way they categorize the issue, Republika.co.id tend to support the

rejection of FDS because it eliminates the moral education and character of students. While

MediaIndonesia.com tends to answer and eliminate public concerns about negative aspects of FDS.The

media should serve the curiosity of the community by presenting factual events that are assembled with

explanations.

1 INTRODUCTION

Information is society’s basic need to be able to

navigate life. Without information, it can lead to a

deadend and inability to choose and make important

decisions. Therefore, information is searched and

collected every day so that it will be easier to take

action. The source of information that is commonly

used by many people is the mass media.

Information in mass media is often mentioned

as news. In producing news, mass media carry out

the process of writing/producing. Events that

reporters observe in the field are written in certain

structures and formats, so that readers, viewers, and

listeners can easily understand them. Media

managers select and highlight the facts of the event.

Not all facts need to be submitted, it is important to

select which news are most interesting. Interesting

facts will be reported,and unattractive facts will be

ignored.

After a fact is chosen, in the writing process

there is a section that is highlighted or explained in

more detail, while other facts are presented as simple

as possible. The process of selecting and

highlighting facts in news writing is often called

framing or information framing (McQuil 2005). The

frame is a storyline or cluster of ideas arranged in

such a way and presents the construction of the

meaning of events.

The meaning can be different because of the use

of different words and the use of different

punctuation marks. Different meanings can lead to

reader’s different reaction. From the writer’s point

of view, the difference in the use of the term has a

specific purpose. The author wants to leave a certain

impression on the reader. Different impressions will

produce different actions.

Basically,the news is the storyline of the events

reported. The storyline is created and engineered by

the author in accordance with the intention. The

purpose of news writing varies greatly, depending

on who wrote it.There are news that is intentionally

written to build a person's image, product, or

institution. There are news written with the intention

of discrediting someone, product, or institution.

There are news written as it is, neutral, and balanced

in accordance with the available facts.

2 FOCUS OF THE STUDY

In general, issues can be categorized as local,

national, regional, or International. Local issues are

interesting news only for certain regional

communities. National Issues are interesting and

influential news in a country like Indonesia. For

example, the issue of Full Day School is important

for all Indonesian people and is less attractive to

Harahap, H., Satrio Adiwibowo, B., Heryati, E. and Fajarina, .

Framing "Full Day School" Issues in National Media.

DOI: 10.5220/0009953328352842

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 2835-2842

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

2835

Americans or other countries. Regional issues are

interesting and important news for the Asian region.

International issues are interesting and important

news for everyone in the world.

Generally, mass media reports issues that are

interesting to many people. The more people who

are affected by the issue being reported, the higher

the value of the news. However, how the issue was

reported by the media is very interesting to note. In

the case of Full Day School, media coverage raised

pros and cons. Some media support and some media

reports are less supportive.Thisis reflected in the

figures they made as sources in their reporting.

Supporting media will quote sources who agree.

Media that is less supportive will quote sources who

disagree. Neutral media will report equally between

the pros and cons.

The polarization of the media’s political

alignments in Indonesia will also raise a variety of

reporting colors. The variety of reports on social and

political issues will vary according to the media's

alignments. This will be even more colorful when

there are writers who covertly support the reported

issue.

In connection with that, it is interesting and

necessary to review how the medias in Indonesia

reports about school issues 5 days a week.

Therefore, this research will establish a research

focus. What is the Frame of News about the Issue

of "Full Day School" in National Media?

Because this issue is on the national level, this

research will select 2 media with national

circulation. Also, the media that will be used as

study material are those supportive, independent and

Not-Supportive media.

3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to describe the frame

of reporting for each media

Research Significance

The result of this research is hoped to :

1. Theoretically, be used as a reference to the

theory and method of framing.

2. Add a reference to teaching materials for

lectures on communication theory and

qualitative communication research

methods.

4 METHODOLOGY

As explained by Rusadi (2015) research on

mass media had begun since the 1920s. Since that

time, many theories and approaches have been used.

