Correlation Intake of Energy, Protein, Fluid, Physical Activity, and

Hydration Status with VO

Max at Hockey Atlet in UKM Pancasila

University

Mury Kuswari

, Rachmanida Nuzrina

, Nazhif Gifari

, Prita Dhyani Swamilaksita

and Jayanti Tri

Hapsari

Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Esa Unggul University, Jln. Arjuna Utara No. 9, Jakarta, Indonesia

Keyword: Energy intake, Fluid intake, Hockey athlete, Hydration status, Physical activity, Protein intake, VO

Max.

Abstract: Hockey is a sport which is conducted in high determination so that every athlete is prosecutedfor having

good physical condition and VO

Max during the game. When the level of VO

Max is high, then the

endurance of doing exercise is also higher, which means someone who has a high VO

Max levelwill not

feel tired quickly after doing a series of activities. Purpose: Analyze Correlation intake of energy, protein,

fluid, physical activity and hydration status with VO

Max at UKM Pancasila University Hockey athletes.

Research Method: This quantitative research usesa cross-sectional approach. Statistical tested by using

Pearson correlation test and spearman correlation test for bivariate test. This study involved 32 samples

Hockey player on UKM Pancasila University. Result: More than half of Hockey athletes on UKM Pancasila

University have VO

Max levelin the categories below standard with average 36,55±8,58 ml/kg/minute

(56,2%), less Energy Intake with average 1783,31±428,15 kkal (53,1%), less Protein Intake with average

50,47±12,61 gram (56,3), less Fluid Intake with average 1957,64±569,59 ml (59,4%), Hydration status of

hockey athlete before and after exercise in mild dehydration conditionis 17 people (53,1%). The physical

activity of the hockey athletes is moderate with an average of 1.7759 ± 0.44 PAL (34.4%). The statistical

test result showed a correlation between energy intake, fluid intake, physical activity, hydration status

before exercise with VO

Max (p≤0,05). However there is no correlation between energy intake and

hydration status after exercise with VO

Max (p≥0,05). We conclude that hockey athlete should always pay

attention to food and fluid intake as well as a physical activity because VO

Maxcorrelate with energy

intake, fluid intake, physical activity and hydration status before exercise.

1 INTRODUCTION

Hockey is a sport which is conducted in high

determination so that every athlete was required to

have the good physical condition.A hockey athlete

must play in a 70-minute in a match with some

activities like jogging, running in some speed

variations during the game. This proves every

athlete should have the maximum aerobic capacity

or good VO

Max during the match (Yudianti, 2016).

The higher the VO

Max level, the higher the

resistance during exercise, which means that a

person with a high VO

Max score will not feel

fatigue after a series of activities (Sharkey, 2003).

During physical activity, muscles require energy

to move.The heart and lungs need extra energy to

deliver nutrients and oxygen throughout the body

and remove the remains of the body.Energy

requirements for physical activity depend on the

number of moving muscles, time and encumbrance

during exercise (Dewi and Mustika, 2012).In

general, a hockey player requires 15-20% protein

fulfilment of total energy.In Yasmin (2014)

research, it was shown that most of the PS Barito

Putera soccer athletes (33.33%) who had normal

protein consumption levels, had good physical

endurance as well.

According to Murray (2007) Studies and

research results show that athletes or individuals

who startexercise or matches with a

goodbodyhydration levels will have endurance

performance, the speed of response or reaction, as

well as sports performance, is more

excellent.Consumption of fluids during exercise

512

Kuswari, M., Nuzrina, R., Gifari, N., Dhyani Swamilaksita, P. and Tri Hapsari, J.

Correlation Intake of Energy, Protein, Fluid, Physical Activity, and Hydration Status with VO2Max at Hockey Atlet in UKM Pancasila University.

DOI: 10.5220/0009951805120518

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 512-518

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

period and hydration status after exercise in athletes

resulted influid consumption during exercise period

is still less than a requirement (2400-3400 ml),and

all suffer from dehydration, mostly significant

dehydration (89.4%), and other minimal dehydration

(10.6%) (Putriana, 2014).

The purpose of this study was to analyze the

relationship the relationship of energy intake, protein

intake, fluid intake, physical activity and hydration

status to determine the VO

Max hockey athlete at

Pancasila University.

2 RESEARCH METHOD

This research was conducted starting in June 2017.

The place of research is inthe multipurpose building

of Pancasila University campus on Jl. Srenseng

Sawah, Jagakarsa, South Jakarta.

