The Meaning Construction of Poverty and Communication Behavior

of Poor Women in Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia

Fajarina

, Bugi Satrio Adiwibowo

, Halomoan Harahap

and Dani Vardiansyah

Faculty of Communication Science, Esa Unggul University, Arjuna Utara Street Number 9, Kebon Jeruk, Indonesia

Keywords: Construction of Meaning, Poverty, Communication Behavior, Poor Women

Abstract: The research aims to find out the meaning construction of poverty based on what the Poor Women have

experienced by themselves and communication behavior of the Poor Women with their neighborhood, and

to find out the meaning of each neighborhood of the Poor Women in Bandung city. The research uses the

phenomenological paradigm. The data were obtained by using direct observation and in-depth interview

withfifteen informants.The result shows that the poverty experienced by the Poor Women is significantly

defined as the most unpleasant life condition that tends to be negative in which they feel to live in

restlessness, discomfort and insecurity in economic condition that causes the informants to havea

responsibility to work and often makes them forget to socialize. Furthermore, the communication behavior

of the Poor Women with their whole neighborhood varies from very often to very less intensity whether in

face-to-face communication or via the media using the communication tool like a mobile phone. And last,

the neighborhood of the Poor Women including the family, neighbors, employers and friends is defined for

the whole as something important and meaningful, something exist but feels not exist, and something usual.

1 INTRODUCTION

Women's Life in Social-Economic Proneness

(PRSE) is one of the types of people with social

welfare problems (PMKS) besides street children,

neglected elderly, beggars, homeless people, and so

on. The definition of PRSE according to the

Ministry of Social Affairs (Depsos) RI is an adult

woman aged 18-59 years who are not yet or not

married or a widow who does not have enough

income to be able to fulfill her daily basic needs or a

wife whose husband leaves indefinitely.

Women's Life in Social-Economic Proneness

(PRSE) in the Women's Profile on the Social-

Economic Hazard Profile (PRSE), which is a

collaboration between the Ministry of Social Affairs'

Social Welfare Data and Information Center and the

Indonesian Statistical Center in 2010 is classified as

poor (living below the poverty line). Poverty is a

condition where people are unable to fulfill basic

needs such as food, clothing, shelter, education and

health.

A woman prone to social economy (PRSE) with

her life experience in dealing with poverty has the

construction of its own meaning about poverty and

also has behaviors including its own communication

behavior with the surrounding environment, such as

with family members, neighbors, people in the work

environment such as employers, and friends, and

have meaning about their own surroundings.

A woman prone to social economy (PRSE)

whose daily work outside the home to help the

family economy besides her husband often very

often becomes the main or single family

breadwinner because she becomes a single parent for

her children or because the husband does not have a

steady income from his job and more often not

making money because of the type of work, often

forgetting to interact and communicate with the

surrounding environment, especially with the

environment outside his family.

The time they have besides taking care of

themselves all the household and child work, a lot is

spent working even they have to have more than one

place and/or one type of work to meet their daily

needs and family. If there is little time after work,

they use it more to rest than to gather, interact and

communicate with their environments such as with

neighbors or friends.

There is also a woman who is prone to the social

economy (PRSE) who does not work regularly

outside the home, does not mean she can freely

gather, interact and communicate with the

surrounding environment. The poverty that they

2592

Fajarina, ., Adiwibowo, B., Harahap, H. and Vardiansyah, D.

The Meaning Construction of Poverty and Communication Behavior of Poor Women in Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0009948925922598

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 2592-2598

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

experience makes them inevitably also have to

accept anytype ofwork even though it is not routine

and only works on the request of someone who is in

need of energy assistance at that time by being

directly rewarded by the work that was enough to

help increase the family's economy at that time.

Because of poverty, the overall association of

PRSE both those who work and those who are

housewives can be limited to parties who are far

away from their homes even though they have a

family relationship or have had close friendships

when they were in the same place. Even poverty

makes PRSE feel that they no longer need friends

like women from the upper middle class have,

namely to be able to walk (hang out), shop

(shopping), go to cafes, to malls or other expensive

entertainment and recreation centers with friends.