The current research approach known were two;

quantitative and qualitative. Neuman (2000)

explains that there are three social research

paradigms, namely positivism, interpretive, and

critical. Research for mass media can use these three

paradigms.

Noting the purpose of this study, the suitable

research method is the second one, namely the

production flow. News writers try to construct the

meaning that the reader, listener, and audience will

understand. Of the several methods available, the

author chooses framing analysis as the most suitable

method.

5 RESEARCH MATERIALS

The research material is a news script about Full

Day School in selected mass media. Looking at the

framing of the news, two national media which are

Republika.co.id, and Media Indonesia Online were

chosen.

Republika.co.id published 14 news on June

2017andMediaindonesia.com published 3 news on

June 2017. Each media will be analyzed3 news.

6 FRAMING ANALYSIS

Framing analysis method was developed by

several experts, including Modigliani, Robert

Entmant, Zongdang Pan & Gerald Kosicki, Muray

Edelman, and William Gamson (Eriyanto 2002)

(Rusadi 2015). Each expert is different in describing

the steps of analysis but the goal is the same, which

is on how the news writer chooses facts and

highlights the facts. For this opportunity, the author

will choose the analysis technique developed by Pan

& Kosicki.

7 RESEARCH RESULT

7.1 RepublikaOnline.co.id

This section must be in one column.

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7.1.1 Article 1

Title: PBNU does not agree on 5 days a week

school days

Analysis and Interpretations :

Syntax Structure

Title writing attracts the readers' interest by

conveying the message, PBNU does not agree on 5

days a week school days policy. The lead in this

article raised the theme, the PBNU Chairperson

considers the policy ignored the history and socio-

culture of Muslim community in Indonesia.

Sources were quoted from NU's Chief

Executive Officer who have many followers in

Indonesia. The argument presented outlined the

reason for PBNU Chairman to consider 5 days a

week school days policy ignored the existing history

and social culture of Indonesia, especially the

existence of religious learning, ethical guidance, and

morality of religious teachers, which usually

obtained by children in the late afternoon. With the

implementation of this policy in the future, children

may not be able to get religious education from

religious institutions because the duration of

teaching and learning time in schools is too long. By

elaborating on the reasons that touched the spiritual

side of the community, strengthening the statement

of PBNU Chairman who stated that 5 days a week

school days policy was not yet feasible to be

implemented in schools.

Structure of the Script

The theme raised in this article is that PBNU

does not agree with 5 days a week school days

policy. The 5W + 1H element meets the elements in

this article and focuses on PBNU logical reasons

which do not agree with the policy. The ‘who’

element is Muhammad Sulton Fatoni, as the

Chairman of PBNU, in which NU has a considerable

influence on the Muslim community. With his

statement as a religious figure respected by the

community, the reasons for disagreement that he

conveyed can certainly inspire the public and can

direct the reader, the policy for this education system

is not yet feasible to implement, especially if it

distracts children from spiritual education.

Thematic Structure

The writing at the beginning of the first

paragraph, was written by the author to lead the

reader to think that this policy does not yet cover the

interests of all parties, is still unsatisfactory, because

it is as if education only learn about science. Even

though spiritual education for children also has a

major influence on character strengthening. If the

policy is forced to be implemented, it will have the

potential to undermine Islamic teachings that should

be obtained by Muslim children in Indonesia.

Sulton's opinion as a Sociology lecturer at NU

University was included in the seventh to ninth

paragraph, The problem was not the students, but the

policy on an education system that was always

changing by the Minister in charge. This

inconsistency makes education in Indonesia unable

to compete internationally. Sulton's advice was also

included, which suggested that the government

should evaluate existing policies in the education

system in an ideal time period. By writing opinions

and suggestions from people who are considered

credible in terms of religion, and also people who

are directly involved in the world of education,

readers are given a picture, education system

policies that are always changing is not a good

policy to implement.

Rhetorical Structure

In the rhetorical structure, an illustrative picture

is drawn depicting the recitation conducted at the

mosque, the picture supports the statement made by

the Chairperson of PBNU, children still need

spiritual education and guidance which is usually

done in the afternoon at a qualified religious

institution.