This quantitative research uses a cross-sectional

approach. The population in this study were 32

people. The population consists of 19 men and 13

women hockey team at Pancasila University.

Sampling method in this research is total sampling.

Characteristics of sex and age were identified using

the questionnaire method. VO

Max levelusing bleep

test method. Intake of energy, protein and liquid

using food recall form method 3x24 hours.

Hydration status uses a clear colored urine color

comparison method with PURI card. Univariate

analysis of the variables examined included energy

intake, protein intake, fluid intake, physical activity,

hydration status and VO

Max. The bivariate analysis

in this study was to determine the relationship of

energy intake, protein intake, fluid intake, physical

activity and hydration status with VO

Max. In

bivariate analysis,this study used the Spearman

correlation test and Pearson correlation.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Characteristics of Athletes

Based on Table 1 the distribution of hockey athletes

in the University of Pancasila shows more men

(59.8%) than women. 19 athletes (59.4%) aged over

20 years. Acceptance member of Pancasila

University hockey athletes do at the beginning of the

new admissions; then there is regeneration each

year. The timing of this study is far from the

regeneration period,so there is a decrease in the

number of athletes. In the notes list of members in

UKM hockey University of Pancasila there is always

a reduction of members from the beginning of

regeneration, but the most data reduction in female

members.

In Saqurin (2013) study with Taekwondo student

at Airlangga University using 20-meter shuttle run

test and data analysis using the Wilcoxon test, Paired

Sample T-test and independent sample t-test showed

that the levels of VO

Max in women smaller than

men that are equal to 36%.At the age of 25-30

years, there will be a decrease in the functional

capacity of the whole body, approximately by 0.8-

1%/year, but when diligent exercise decrease can be

reduced to half (Kant and Graubard, 2010).

Table 1: Univariate Analysis Result

Variables Information n %

Gender Women 13 40.6

Man 19 59.4

Age <20 years

6 18.8

> 20 years 26 81.2

Max

Very good 2 6.3

Good 7 21.9

Standard 5 15.6

Low 13 40.6

Very low 5 15.6

Energy

Less 17 53.1

Normal 13 40.6

More 2 6.3

Protein

Less 18 56.3

Normal 13 40.6

More 1 3.1

Fluid

Less 19 59.4

Normal 12 37.5

More 1 3.1

Physical

Activity

Very Light 6 18.8

Light 7 21.9

Medium 11 34.4

Weight 8 25.0

Hydration

Status

Before

Exercise

Good

Hydration

11 34.4

Light

Dehydration

17 53.1

Dehydration 4 12.5

Hydration

Status

After the

Exercise

Good

Hydration

1 3.1

Light

Dehydration

17 53.1

Dehydration 14 43.8

Correlation Intake of Energy, Protein, Fluid, Physical Activity, and Hydration Status with VO2Max at Hockey Atlet in UKM Pancasila

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513

3.2 VO2Max

Based on Table 1, the fitness test results of the

hockey athletes showed 18 Hockey athletes (56.2%)

had VO

Max levelunder the standard category. The

average VO

Max levelis 36.55 ± 8.58 ml / kg / min

with a minimum levelof 26 ml / kg / min and a

maximum of 50.80 ml / kg / min. At the time this

study took place the athletes had just been in a quiet

stage after facing the championship. During a quiet

period where within one week of their breaks are

allowed by the trainer not to exercise,so it is likely to

affect the VO

Max results. Some other factors may

affect the levelof VO

Max in hockey UKM

Pancasila University that is the age of hockey

athletes who have been above 20 years, discipline

athletes on training programs provided by trainers,

the arrival of athletes are not on time so that the

duration of time required for training is reduced very

much, not doing the training program with the

maximum.

Factors affecting VO

Max according to

Burhanudin (2015) include gender, age, exercise,

altitude somewhere (O2 levels), psychological

factors, lung function, nutritional status, nutritional

intake, and physical activity. Research (Indrayana,

2012) using the experimental method, with a 24-

meter run test that is the ability to run training

interval training can be done to improve

cardiorespiratory endurance so that in every game

athletes can overcome fatigue until the end of the

game, and endurance cardiovascular athletes to be

better.