This is because the interaction and PRSE

communication with the environment that he has or

has ever had is hampered by financial problems that

do not allow them to meet frequently visit or visit

together. It is even difficult to communicate just to

ask the news even though the HP communication

media for example. Not infrequently they have to be

good at resisting the longing that can only send

healthy prayer strings always for families and

friends who have been far away living with them

and they have been very long as if forgetting worldly

pleasures namely entertainment that requires no

small amount even though make them want.

Poverty also makes women prone to the social

economy (PRSE) have a communication behavior

that is different from the surrounding environment

which can make the PRSE feel inferior and often

withdraw in relationships. Likewise, PRSE's

communication with family, especially with their

children, can influence their parenting to their

children, which can be different from parents with

middle to upper economic conditions. Many children

from the PRSE are forced to drop out of school

either directly requested by their parents or the

child's awareness of the economic situation of their

parents and often help work to make money in an

age that tends to be early rather than studying.

Moreover, there are still many more distinctive

behaviors of PRSE communication with the

surrounding environment in a situation where life is

lacking, limited or poor.

The description above really illustrates that the

problem of poverty can also have an impact on the

communication problem of Women with Economic

Social Hazard (PRSE) with its various

environments. Though as social beings, humans

cannot live without interacting and communicating

with other humans. Because poverty can have an

impact on a person's behavior towards the

environment, the researcher is also interested in

knowing what each neighborhood means for the

PRSE as well as wanting to know the construction of

the meaning of poverty according to what the PRSE

itself experiences and the PRSE communication

behavior with the surrounding environment.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Women and Poverty

Women and men are created with different

biological functions so that the continuity of human

beings on earth is maintained. Differences will be a

problem if it causes between them to experience

non-biological injustice functions which are the

result of socio-cultural construction. Socio-cultural

construction tends to place women in a subordinate

position by marginalizing women. Differences in the

roles of men and women have been widely discussed

in various theories which can generally be classified

in biological construction and socio-cultural

construction. This difference in the roles of men and

women determined by biological factors gave birth

to the separation of the responsibilities of hunters

and gatherers, in modern societies known as the

public and domestic sectors (Budiman, 1985).

Differences in men and women indirectly affect

the productivity and availability of labor in the labor

market. This concept has given rise to the

assumption that women have lower human capital

than the opposite sex. This concept is used as a

justification guideline, that women have limitations

so that it is difficult if they have to be given wider

responsibilities in the public sector. It is justified

when women remain placed in the domestic sector

by limiting women's movement to increase their

abilities outside the household. Without the ability to

master skills, increase education, and knowledge

will bring women to remain entangled in

powerlessness and poverty.

Poor women do not have priority for resource

development due to limited capital, education, skills.

Poor women will be increasingly marginalized to

less productive and low-income sectors. This

marginalization is supported by the socio-cultural

construction so that women remain in a position to

do domestic work and less productive work because

only the work is considered most suitable for women

because of the low human capital that women have.

Differences in the social roles of men and

women are more determined by cultural factors,

differences that are constructed by the culture of

society continue to be preserved in a patriarchal

society. In a patriarchal society, as adopted by most

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Indonesian people, especially Javanese, of course,

socio-cultural construction of the role of male

women tends to benefit men. Many values of gender

bias occur in a society that are not caused by

biological factors but the result of cultural

construction such as power relations. Power

relations to limit women's roles at home and outside

the home because in this way so that the opposite

sex can still control women.

This approach emphasizes that social, cultural

factors have placed women disadvantaged in the

labor market.Women work in households and men

earn a living as a form of subordination is a product

of socio-cultural construction. This construction is

entirely determined by social construction.

Inequality of male and female roles is one form of

oppression. Oppression has brought women to enjoy

poverty without resistance to free the shackles.

Qualitatively rural women have done much work

both in the domestic and public sectors,but women

are still marginalized due to gender bias policies.