The word 'forcing' and 'silting' seems to give the

reader an image that the Full Day School policy is

not good to apply because children are forced to go

to school for a longperiod of time, and children can

be spiritually dry because they do not get time to

study religion.

7.1.2 Article 2

Title: Education Reform is expected not to

overhaul learning hours

Analysis and Interpretations

Syntax Structure

Title wand Lead writing in this article goes in

the same direction, a policy that changes the lesson

hours is not something that should actuallybe

applied in the education system in Indonesia.

The source cited was taken from credible

sources in the eyes of the public to support the Title

and Lead, namely Sutan, as Chairman of the

Commission X of the House of Representatives of

the Republic of Indonesia, and Sulton, as Chairman

of PBNU.

In the element of 'statement/opinion', the author

gives an overview to the reader in the form of

writing, the policy that will be implemented by the

Minister of Education and Culture is still under

Framing "Full Day School" Issues in National Media

2837

consideration because it reaps the pros and cons

from many groups.

As an element of 'closing', the author

emphasized the objection statement of PBNU

Chairman, he wanted the government to end the

tradition which had a negative impact on the

education system, namely changing policies

according to who the minister was at that time.

Structure of the Script

The 'what' element in the script structure is the

Full Day School policy that can be said to be still

inappropriate to be applied. The ‘who ’element in

this article, is a credible source in the eyes of the

public; Sutan Adil Hendra, Chairman of the House

of Representatives Commission X and Muhammad

Sulton Fatoni, Chairman of NU. The press

conference held by the Chairman of the House of

Representatives Commission X in the Indonesian

Parliament Building and the written statement given

by Sulton to Republika became an element of "how"

in writing this article. News elements ‘what, who,

and why’ became the core to writing scripts.

Thematic Structure

The writing from paragraph to the next

paragraph further strengthens the reasons for the two

speakers in this article to express their objections to

the policies issued by the Ministry of Education and

Culture. Religion, economy, and facilities as stated

by the speaker, Sutan, were written so that readers

could see the weaknesses of the policy from various

aspects. Also, the speaker, Sulton, as one of the

Islamic religious leaders, was also included in the

writing of the article as a reinforcement to Sutan's

statement, because Indonesian people had a strong

religious influence in their decision making.

Rhetorical Structure

The words "pros and cons", showed that various

groups have not fully agreed this policy. Therefore,

the Full Day School policy still seems unfit to be

implemented in the 2017-2018 school year. The

word "far from feeling fair" illustrates that the policy

is still full of its own interests, without

considerations of other parties. Moreover, the word

'siltation' of Islamic teachings, is a word that really

illustrates to the reader, the five-days a week school

policy can make children's knowledge of Islamic

teachings decrease significantly.

7.1.3 Article 3

Title: MUI: Students Have the Right to Get

Religious Education

Analysis and Interpretations

Syntax Structure

The title in the article reported, MUI said

students had the right to get religious education. In

his lead, the author emphasized, the Deputy

Chairperson of MUI, Zainut Tauhid, all students in

schools have the right to get a religious education,

and religious education should be obtained from

formal and informal schools.

With the title and lead in the article, the reader

can grasp the impression that the policy of removing

religious education from formal school subjects is

not the right policy, because students have the right

to get a religious education in formal schools.

Structure of the Script

In the script structure, this article meets the 5W

+ 1H element. The main topic is that MUI objected

to religious education is removed from the

curriculum of subjects in formal schools. To

strengthen the topic and to make its contents

influential to the reader, a credible source who has

an important position in the MUI is sought, namely

Zainut Tauhid as Deputy Chairperson of MUI. With

the 'why' element in the last paragraph, the Ministry

of Education and Culture will eradicate religious

education as a subject in formal schools, making it

the reason for MUI to object to the policy.