3.3 Intake of Energy, Protein and

Liquids

Based on Table 1,hockey athletes who have less

energy intake are 17 people (53.1%).The average

energy intake of people in Hockey Pancasila

University at 1783 ± 428 kcal with a minimum

leveland a maximum levelof 858.53 kcal 2673

kcal.A total of 18 people (56.3%) had less protein

intake. The average intake of protein

athlete hockeyat Pancasila University amounted to

50.47 ± 12.61 grams with a minimum levelof 20.83

grams and a maximum levelof 69.83 grams. 19

people (59.4%) had less fluid intake.The average

intake of fluids in the hockey athletesPancasila

University of 1957.64 ± 569.59 ml with a minimum

level of1200.33 ml and a maximum levelof 3459.40

ml.

According to the results of a 24-hour food

recall for three days obtained intake of energy,

protein, and the fluid athlete does not vary and has

not been fulfilled.Athletes do not pay attention to

the intake of energy, protein, and fluids consumed

due to lack of knowledge of the importance of

consumption of energy, protein, and fluid intake.In

this case, since athletes do not live in the dorms, the

consumption of food and drink per day is not well

monitored.

In high-moderate intensity exercise such

as sprints, carbohydrate burning will serve as the

body's main energy source and will contribute more

than fat burning to produce energy in the body. The

contribution of burning carbohydrates as the body's

main energy source will increase to 100% when the

exercise intensity is in the range 70-95% VO2Max

(Nurkadri, 2014).

Increased protein requirement for athletes is due

to athletes more at risk for damage to muscle tissue,

especially during training and heavy sports. Also, in

endurance sports with a long duration, a small part

of the amino acids from proteins will also be used as

an energy source especially as glycogen deposits are

reduced. Because of these things then the need for

protein consumption of an athlete in daily life will

be relatively larger when compared with the needs

of non-athletes (Irawan, 2007).

High activity will generate heat from energy

metabolism will also increase. The fluid inside the

body will perform its function as a thermoregulator.

This function is run with the aim that the body's

internal temperature (coretemperature) can be

maintained. Water will release excess body heat

through sweat. When exercising, the water that

comes through the sweat is not only water produced

through metabolic processes but also water obtained

through the consumption of fluids. So if the process

of reduced fluid from the body during exercise is left

in a long time and not balanced with adequate fluid

consumption, then the body will become dehydrated

(Bellisle et al., 2010).

3.4 Physical Activity

From Table 1 it is found that most of the activities

conducted by Hockey athletes Pancasila University

in the category of 11 people (34.4%) with an

average of 1.77 ± 0.44 with a minimum levelof 1.23

and a maximum of 2, 87.

Interview result gets physical activity of hockey

team of the University of Pancasila being.

Researchers argue that it may be due to a lack of

hockey athlete's memory interview that can not

explain the exact duration of activity,so the hockey

athlete only estimates. It can be the effect of the

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

514

PALlevelof physical activity obtained in this

research. The average activity of athletes also only

exercise during the exercise because they have not

approached the championship,so they do not do

other sports activities. Physical activity such as

aerobic exercise can increase the VO

Max

levelbecause while doing the exercise the oxygen

supply to the muscle increases to give the athlete the

ability to perform sports activities with longer time

and VO

Max consumption becomes larger

(Mongsidi, 2007).

3.5 Hydration Status

Table 1 shows the hydration status before exercise

there were 11 people (34.4%)in good hydration, 17

people in mild dehydration (53.1%), and 4 people in

dehydration state (12.5%). While the hydration

status after the exercise in the hydration state was 1

person (3.1%), 17 people (53.1%)in the condition of

mild dehydration, and 14 people (43.8%)in

dehydration condition. According to Louise (2002)

level 1-2 pale yellow is good hydration, yellow level

3-4 is mild dehydration, and level 5-6 dark yellow

until brown is dehydrated.

Because the results of food recall found that fluid

intake in hockey athletes University of Pancasila less

this affects the hydration status of athletes before

starting the exercise and hydration status after

exercise decreases because athletes do not balance

with enough fluid intake during exercise. Gutin et al.

(2002) state that dehydration during exercise can

occur due to several factors, such as too much water

loss, not drinking enough water and lack of

knowledge about the importance of fluid

consumption during exercise or games. A study in

Porto states that athletes who know hydration status,

pay more attention to the amount of fluid

consumption during exercise (Carvalho et al., 2009).

