The Mental Construction Model through Islamic Spirituality

Direction in Cipinang Penitentiary

Siti Rahmi

, Dedi Djubaedi

and Farhana

Islamic University of Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: mental, model, Islamic, spirituality, penitentiary, prisoners, Cipinang

Abstract: The purpose of punishment is to make people aware and also prevent to do the crime. The execution of

punishment for the perpetrator or criminal is imprisonment, not inhuman treatment. The punishment is a

guidance or personal development expecting they are able to improve themselves and build good morality

after finishing sentences. To achieve the target, well-planned program is the necessary, and one of the

program is an Islamic spiritual and mental construction. Improving the attitude and faith quality are the ideal

activities for the convict during running the term of imprisonment. The research was using the qualitative

and descriptive method by having study case approach. It was concerned on how the management of Islamic

spiritual and mental construction in Cipinang penitentiary. The result of the research showed the program in

Cipinang penitentiary is well-implemented. This program is demanded to have more various guidance

program, more directed and fascinating method related to the professional counselors. Teaching method is

necessary to make delivering process run well and smoothly.

1 INTRODUCTION

Crime is connected to criminal sanctions, for people

who already did the crime, they are submitted to the

courts and take the acceptable punishment, related to

the provisions of applicable law.

An inhuman punishment is not supposed to be

applied for criminal, but coaching and guidance in

hope he can maintain, develop and build good moral

after having the guide. This is in line with the duties

and functions of the Messenger sent by Allah as

mentioned in one hadith: “Indeed, I was sent to

perfect noble character” Hadith from. Ahmad and

Tabrani from Abu Hurairah (Al Suyuthi, 1967).

In Law No. 12 of 1995 on Corrections in Article

1 No. 2 states that: the penitentiary system is an

institution focused on direction and limits and how

to coaching prisoner based on Pancasila related to in

an integrated manner among the coach, the fostered,

and communities in order to improve the personal

quality, realize the mistakes and return to God’s

way, so that he is appreaciated and accepted in his

community, can be actively involved in

development, and live as good and responsible

citizen. (Ministry of Justice and Human Rights

Affairs, 2001.5).

Correctional system is focused on careness,

guidance, education and counseling for inmates who

restore the relationships between inmates and

community.

The protection is not only for ordinary people,

but criminal perpetrators is sheltered and given

guidance as a provision for later life after being

released from penitentiary. The other interesting

view is that;" Repentance is done by a guidance, not

torture." (Harsono, 1995.3).

Therefore inmates require intensive religious

guidance and direction. Religious formation has a

dual function, to fulfill the obligation as the religious

people, and a form of personal therapy related to the

norms of religion and life.

On the other hand, some of them are tend to

return to crime they used to do. Since they think

criminal is useless people, abandoned, and will not

be accepted by their society, the particular guidance

and counseling services are necessary for them.

2276

Rahmi, S., Djubaedi, D. and Farhana, .

The Mental Construction Model through Islamic Spirituality Direction in Cipinang Penitentiary.

DOI: 10.5220/0009941822762282

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 2276-2282

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

They are a group of people who really need the

program, therefore to let the prisoners return into a

real human as they used to be, and welcomed in

society, they require the directions, especially the

Islamic spirituality direction.

During this time the prisoners in Cipinang are

given Islamic spiritual direction, which is one type

of activities that is absolutely needed as a provision

for their faith. The purpose of religious guidance to

inmates is to make them understand and to

implement teaching of religion as the conditioning

lives, and also restore the confidence, to have hope

and a strong motivation to become a man that can be

beneficial for himself, families and society after the

sentence finished.