Thematic Structure

In the thematic structure, from the paragraph to

the next paragraph, the author gives the reader an

overview of the new education system policy which

is considered too sensitive to be implemented

because as a religious country, it is inappropriate for

religious education to be removed from formal

education subjects. Also, it will also cause a

commotion, because people in Indonesia, for the

most part, hold strong religious principles.

The suggestion given by Zainut Tauhid is

contained in paragraphs, the policy of the education

system should focus more on the problems of

education, educators, the problems of the National

Examination, the implementation of 2013

curriculum which is still unstable, and much more.

So that it is not necessary for an education system

policy to eliminate the subject curriculum, which

students should get.

Rhetorical Structure

In the rhetorical structure, there is this sentence;

'things that are very sensitive and potentially cause

commotion', indicating that the policy that the

Ministry of Education and Culture wants to apply in

relation to religious education is very sensitive to be

used as a policy material, and if there is a

misunderstanding with the community, it can cause

commotions, not only in school but throughout the

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community, because this policy applies in all

schools in Indonesia.

7.2 MediaIndonesia.com

7.2.1 Article 1

Title : Kalla: Full Day School Policy

Cannot Be Decided By The Ministry

Analysis and Interpretations:

Syntax Structure

The writing of the title and lead in this article

showed Jusuf Kalla gave Full Day School's policy

statement that it cannot be decided by the Ministry

alone, this policy can only be decided after being

discussed together first. Accompanied by reason,

this policy will have an impact on 50 million school

students. Jusuf Kalla also gave a simple example

which is the reason for this policy to be considered

again, namely logistical needs, where not all

schools, especially schools in the village, can

provide for their students. With the statements made

by Jusuf Kalla, this policy is still too immature to be

implemented and may not be in accordance with the

situation of the education system and the facilities

provided. Therefore, Jusuf Kalla stated, this policy

needs to be considered first.

Structure of the Script

In the script structure, it provides an overview,

the Full Day School policy need to be evaluated and

reconsidered and discussed together in a limited

meeting, which will be decided by the President.

The element "Who" in this article is Jusuf Kalla who

seems to disagree with the enactment of this policy,

because it is considered not in accordance with the

situation of all schools in Indonesia.

Thematic Structure

In the thematic structure, the author shows that

in each paragraph there is an affirmation from Jusuf

Kalla, according to him, the Full Day School policy

needs to be reconsidered and reevaluated. For this

reason, the policy cannot be decided by the Minister,

but a limited meeting must be held first, which will

be decided by the President. The statement is

accompanied by one example that should be

considered, such as student’s logistical need which

may not be fulfilled by all schools in Indonesia.

Rhetorical Structure

In this article, there are some idioms which

reveal that the Full Day School policy really must be

properly considered and reevaluated because the

impact will be related to children who attend school

in Indonesia.

Good education will give birth to a good future

generation in the hope of advancing and promoting

the name of the Indonesian state in the eyes of the

world. Therefore, a policy in the education system

must be thoroughly thought out, so that later there

will be no error in educating.

7.2.2 Article 2

Title: Eight Questions Regarding Full Day

School

Analysis and Interpretations:

Syntax Structure

The title and lead in this article mentioned that

the Full Day School policy must answer the eight

questions that were asked before they are

implemented. The source quoted, Ferdiansyah

revealed that the problem of education is a crucial

problem that cannot only be considered from one

aspect, but policies related to education must involve

many parties so that their goals can be achievedin

accordance with idealism. Then, the writer in this

article also gave his statement and opinion, the issue

of education cannot be seen partially, especially

those which will affect the fate of many people, in

this policy, 55 million students will be affected.

The writers described this policy as very

immature to be implemented, there are still many

things that need to be considered and reevaluated,

because the contents of the policy do not seem to

consider the impacts that will arise from their

students. Moreover, the implementation also seemed

to be unclear because there are no exact details in

the contents of the policy.