Policies in agricultural development in Java in the

1970s had much impact on the shifting of labor from

the agricultural sector, Javanese women were the

group of workers most disadvantaged by

development in the agricultural sector. Some work

on agriculture originally loaded with female labor

must be cut down and forced women out to find

sources of income outside agriculture for the sake of

their household economics (Ann Stoler, 1982;

Pujiwati Sajogyo, 1984; Joan Hardjono, 1990;

Endang S. Soesilowati and Darwin, 1995). Limited

capital owned by women, limited education and

skills forced women to work at very low wages.

Women are increasingly having difficulty increasing

women's resources because the workload that must

be borne is more severe, namely completing the

main tasks in the household, helping to make a

living and carrying out activities that lack economic

value.

2.2 Independence of Poor Women

Independence known as autonomy in Greek

comes from the word autos means self and nemiin

means giving up or giving. Autonomy implies the

power to regulate itself, or the act of regulating itself

or determining and directing itself. Women who

have autonomy or independence means having

freedom without relying on other parties to be free to

move and make choices according to their needs.

According to the Big Dictionary of the Second

Edition of Indonesian Language autonomy is one of

the characteristics of human existence as a form of

recognition of one's independence. People are said to

have independence if someone has self-esteem,

independence and independence. Someone can

determine the will and convey ideas by the desired

goals without fear of threats or attacks from other

parties who intend to control him.

The division of labor that places women in

domestic work and men in public works raises issues

of injustice towards women. Women become

dependent on men because of domestic work that

spends even a woman's life without pay.

Dependence of women on men can be reduced by

placing women proportionally. Women's

independence is the right of women to argue that

they decide or determine the problems that exist in

the household. So the meaning is clear that women

are not just wingking co-operatives but must be

positioned as equal partners who have an equal

position in joy and sorrow. Thus women must be

invited to speak, discuss, discuss in all matters. Of

course, it must be done reciprocally and openly.

Independence of rural women includes self-

regulating daily household needs, arranging and

managing household wealth, determining work

choices outside the home both in agriculture, as well

as other production fields, businesses and services,

and trade and participating in community activities.

Independence is the ability to bring women as

humans who have the value of living alone in

society. Independence can be realized if there is

recognition of humanity for its humanity. These

changes can be made through the construction of

socio-cultural environments as well as those of

women. Independence is an important concept

because it can bring women to humans who have

their own lives in society. Independence or

autonomy is one of the characteristics of human

existence, as a form of recognition of one's

independence.

People are said to be independent if they have

self-esteem, independence and self-sufficiency and

have courage. Mandiri means being able to

determine one's own will and ideas and goals; can

realize all on their ability and not acute threats or

attacks from other people. Independence means

someone does not depend on others. However,

independence with the notion of being dependent on

others can cause confusion because women's

independence means women who are not dependent

on men. For example, the independence of women

as wives means that wives know and are involved in

every decision making in solving problems faced in

their households.

Women will achieve independence if women

work and do work that generates wages so that the

income earned can be decided for its use. Women

are said to be independent when acting as wives

related to education and care for children and

domestic work arranged with their husbands is not

only imposed on women as wives. Independent

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women in carrying out domestic work are not

carried out alone when these women participate in

earning a living do not carry out dual roles and even

multiple roles alone. Domestic work is considered as

an extension of reproductive duties such as caring

for and guiding children, providing food and

education for children can be done by men and

women, as well as public work is not only the

responsibility of men. Women also have the right to

make these job choices. The division of labor that

places women to do domestic work alone where

women must work to earn income, domestic work

will become an obstacle for women in developing

their potential.

Blood and Wolfe in Sajogyo (1983) state that the

imbalance in the division of labor between men

looking for women's wage work leads to domination

or control of the economy by men towards women.

Women who have the opportunity to develop their

potential so that they do not depend on men by

having their own income women become

economically independent. The independence of

women in the household is determined by

involvement in making decisions about what foods

and dishes are purchased and must be served for the

family, freedom to organize household wealth

including the purchase of household appliances, and

the freedom to get the opportunity to work outside

the home.

The role of women in the economy and

household expenditure does not necessarily indicate

the high status and power of women. It means that

women's independence is not only determined by the

role of women in managing the household economy.