It may appear that the spiritual direction of Islam

is one type of activities that is extremely needed to

rebuild prisoner faith. Therefore, to make a further

understand how direction is implemented, the author

intends to conduct research as a thesis with title:

Spiritual Islamic Model in Cipinang Penitentiary.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Islamic Spirituality Direction

The definition of a direction presented as: "coaching

is a process of helping people through their own

efforts to find and develop the ability to obtain

personal happiness and social benefit." (Djumhur

and Surya, 1975.25). Guidance is a continuously

helping process from a supervisor to convict to

develop the potential optimally by using various

media and guidance technique through careness and

love to rebuild his confidence so that he can be

useful for himself and society. (Hallen, 2002.9).

In other way, the term of spiritual is the overall

name from the inner part of the human. Sayid Sabiq

in his Aqidatul Islamiyah said “Man can find,

remember, think, know, have a desire, chose and

love by having spiritual." (Zaini, 1975.11). Spiritual

human has the ability elements include; thought,

feeling, live and desire. The other is a potential

fundamental ability such as: "(1) to (hear), (2)

analyze (seeing with any devices or mind support),

and (3) live (heart or Af'idah, with the support of

heart with a sense)" (Faqih, 2001.26). According

Hallen (2002.35) through his Islamic Guidance book

and Counseling that: Islamic guidance is the process

of providing an ideal assistance, continuous, and

systematically. So they can have potential

development or religion in optimal way by

internalizing the values contained in the Qur'an and

hadiths of the Prophet into themselves, so they can

live in harmony and in accordance with the demands

of the Qur'an and hadiths. To develop the potency on

people’s body, Allah completes human with several

sense like hearing, sight and heart.

Thus Islamic spirituality direction is a counseling

process as one activity to convicts to take spiritual

abilities aligned by rules and instructions of God

(Allah), so they are able to achieve the happiness to

live in the world and hereafter.

Nevertheless, the purpose of spiritual direction

of Islam can be defined as "helping people to return

to be good human beings in aim to achieve

happiness of living in the world and hereafter."

(Faqih, 2001.35). The direction is to help convicts

“to adapt the condition such as personal feeling, a

lesson matter, a job, and to help people to be able to

direct themselves and achieving a good life."

(Hanna, 1978.55).

The purpose of direction and counseling is "the

process to cure any mental disorder or spiritual and

able to solve the problem by spiritual strength that

comes from the values of religious teaching that

have been implemented into life." (Arifin, 1982.39).

2.2 Islamic Spirituality Model

According to Sagala (2003. 176) in the book

Concept and Importance of Learning, the model

taught by Joyce and Weil is a description of the

learning environment that describes the planning of

curriculum, courses, teaching design and learning

units, school supplies, books lessons, workbooks,

multimedia programs, and learning support through

a computer program. The conclusion in the religious

direction to inmates can use various approaches in

accordance with the objectives, conditions of

inmates, environment, and also the coach cability

(preachers).

The Islamic Direction for Prisoners and

Detainees some religious direction include several

methods such as:

 Lecture method.

 Question and answer method.

 Method discussion.

 Methods demonstration.

The Mental Construction Model through Islamic Spirituality Direction in Cipinang Penitentiary

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 Method of providing duty.

 Andragogy method.

 Problem solving method.

 Special method for short Islamic

boarding.

From many methods, there are own strengths and

weaknesses from each of them. No guarantee that

one method is fit for a person. So taking various

methods in coaching process is applicable. Each

coach can select the approach and methods

appropriate to the purpose, objectives, the material

given and the environment as the teaching location.

Moreover, in accordance to the program

guidelines and Islamic education for inmates in

correctional Institute and State Prison the material

provided has been compiled into a curriculum

module. The attachments include General

Instructional objectives, subject, description of

materials and the number of sessions for each

subject. The subject matter is given as follows:

 Monotheism

 Morals

 Fiqh

 Qur'an and Hadith

 Reading and writing the Qur'an

 History of Islam

 Introduction of Islamic studies

 Formal counseling

These materials are given fundamentally.

However, the essential of material related to each

other in purpose to shape a personal good Muslims,

devout in worship and able to fix all mistakes and

return to God (heartily repentance).