Table 2: Results of Bivariate Analysis

Variables Information

Max

Total

Sig. (2

tailed)

Very

good

Good Standard Low

Very

low

n % n %

Energy

Less

2 6.2 3 9.4

6.2

21.9

9.4

0.02 0.40

Normal

0 0 4 12.5

9.4

12.5

6.2

More 0 0 0 0

6.2

Protein Less 0 0 4 12.5

9.4

0.06 0.33 Normal

2 6.2 3 9.4

6.2

12.5

6.2

More 0 0 0 0

3.1

Fluid Less 2 6.2 2 6.2

31.2

15.6

0.00 0.55 Normal

0 0 4 12.5

15.6

9.4

More 0 0 1 3.1

Physical

Activity

Very Mild

0 0 0 0

12.5

6.2

0.02 0.40

Mild 1 3.1 2 6.2

3.1

9.4

Medium

3 9.4 2 6.2

3.1

12.5

3.1

Weight

0 0 3 9.4

9.4

6.2

Hydration

Status

Before

Exercis

Good

Hydration

2 6.2 4 12.5

9.4

6.2

0.00 0.51 Mild

Dehydration

0 0 3 9.4

6.2

12.5

Dehydration 0 0 0 0

9.4

3.1

Hydration

Status

After the

Exercis

Good

Hydration

0 0 0 0

3.1

0.77

0.05

Mild

Dehydration

1 3.1 2 6.2 4 12.5 7 21.9 3 9.4 17

Dehydration 1 3.1 5 15.6

3.1

15.6

6.2

Correlation Intake of Energy, Protein, Fluid, Physical Activity, and Hydration Status with VO2Max at Hockey Atlet in UKM Pancasila

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3.6 Correlation Energy Intake with

VO2Max

Table 2 illustrates the relationship of energy intake

with VO

Max. Statistical test results obtained p =

0.02 and r = 0.40 which means the variable energy

intake with VO

Max hockey athletes Pancasila

University has a moderate relationship. The highest

data distribution showed 10 people (31.3%) had

Max below standard and had less energy intake.

The results of this study are in line with research

conducted by Yasmin (2014) using Spearman

statistical test showed a significant relationship

between the level of energy consumption with

physical endurance at athlete football ps baritoputra

This research results obtained by using Spearman

test with correlation level0, 49 and p = 0.01 (p

<0.05).

According to Irawan (2007), energy needs during

exercise can be fulfilled through the sources of

energy stored in the body that is through burning

carbohydrates, fat burning, and contribute about 5%

of protein breakdown. In high-intensity sports such

as hockey, required a high energy intake as a source

of energy during the game.

3.7 Correlation Protein Intake with

VO2Max

Table 2 illustrates the relationship between protein

intake with VO

Max. Statistical test results obtained

p = 0.06 and r = 0.33 which means the variable

intake of protein with VO

Max hockey athletes in

SMEs Pancasila University has no relationship but

still has the possibility of a low relationship.

Distribution of most data showed 11 (34.4%) had a

levelbelow the VO2 Max standard and had less

protein intake.

The results of this study are similar to Andhini's

(2011) study which obtained the results of protein

consumption data obtained from 2x24 hours recall

and VO

Max method of copper test method with

Pearson correlation test between sample protein

adequacy level and athlete fitness level (VO

Max)

showed no significant relationship (p> 0,05) and r =

0,25 at athlete at school of ragunanatlet Jakarta. It is

shown that the more adequate sample protein

requirement is not necessarily the levelof his fitness

or VO

Max will be good as well, and vice versa.

Different results with research Yasmin (2014)

statistical test results show a significant relationship

between the level of protein consumption with the

physical endurance of athlete PS Barito Putera

football. The results of this study were obtained by

using Spearman's test with r = 0.46 and p = 0,02 (p

<0,05) with data collecting technique using 2x24

hour food recall and physical resistance test to the

player based on coach's direction. The use of protein

as a source of energy during exercise will usually be

prevented because it will disrupt its main function as

a bodybuilding material and its function to repair

damaged tissues. Protein breakdown, when

compared to burning carbohydrates and fats, will

also only contribute relatively small (Irawan, 2007).

3.8 Correlation Fluid Intake with

VO2Max

Table 2 illustrates the relationship between fluid

intake with VO

Max. Statistical test results obtained

p = 0.00 and r = 0.55 which means the variable fluid

intake with VO

Max has a strong relationship. The

highest data distribution showed 15 people (46.8%)

had a lowerVO

Max leveland had less fluid intake.