The expansion of women's opportunities to interact

outside the household is likely for women to develop

their potential. Women who earn income to meet

their own needs or help with household needs can

make women economically independent. Even

though economic independence is not always related

to independence in other fields. Women's

independence is not only determined by the social

status and economic status of women in the

household. Nevertheless, women's participation in

economic activities allows women to have

independence (Sadli, 1997).

The economic contribution of women in the

household is a forceenable women to play a role in

decision making in various aspects of household

activities and their environment (Sajogyo, 1990).

Although mastery of some resources by women does

not necessarily positively correlate to women's

power in their households (Abdullah, 2001). The

ability of women to earn income can bring women to

have independence in managing their income but not

directly strengthen the bargaining position of women

in the household. Women with economic abilities

have the opportunity to choose work in their own

household or be done by someone else by paying

wages. The economic capacity possessed by women

by having their own income will open opportunities

for women to be able to engage extensively outside

the household and in social activities.

Revenue is one variable that can be used as an

indicator to see the power in the household that is

related to decision making (Cohen, 1998). Women

who have income make women more independent so

they can meet their needs and even help in fulfilling

their household needs. Women tend to have

independence if they have income and economic

activities (Sadli, 1991). Research on women in rural

areas of Yogyakarta Special Region stated that with

their own income women are very independent,so

they dare to make decisions independently (Hull in

Budiman, 1991).

In a society that adheres to a patriarchal culture,

it is considered one the cause of the injustice

between men and women as happened in Javanese

society. To understand Javanese rural women, there

are two perspectives. The first view emphasizes the

positive aspects and factors that benefit Javanese

women in the household and society. The second

view emphasizes the existence of structural and

cultural mechanisms and ideological hegemony

which gives birth to subordination to women. In

patriarchal culture gave birth to the reality of a

gender-based division of labor, the role of

reproduction has placed women in the domestic

sector considered weak because reproduction has no

economic role. The wife does almost all work.

Domestic work is carried out routinely and takes up

most of the time and energy of women If women

participate in earning a living for domestic work it

must still be their responsibility, husband's

participation in domestic work remains small.

Men in production have an economic role. This

division of labor produces economic dependence of

women on men so that women become not

independent (Abdullah, 1995). If women have

economic independence in the ideology of gender

that gives birth to subordination to women does not

necessarily bring women to have a strong bargaining

position (Abdullah, 2001). Patriarchal society as a

product of cultural value systems has a strong

contribution in positioning men and women,

patriarchal society places women in subordinate

positions. This subordinate position makes women

have a dependency on men for example

economically. Women are willing to work with low

wages,and even women are willing to continue

working without being paid, making women have

low incomes and do not even have income so that

women do not have independence (Sajogyo, 1984).

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Women's independence has an important role in

efforts to improve women's welfare. Independent

women have the opportunity to choose activities that

can be used as capital to improve their abilities so

that they have a position that is economically strong,

social in the household and outside the household.

3 PARADIGM AND RESEARCH

METHODS

The research approach used in this study is the

constructivism approach. According to this

approach, the social reality observed by a person

cannot be generalized to everyone. Social

phenomenon is understood as a constructed reality,

which means that the construction of the meaning of

poverty is a construction of reality that is

experienced and felt by each of the Social Economic

Prone Women (PRSE) in the city of Bandung.

Therefore, the concentration of analysis on this

approach is to find out how women who are prone to

socio-economics (PRSE) undergo the poverty they

face (experience and circumstances) and find a

verstehen of women socio-economic prone (PRSE)

about poverty constructed from the reality

experienced and he felt.

The reality of meaning in each individual

develops over time from the environment. The

environment influences or gives color to the

individual in constructing and constructing the

meaning construction he has.

This research uses a phenomenology method,

also known as a qualitative descriptive method and

is used in an constructive approach to

constructivism.

Phenomenology as one form of research that is

based on existing meanings in cognition, and is

related to the overall phenomenon (Moustakas,

1994: 58). This refers to the continuous assessment

of phenomena from various positions and

perspectives so that this condition requires

researchers to understand the whole phenomenon

(real and imagined), which appears as a conscious

effort of someone who is examined on the aspect

under study. Thus, phenomenology research will

describe and explain that all questions related to

social phenomena must refer to intersubjective

reality as part of the research process. (Moustakas,

1994: 59).