Finally, implementation of Islamic spiritual

direction is designed to achieve the inmates as

follows:

 Increase the knowledge and understanding of

religion, especially Islam.

 Increase the spiritual soul.

 Showing good character in daily life.

 No violation into the religious life, society

and state.

 Being a pious and patient man and running

their lives in a way blessed by Allah SWT.

2.3 Residents Patronage

The purpose of punishment is prevent people of

doing crime. Implementation of the penalties in

shape of confinement in a correctional institution.

Inmates are people who are undergoing the term

of punishments because of committing violations of

applicable law or based on judge's decisions.

Moreover, inmates are human beings, like other

human beings, simply for abuse they are sentenced

by a court decision that has obtained permanent

legal force. Inmates is an individual, also member of

community, accepted in society and integrated

(Soedjono, 1971.154).

The punishment is determined by type of crime

they have done. There are various penalties such as

the short term, long - term penalties, sentence to life

imprisonment and the death penalty. The severity of

the penalties is determined by the size or seriousness

of offenses under the applicable law. The

psychological condition of inmates is very labile and

sensitive depends on the environment they live on.

Inmates’ guidance system known as correctional,

became known in 1964 when the prison service

conference in Bandung on April 27th, 1964, "Dr.

Sahardjo SH shared the idea changes the purpose of

fostering inmates from the prison system to the

penitentiary system.”(Harsono, 1995. 3).

Problem of Islamic spiritual guidance include:

 Correctional officer human resources:

 Residents patronage

 Community

 Elements coordination with related

agencies

 Infrastructures

Lastly, the expectation in future is that all

inmates who are Muslims can be get a spiritual

direction, such as: religious activities, Islamic moral

education, religious education and can celebrate the

religious holidays of Islam. This work is not easy to

implement due to get optimal results, the necessary

correctional officers were really professional and

have the educational background that corresponds to

the field. Coordination of relevant stakeholders such

as the Ministry of Religion, private organizations,

religious charities, boarding schools, religious

schools, as well as potential elements in society

needs to enhance the cooperation.

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

To achieve the optimal results in the implementation

of the program should be regulated carefully,

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effective and efficiently and involve all relevant

elements directly related to the implementation of

the guidance program.

Referring to the science management for the

objectives that we hope to achieve, then the steps as

outlined elements or management functions

supposed to be implemented.

Management taken for a correctional institution can

adopt management functions as general, namely:

Planning, Organizing, Executing, Coordinating and

Assessment (Sihombing, 2000. 58).

The purpose of this research is to find a model of

proper direction and in accordance with the inmates

in Cipinang Penitentiary and to determine the factors

that can be a support and obstacles to build the

quality of inmates who have followed the program.

In compiling this study, the authors use

descriptive analysis method with case study

approach that is based on data or achieved

information through Field Research and Library

Research.

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Correctional Institution class 1 in Cipinang was

established by the Dutch government in 1918. At

first the Class I Cipinang Prison building stood on

land area of 12 hectares, and now it is just about 10

hectares with zone division namely Cipinang Prison,

Detention of Cipinang, Cipinang Hospital, and

Jakarta Narcotics Prison. Especially at Cipinang

Prison occupancy capacity is for 1789 people. It also

consists of 3 blocks, each block consists of 3 levels.

Each room blocks contains 1, 3, 9, 17 inmates.

Social conditions in the regional around Class I

Penitentiary is very heterogeneous, there are offices,

trade, housing residents, even street vendors. The

capacity of Class I Prison is about 1,789 people, who

are inhabited for 3657 people on December 1st,

2006.

Based on data of occupants number showed the

biggest case involved the theft, robbery and

narcotics that they are relatively in low education

levels. In general, people who are involved in this

case are the unemployment, idlers, immoral and less

in faith, so that if the counselors or coach are less-

active in teaching process, the inmates are passive

and indifferent as well.