Structure Script

In the structure of the script, the author of the

article takes the element "what", which is the

submission of eight questions conducted by

Ferdiansyah, as the Deputy Chairperson of the

House of Representatives Commission X to the

government regarding the policy of Full Day School

that has been launched. The reason for submitting

the question is contained in the "why" element,

which stated that, because of the Full Day School

policy that was announced in the Ministry of

Education and Culture on June 9, 2017, the contents

are still considered to be too general, there are no

details, and it seems that the consequences of the

policy have not been considered well .

From the elements that have been described, the

article writer describes to the reader, the Full Day

School policy does not meet the criteria for launch

because of the reasons that have been stated by the

speakers who are considered understandable and

Framing "Full Day School" Issues in National Media

2839

credible regarding government policy. Writing in the

article also shows clearly that the policies in

Ministry of Education and Culture Regulation only

think about some aspects, but do not see other

aspects and the impact that will occur later as a

consequence of the implementation of policies

towards the target audience.

Thematic Structure

In the thematic structure, from one paragraph to

the next paragraph further explains the reasons for

the eight questions submitted by the Deputy

Chairperson of the House of Representatives

Commission X to the government related to the Full

Day School policy, and the assessment of the vice

chairman, and reminds the things that must be

considered before the policy really applies.

The composition of paragraphs written in the

thematic structure shows the reader the logical

reason why the policy did not meet the criteria. Also,

the speaker also reminded that education in

Indonesia is not yet equal to all, which is a fact the

public has realized that. With this writing, the author

takes the reader to see and understand, the Full Day

School policy does not meet the good criteria to be

applied as a policy.

Rhetorical Structure

The partial word and eight questions, which are

in a rhetorical structure, showed that the Full Day

School policy has only considered some aspects, and

not detailed enough to be formalized as a policy, let

alone related to education, where the field is quite

sensitive and needs to be considered well, because

education for Indonesian students will be closely

related to the progress of the Indonesian nation and

state in the future.

7.2.3 Article 3

Title: Ministry of Education and Culture

synergizes full day school with the Ministry of

Religion

Analysis and Interpretations:

Syntax Structure

The title "Ministry of Education and Culture

Synergizes Full Day School with Ministry of

Religion" in this article conveyed, the Full Day

School policy in Ministry of Education and Culture

Regulation was approved by the Ministry of

Religion so that the Ministry of Education and

Culture would establish productive cooperation with

the Ministry of Religion.

It is different from what is conveyed in the lead.

In the lead, this article seemed to convey that this

Full Day School policy is compulsory to be

implemented. Therefore President Jokowi will issue

a Presidential Regulation to replace the Ministry of

Education and Culture Regulation Number 23 of

2017 concerning School Day. Then, in the next

sentence, it is explained that it is still in the

discussion efforts carried out by the Ministry of

Education and Culture with some related parties.

The source cited, there was a statement from the

General Chairperson of MUI, KH Ma'ruf Amin, who

expressed his support for character education efforts,

where the steps would later be considered so that the

application of character education in the school

environment would be well received by the

community. Therefore, he hoped that the Ministry of

Education and Culture Regulation could be raised to

Presidential Regulation so that in its implementation,

the policy is actually implemented and put to

practice.

From the source quoted above, the Full Day

School policy has the support of one of the largest

Islamic organizations in Indonesia, the Chairperson

of MUI, with the support of the figure, showing that

the character education that the Ministry of

Education and Culture wants to make is a good

program for the community, moreover, he also

hoped that the Minister of Education and Culture

can be increased to a Presidential Regulation, so that

later it can actually be implemented properly.

Structure of the Script

In the structure of the script, the author in this

article writes the element "What", the Minister of

Education and Culture Regulation on School Day is

being discussed to be made into a Presidential

Regulation. Because character education is

considered important in schools.

The "Who" element as the resource person in

this article is people who have positions that are

quite influential in the eyes of the public and support

Full Day School policies, such as Hamid

Muhammad, Director General of Primary and

Secondary Education in the Ministry of Education

and Culture, Chatarina Girsang, Special Staff of the

Minister of Education and Culture-Regulation Field,

KH Ma 'ruf Amin, General Chairperson of MUI and

Muhadjir Effendy, Minister of Education.