Phenomenology research seeks to understand the

meaning of events and their relationships to the

people involved in a particular situation. This study

emphasizes the subject aspects of a person's

behavior. The researcher seeks to enter the

conceptual world of the subject under study so that

researchers will be able to understand what and how

an understanding they develop around events in

everyday life. Someone will interpret the experience

through interaction with others through his or her

awareness. Furthermore, the understanding of

experiences formed during the interaction process

will shape the reality that exists in the individual.

Thus, this study will reveal a person's awareness in

understanding the phenomenon experienced, so that

it will be known how one can construct phenomena

experienced according to what is in the mind and

experience.

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

RESEARCH

Interpretatively, the meaning of life for each

woman is prone to the social economy (PRSE) itself

can vary, especially when viewed from their

different backgrounds and perspectives. In this study

revealed that the meaning of life experienced by the

PRSE is described by informants as a life that is still

difficult, living deprived, living in economic

constraints/life, life is concerned, and life is

suffering.

Likewise, all the actions or behaviors of the

Women of the Social Economy (PRSE) as the

implications of poverty experienced have their

respective subjective meanings. First, the behavior

of informants owing and asking for help from their

families or other parties means solely to meet their

daily needs and family members.

Second, the behavior of crediting or repaying

new clothes and/or furniture that he bought is aimed

at being able to own some items without

incriminating them if they have to buy them in cash.

Third, the behavior of renting a house or more

precisely a map room is intended so that the

informants together with all their family members

have a place to gather, rest, and do the activities of

another family were to have their own place, they

cannot. Besides that, it is still related to the place of

residence, the behavior of moving around (nomadic)

is to get a place to stay where the rent is cheaper and

for informants who have been evicted by rented

owners, finding a new place to live is an obligation

where to avoid recurrence of the eviction incident

again, the informants must be more selective in

finding a new place to live with a variety of

considerations in addition to the consideration of

rent, also to know the nature of prospective new

rented owners and others.

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Furthermore, fourthly, the behavior of

informants who only buy traditional medicine or

herbal medicine in a stall to treat the illness and/or

illness of their family members is aimed at reducing

their expenses that have often not met their daily

basic needs. Also, with regard to treatment, some

informants choosejust to leave the pain because they

simply do not want to drag on thinking about the

illness.

Lastly, fifth, the behavior of informants in line

with Weber's social action theory is related to the

behavior of informants asking their children not to

go to school anymore and helping informants in

making money is to be able to get income from other

family members especially if their husbands have

not made money because you have not got a job call

or because you are suffering from prolonged illness.

PRSE, with poverty inherent in itself and its life,

builds itself as a hard and strong worker so that it

has an impact on its behavior that is to work for

anything as long as it produces halal money where

this indicates that many informants still have

positive meaning. The PRSE's working behavior

itself is also included in the social action put forward

by Weber where the actions of informants to work or

want to work are solely to make money.

Furthermore, there are still many PRSEs who

build themselves up as people who pay enough

attention to their neat and clean self-appearance even

though they do not have to wear new clothes. There

are even some informants who still dress up. Based

on the results of the interviews, some informants

further explained that even though living in poverty

does not make it not pay attention to appearance or

become intentionally dirty (dirty).

As mentioned above, many informants still see

themselves positively even though their positivity is

still limited to assessing their physical strength based

on the information they obtain from other people

and also based on the measurement of abilities

conducted by the informants themselves where most

they have felt various types of physical work.

However, there are also some PRSEs with the

poverty they experienced to have a negative view of

themselves as if they felt stupid because they could

not attend high school. Or have an inferiority or low

self-esteem in society and often withdraw from the

environment. The perspective of the informant who

views himself stupid is also based on his own

reflection. While informants who have a sense of

self-confidence (inferior) or low self-esteem are

based on the spontaneous reaction of informants to

the surrounding environment which is quite different

from the situation.