The several penalties is determined on how bad

offense of law they did. In this case the inmates

expect to realize to return to be good citizen. So, it

can be reached by following the program during

running a sentence in prison.

On the other part, the employee of Class I

Cipinang Prison is about 470 people, with the

following compositions:

 Employees of administration is 65 people

 Employee safety Section is 312 people

 Employees guidance section is 74 people

 Employees section of working activity is 19

people

Security officers on guard are divided into 4

(four) platoons, the number of each platoon is for 61

people, plus four (4) teams officer porter, each team

consists of 3 people.

4.1 Implementation of the Islamic

Spirituality Direction

Direction to inmates in Cipinang penitentiary is

divided into three aspects of counseling, including

development of personality, fostering independence,

and development of assimilation and integration.

Islamic spiritual direction is one of the activities to

develop the awareness of religion for prisoners. The

direction is organized through a well- cooperation

between both the Islamic spiritual direction officers

and security guards in Cipinang Penitentiary.

So, before the Islamic spiritual direction officers

deliver the direction, the first step we supposed to do

is asking permission from the security officer on

every block to remove inmates out of their own cells

temporarily to follow the activities of Islamic

spiritual direction in accordance with a

predetermined time. And for the first permitting

application was submitted in the form of a letter

signed by the Head of the Guidance Section of the

community and known by the security unit of

Penitentiary.

Islamic spiritual direction in the shape of

boarding was applied in Cipinang penitentiary every

day. The direction is regularly held from 7 a.m. to

5:00 pm every day and held at Baiturrahman

mosques in the neighborhood of Cipinang Prison.

Meanwhile, especially on Friday, the penitentiary

The Mental Construction Model through Islamic Spirituality Direction in Cipinang Penitentiary

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gives the direction shaped the ordinary lectures. The

services are provided regularly based on daily,

weekly, monthly activities, including incidental and

annual events such as Ramadan rituals.

4.2 The Role of the Islamic Spirituality

Direction

Based on the research results achieved from various

sources regarding the role of spiritual direction of

Islam in mental and moral development of inmates

can be identified by their presence of a guide,

particularly Islamic spiritual direction is so

beneficial for prisoners who follow the guidance.

Because the program train the inmates to control the

nervousness, anxiety and stress during running the

sentence. And also they can optimally develop their

personality based on their potency and able to do

adaptation around penitentiary.

Based on interviews with prisoner named

Jamaludin with lifelong detention period of

November 9, 2006 in the library of Baiturrahman

Mosque known that the motivation of inmates to

following the Islamic spirituality direction entirely

come from their own will, without any coercion

from outsiders. Islamic spiritual direction is

implemented without any element of force, resulting

a guidance activities that set up the democratic

cooperation between counselors and inmates.

Institution expects that during and after the

punishment finished, they are not doing repetitious

action anymore, apathetic or pessimistic. To avoid

unhealthy mentally of inmates some steps taken by

officers and Islamic spiritual advisers are doing the

various approaches. That approaches are made in

person or group.

So based on the author's observation, the spiritual

direction of Islam in Cipinang is implementing well,

so the religious activities are so beneficial in mental

and moral development.

One of the exertions that is made is to organize

all direction activities by welcoming resource

persons of community leaders. In aim to serve the

various and interesting direction.

Supporting factors for the success of Islamic

spiritual direction in Cipinang, as follows:

 The cooperation with external parties in

the implementation of Islamic spiritual

direction.

 Well- establishment program of Islamic

spiritual direction activity.

 Welcome the religious leaders coming

from fellow- inmates

 There is a mosque in every block and

library

 Hard volition of prisoners to follow the

Islamic spiritual direction.

 Families are able to give the moral and

material support and careness to inmates.

The inhibiting factors are below:

 The absence of awareness and high

loyalty from all prisoners in Cipinang the

importance of Islamic spiritual direction.

 Less traction from part of surrogate

agencies to urge citizens to follow the

Islamic spiritual direction.