This article includes elements of "How", this

Minister of Education and Culture Regulation is

being discussed with parties such as Islamic

organizations, Ministry of Religion, and Ministry of

Home Affairs, to be made into a Presidential

Regulation. Those related parties are considered to

have influence and are related to the application of

character education in schools.

Thematic Structure

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The linking from one paragraph to another

paragraph further emphasizes the statement, the

Minister of Education and Culture Regulation

regarding School Day will be raised into

Presidential Regulation, compared to the discussion

on the Ministry of Education and Culture's synergy

with the Ministry of Religion. The statement

regarding the discussion of the synergy between the

Ministry of Education and Culture and the Ministry

of Religion seemed only to be a supporting

statement in the discussion carried out to raise the

Minister of Education and Culture Regulation into a

Presidential Regulation.

Rhetorical Structure

At the beginning of the first paragraph’s

sentence, the word "will issue" the Presidential

Regulation as a substitute for Ministry of Education

and Culture Regulation Number 23 of 2017

concerning School Day, as if stating to the reader,

the Ministry of Education and Culture Regulation

was approved to be made into a Presidential

Regulation by President Jokowi. Even though the

Ministry of Education and Culture is making efforts

to make Ministry of Education and Culture

Regulation into a Presidential Regulation. Although

there is an explanation after the beginning of the

sentence in the next sentence, in the first

paragraph,the impression that was obtained has

already been formed, the Minister of Education and

Culture Regulation has been approved by President

Jokowi to be made into a Presidential Regulation.

The word "synergy" means building productive

cooperation and a harmonious partnership between

the Ministry of Education and Culture and the

Ministry of Religion. With the word "synergy", the

article conveys to readers, the character education

whose rules are held by the Ministry of Education

and Culture has the support of the Ministry of

Religion, which means that character education is in

accordance with religious teachings, considering that

Indonesian people have strong religious principles.

8 CONCLUSIONS

1. There are differences regarding reporting

news between Republika.co.id and

MediaIndonesia.com,

2. The difference is seen in the way they

categorize the issue, Republika.co.id tends to

support the rejection of FDS because it eliminates

the moral and character education of students. While

MediaIndonesia.com tends to answer and eliminate

public concerns about the negative aspects of FDS.

3.a. The Republika.online News Frame

Republika.co.id's reports on FDS issues is more

than 14 articles. This prominence gives an

interpretation, Republika.co.id saw this as an

important problem and is needed by most readers.

The FDS issue arouses some Muslim communities.

Republika.co.id tried to present the news of Muslim

interests. In its reporting, this media tends to

disapprove, FDS should not be applied to all schools

in Indonesia. To interpret the rejection, this media

quoted many speakers from Ulama, PBNU, and

other figures who assessed the many weaknesses of

FDS. The argument of rejection is based on FDS

eliminating the opportunity for students to learn

religion as the basis for moral formation and human

character.

3.b. MediaIndonesia.com News Frame

This media only ranked 3 FSD issues in June 2017.

This showed that this issue is less important for its

readers. Issues highlighted was that the community

do not need to worry about FDS program.

MediaIndonesia.com tried to answer and eliminate

these concerns by raising the issue of the Ministry of

Education and Culture in synergy with the Ministry

of Religion in implementing FDS. The figures used

as sources are figures who tend to agree and support

the implementation of FDS. The promised argument,

the Ministry of Education and Culture and the

Ministry of Religion will work together to address

community concerns about the lack of moral

education and character in the FDS.

MediaIndonesia, com is a media that promotes

democracy in the Media Indonesia group. The

manager of MediaIndonesia.com is partly affiliated

with the National Democratic political party, one of

the political parties supporting the government.

Government policy naturally has the support in

reporting.

For subsequent research,The media should serve

the community's curiosity by presenting factual

events complete with their explanations.The media

should be impartial by taking a neutral and objective

attitude in reporting events.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The researchwas supported by Faculty of

Communication Science, Esa Unggul University.

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2841

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