Next, the conditions of poverty affect the

meaning of the PRSE self where the unbroken

poverty they experience, makes the informants build

the meaning of themselves as people who remain

poor or unable. They actually admit that they are

very difficult to determine whether poverty is a

divine destiny or only their destiny can change for

the better someday. This is because of the results of

their hard work is alone and coupled with the

husband's income when the husband is working, still

felt by them not or not able to make them a little

"breathe a sigh of relief" in living their lives let

alone get out of the circle of poverty itself. In the

end they can only surrender to the extent that they

assume that their poverty is very natural because it is

based on the results of reflection of themselves plus

input from other people's assessment that their

poverty has come from their families (parents) who

are poor plus those who are live in their

neighborhood (the surrounding environment) also

has the same fate as those living in poverty.

In this study, the results of the study found that

the poverty experienced and felt by Women in

Economic Social Security (PRSE) from the past to

the present is the only "motive of reason" (because

of motive) of the PRSE in carrying out subsequent

actions or behaviors. To create "goal motives" (in

order to motive) in carrying out work activities and

subsequent PRSE efforts in order to realize their

"goal motives" (how) is nothing but continuing to

work and find work if possible for informants who

have not worked. The "order" motive (in order to

motive) of the PRSE in working based on the results

of the research is the improvement of the life of the

PRSE and their families which can be broken down

into three (3) specific "goal motives" namely: (1) the

motive of wanting to own a home; (2) the motive of

wanting to send their children to the highest level;

and (3) the motive of wanting to live more quietly in

old age.

In this study, the meaning of the environment

around the PRSE is known. The first is the meaning

of the family, the PRSE reveals that the meaning of

the family for them is (1) meaningful, important and

everything; (2) normal; and (3) It is like nothing.

The second is that the neighboring meaning of

the PRSE has two variations: (1) It is like family,

brother, important and meaningful; and (2) normal.

The third is the meaning of the employer for the

PRSE who works and who has a permanent

employer. From the results of the interviews, all the

informants who worked considered it as an

important party who was the source of their

obtaining legal money from the results of their hard

work.

Finally the third is the meaning of friends. There

are three (3) variations of answers from informants,

including: (1) necessary, meaningful and important;

(2) normal; and (3) no friends or no friends.

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The communication behavior of the informants

with the family based on the results of the study was

first, the communication behavior of the informants

with the family was carried out from very less

intensity to very often both directly face to face and

media through HP. Secondly, the communication

behavior of the informants with neighbors is done

with very little intensity to very often where

communication is carried out face to face. Third, the

communication behavior of the informant with the

work environment that is the employer is carried out

from intensity rather often to very often both directly

and on HP. And fourth, the communication behavior

of informants with friends is done from very less

intensity to very often both directly and media.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the conclusions above, here are some

suggestions that researchers can suggest or

recommend:

Academic, this research is still the beginning of a

picture of the life of the poor, one of which is the

Woman of the Social Economic Prone (PRSE)

which is revealed through a phenomenological

perspective so that in the subchapters the results of

research can bring up new research themes or topics

for the next good in the field communication,

sociology, psychology, economics, health and

others.

Practically, poverty is not merely the

responsibility of the government. For every citizen,

it should also help to participate in combating

poverty around them, which can be started from

small things such as giving jobs to women who are

vulnerable to social economy (PRSE) in their home

or home business, willing to provide assistance as

long as they can to the PRSE who are in need of

help at that time, and others. As for the government,

it is time to fix this problem of the people, namely

poverty. The results of this study are expected to be

able to make regulations or policies that are more

appropriate for the problem of women prone to the

social economy (PRSE).

Practically, any woman prone to the social

economy (PRSE) whomever she is should not be the

main breadwinner of the family breadwinner so that

men who become their life companions can work

harder as they are done by PRSE so far. This is

because in essence the man is destined to be the

head of the family who is very responsible for

earning a living for all family members without

exception. Men should feel that they are most

responsible for protecting their families from

vulnerability. Not the other way around. Men should

also be able to work not just to let their wives and

children participate in making money which can

seriously threaten the health and safety of their own

wives and children.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The researchwas supported by Faculty of

Communication Science, Esa Unggul University.

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