 Over capacity of the occupants 35%, this

can lead this activities become less

effective.

 The presence of inmates are not

permanent.

 The unbalanced amount between Islamic

spiritual direction officers and occupants.

 The difference in receiving the direction.

 The inmates' economic factors.

 Variations in their mood.

4.3 Islamic Spirituality Model

The strategy is used to make the program run

successfully is arranging the daily board of inmates

with direct guidance from prison officers. The

purpose is to make inmates can actively involve in

that activity and expect to be more independent and

responsible both while in prison and after.

Implementation of this program is not simply

through religious lectures, but it needs a planned

program, designed to achieve the goals and

objectives that is determined in effective and

efficient. Therefore, it is necessary to outline the

target material in detail and systematic way so that

each activity can be evaluated by the program for

further development.

The model taught by Joyce and Weil is a

description of the learning environment that

describes the planning of curriculum, courses, units

teaching and learning design, school supplies, books

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lessons, books, workbooks, multimedia programs,

and computer learning support (Sagala, 2003. 176).

Joyce and Weil (2000) suggest four important

categories for teaching model, such as: the model of

information, personal model, interaction and

behavior model. According to the researcher said

that the models can be adopted and being

implemented to the Islamic spiritual direction.

The direction and preaching concept in wisdom

is intrinsically implemented and capable to create a

conducive environment for the process of

recognition, understanding and observation of

prisoners’ religion. Moreover, evaluation is also

intended to determine the objectives in the outline of

the achieving material and the success of all

directions.

Islamic spirituality direction also include related

facilities, and infrastructure that entirely is provided

by the prisons such as follows:

 Health care facilities

 Means of transportation

 Sport and art

 Means of worship

 Means of legal education

 Means of skills

Means skills are provided include: carpentry,

sewing, and welding room and workshop and

screening (clothes).

5 CONCLUSION

Discussion of various issues, the results of research

and analysis can be concluded as follows:

 Spiritual direction based on Islamic sharia is

one activity that is absolutely given to

prisoners in Cipinang prison. The direction

role is not merely for mental and moral

development, but it is also added by religious

insight for prisoners by applying the

programmed activities, both routine and

incidental nature.

 The presentation delivers a various materials.

They are included: monotheism, worship,

morals, fiqh, hadith, reading and writing

Qur'an, and other religious matters,

 The direction model for inmates and

counselors are required to improve the

program to be more various, more focused,

integrated and interesting. The model in

correctional Institution is known as a Socio-

Religious theory. Socio-religious is defined as

a model that emphasizes the prisoners to be

welcomed in a society, improve the skills and

religious insight, so that they can be good

people in social life, independent and useful

for religion, nation and state.

 Supporting factors in this activity is a

cooperation with the organization of Islamic

society, accompanied by cooperative

evidence from each respective religious

organization, the activities program is drafted

well, there is a help of religious leaders that

come from fellow prisoners, their prayer

room in each block and a library, a strong will

from prisoners to attend the program, getting

a support and attention from the family of

inmates both in moral and material.

 The inhibiting factors to implement this

activity is all prisoners are a lack of

awareness and loyalty for following the

program continuously, lack of direction from

the officers to urge inmates to follow the

spiritual direction, over capacity of residents,

the unbalanced number among Islamic

spiritual direction counselors and inmates, the

difference, and factor in receiving the

direction, such as; economic factors of

prisoners, and their mood variability.

 Direction is conducted by Islamic spiritual

builder in an attempt to nurture a mental

inmates besides providing materials, it is

directing prisoners to return to God’s way and

help inmates in solving the problem.

 Moral development is intended to give them

the second chance to become good citizens

and religious people.

 So Islamic spiritual direction is potential in

fostering mental and moral inmates who is

followed the direction with expect the

implementation is successful.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank Aries Susanto for his

valuable comments and directions during the writing

process of this manuscript.

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