Similarly, Dewi(2013) data of food consumption

obtained from recall 2x24 hours and VO

Max

levelof copper test method then obtained the level of

water adequacy positive correlation with physical

endurance result from Pearson correlation test

showed there is a correlation between water

adequacy level to physical endurance (p <0.05). It is

presumed that physical endurance is not only

influenced by water consumption alone but from

other factors such as dietary intake, intake of

supplements and activity factors.

Based on the research of Silva et al. (2011) most

athletes consume less fluid during exercise or match.

When lack of fluid intake as well as excess fluid

loss, in the blood there is an increase in osmolality

so that the blood becomes hypertonic.

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect an

increase in blood osmolality thereby stimulating the

pituitary gland to secrete antidiuretic hormone

(ADH). ADH stimulates the kidneys to increase

water absorption. This causes a decrease in the

amount of urine output and increased urine

concentration. High intensity in hockey sports

results in athletes is often experiencing fatigue that

occurs due to the amount of sweat that comes out

during the game and not balanced with enough fluid

consumption to keep the body fluid balance that can

increase the risk of dehydration before the match

finished (Bangsbo, 2006).

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3.9 Correlation Physical Activity with

VO2Max

Table 2 illustrates the relationship of

physicalactivity with VO

Max. Statistical test results

obtained p = 0,02 and r = 0,40 which means physical

activity variable with VO

Maxhockey athlete in

UKM University of Pancasila have a medium

relation. Most data distribution shows 6 people

(18,7%) have VO

Maxbelow standard and have very

mild physical activity.

Similar with previous research which suggests

that between physical activity with fitness level of

female futsal athlete has a significant positive

relationship (p = 0,00 and r = 0,65) the result

obtained is different because the sample in this study

using female student-athletes in sports class with

2x24 hours of physical activity record and fitness

level of athletes performed according to ACSPFT

(Asian Committee on the Standardization of

Physical Fitness Test) with a 800 meter test run. One

of the factors that may affect the physical fitness of

physical activity such as aerobic exercise may

increase VO

Maxlevelbecause while doing the

exercise the oxygen supply to the muscle increases

so as to give the athlete the ability to exercise longer

time and VO

Maxconsumption becomes greater

(Mongsidi, 2007).

3.10 Correlation Status Hydration with

VO2Max before Exercise

Table 2 illustrates the relationship of hydration

status before exercise with VO

Max. The statistical

test results obtained p = 0.00 and r = 0.51 which

means the variable hydration status before practice

with VO

Max hockey athletes the University of

Pancasila has a strong relationship. The highest data

distribution showed 12 people (37.5%) had a below

standard VO

Max and had a mild dehydration

category hydration status.

3.11 After the Exercise

Table 2 illustrates the relationship of hydration

status after exercise with VO

Max. The statistical

test results obtained p = 0.77 and r = -0.05 which

means the variables of hydration status after exercise

with VO

Max hockey athletes University of

Pancasila has no relationship. The highest data

distribution showed 10 people (31.3%) had a below

standard VO

Max and had a mild dehydration

hydration status.

Dehydration of 1% of body weight will result in

mood and mood changes, making a person

uncomfortable, while dehydration of 2% of body

weight due to hot environmental temperatures or due

to high physical activity can decrease concentration

and decrease memory. Dehydration up to 20% can

result in death (Lieberman, 2007). According to

previous research, who said the Pearson correlation

test results between the hydration status variables

and the fitness level of the hockey athlete showed no

significant relationship between hydration status and

fitness level (p = 0.35 and r = 0.21) in the hydration

status study obtained by measure percentage change

of body weight then classify its hydration status and

fitness with bleep test method.

Adverse effects of dehydration when a person is

dehydrated will reduce 25% of the physical ability

of the body, thus making someone work less than

optimal. Dehydration can also adversely affect

cognitive function, which is one of three important

components in humans in the process of cognitive

development. Cognitive development is a person's

ability or intelligence in remembering, thinking and

providing solutions. The status of hydration is not a

variable that is directly related to fitness levels,

according to Kaim (2002) physical activity is one of

the factors that affect a person's fitness level because

with regular exercise and exercise will increase

endurance and reduce body fat. This is supported by

Ruiz et al. (2006) who stated that physical activity

has a different influence on fitness level depending

on the intensity of its activity.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The result of this research is there is a relationship

between VO

Max with energy intake, fluid intake,

physical activity, hydration status before exercise.

There is no correlation between VO

Max with

protein intake and hydration status after exercise at

hockey athletes the University of Pancasila. It is

recommended for athletes to be counselled by

nutritionists on food and fluid intake and monitoring

physical activity by athletes.

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