The Role of Ascription of Responsibility on Pro Environmental

Behavior in Jakarta Communities

Eka Srirahayu Ariestiningsih

, Azmy Ali Muchtar

, Marhamah Marhamah

and Maryam Sulaeman

STIKES Delima Persada Gresik

Islamic University of Jakarta

Keywords:

Ascription of Responsibility, pro-environment behavior, society, views in Islam

Abstract: The purpose of this research is to see the role of ascription of responsibility towards the behavior of the

environment in society and how it is reviewed in Islam, using correlational associative research design,

namely research conducted to find the relationship between one variable and another variable. The

population is taken from the citizens of Jakarta with the characteristics of young men and women up to

middle adulthood (20-65 years) with a sample of 80. Research sites in Jakarta, because based on IKLH data

(2014) the environmental damage experienced by the city of Jakarta is already in vigilant research results

indicate that the Ascription Of Responsibility correlates with pro-environmental behavior. Which is known r

table = 0.2159 and pearson correlation is 0.307. And it can be concluded that the Ascription Of

Responsibility is positively related to the Environmental Pro Behavior (GEBS) with a low degree of

correlation. Jakarta people who have an Ascription Of Responsibility can have good pro-environment

behavior, so that with the good pro-environment behavior that is owned by the community, it can help the

Government in maintaining the sustainability and environmental cleanliness of the City of Jakarta.

1 INTRODUCTION

Compared to other regions in Indonesia, the Special

Capital Region of Jakarta is an area that has the most

complex environmental problems. Based on a

research report from the study of the green open

space (RTH) of DKI Jakarta Province, in 2000, the

environmental quality of the city of Jakarta was in

the third place in the world (after Mexico City and

Bangkok) whose pollution level was quite high, both

in terms of air, water and also land. Taken from

(http://www.tribunnews.com/topic/banjir-di-jakarta).

In addition to air, water and soil pollution, in the

city of Jakarta there are also problems with the

temperature of the air starting to heat which is

caused by the effects of glassy buildings which

exacerbate environmental conditions. Based on the

2014 Environmental Quality Index (IKLH) report

issued by the Indonesian Ministry of Environment,

the environmental damage experienced by the city of

Jakarta is already on the alert level. This is due to

the shrinking of green open space, water pollution,

air pollution from motorized vehicles and burning of

forest or garbage, industrial or home industrial

waste, and garbage accumulation (Dhewanthi,

2015).

Another phenomenon of environmental problems

that often occurs in Jakarta is flooding. Floods in

Jakarta can be said to occur every year because

Jakarta is in the downstream area or Ciliwung River

Basin area. Some areas in Jakarta are even lower

than sea level. The head of the Jakarta National

Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) said that

there were a number of factors that caused the

Jakarta area to be flooded. One of them is caused by

changes in the annual rainfall cycle in Indonesia

(Kompas, 2017). Reports in Kompas news (2017)

explain that rainfall patterns before being affected by

climate are 6 months of rain and 6 months of dry

season, but now change to 4 months of rain and 8

months of dry season. Although 4 months are

raining, the rain volume is equal to 6 months of rain.

In addition to rainfall, flooding in Jakarta is also

caused by several other factors, such as natural

conditions, which include the geography,

topography, and geometry of the location of river

flows, tides and decreasing land surface as well as

silting-silting, and human activity factors such as

throwing away litter, etc. Taken from

Ariestiningsih, E., Muchtar, A., Marhamah, M. and Sulaeman, M.

The Role of Ascription of Responsibility on Pro Environmental Behavior in Jakarta Communities.

DOI: 10.5220/0009941422512258

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 2251-2258

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

2251

http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2017/02/22/15

564111/faktor.penyebab.jakarta.banjir.aktif.warga.ik

ut.berperan

Environmental pollution of DKI Jakarta is

characterized by high levels of air, water and marine

water pollution, due to poor and correct waste and

waste management. Based on research conducted by

the Institute for Social, Environmental & Urban

Studies (LS2LP) in 2013, environmental damage

was marked by reduced water catchment areas,

shrinking green open areas (RT), damage to blue

open areas (rivers, situ, waterways, and coastal

waters ), exploitation of underground water with

various negative impacts (land subsidence, seawater

intrusion, etc.), coastal abrasion due to reduced

mangrove forests on the north coast, and poor city

drainage systems. Taken from

(http://www.tribunnews.com/topic/banjir-di-jakarta).

Various environmental problems that threaten

environmental sustainability include global

warming, urban air pollution, lack of water,

environmental noise, and loss of biodiversity. If this

condition persists like this then Jakarta will continue

to deteriorate in terms of environmental quality, and

the people of Jakarta will feel the loss due to these

things. Psychologically, someone who lives in a bad

environment will more easily experience stress,

emotional disturbances, and even can cause

aggressive actions due to mental exhaustion due to

poor environmental quality (Farisy, 2015; Kuo &

Sullivan, 2001).

Environmental damage can be minimized by

fostering concern for the environment that is realized

by pro-environmental behavior. Pro-environmental

behavior is a behavior that is carried out consciously

and aims to minimize the negative impacts caused

by one's activities on the environment (Kollmuss &

Agyeman, 2002). Ramus and Killmer (2007) argue

that pro-environmental behavior is part of prosocial

behavior, because this behavior has benefits for

others and the environment. Stern (2000) says that

pro-environmental behavior can provide benefits for

others and the environment. Pro-environment

behavior is also a behavior that is consciously

carried out to safeguard the environment and

minimize the negative impacts caused by one's

activities on the environment. For example, efforts

to reuse used goods, prevent the occurrence of waste

or garbage, energy conservation efforts, as well as

the behavior of using transportation that tends to be

free of air emissions (Gamal, 2009).

Several studies have examined the factors that

influence pro-environment behavior by using

various theoretical models that seek to explain and

predict pro-environmental behavior in society. These

theories attempt to understand environmental

behavior through causal models. According to Stern

(2000), there are four types of causal variables that

influence pro-environment behavior, namely: 1.

Attitudes (including norms, beliefs and values), 2.

contextual, 3. personal capacity, 4. Habits and

routines. individual.

Research conducted by Bronfman, et al (2015)

also suggests several factors that can support pro-

environment behavior, namely values, new

ecological paradigm, a awareness of consequences,

ascription of responsibility and personal norms.

Meanwhile, Clayton & Myers, (2009) revealed that

there are several factors that can change people's

behavior towards pro-environment behavior. These

factors are: 1. personal factors 2. situational factors.

As for personal factors in the form of a sense of

responsibility towards the environment and feelings

/ values that arise from within to protect the

environment well, a sense of responsibility arises

from personal values. Whereas situational factors in

the form of regulations made by the city government

prohibit and fine people who do things that can

damage the environment and harm many people

such as penalties given to people throwing garbage

to the river or culverts. Another situational factor is

cooperation between the community and the

government in overcoming the environment, such

as: problems of flooding, air pollution, garbage, etc.

The existence of this collaboration makes the people

in the surrounding environment follow the situation

that exists to help protect the environment and not

do things that can harm the environment and the

people.

The explanation above explains the need for the

responsibility of every community and government

to protect the environment. These responsibilities are

carried out by individual individuals and some are

the responsibility of the government. Every

individual has their own opinions, perceptions or

assumptions about who should be responsible for

protecting the environment. Opinions, perceptions or

assumptions about who should be responsible for a

matter are also called the term "ascription of

responsibility". Stern (2000)

According to Stern (2000) ascription of

responsibility is an opinion, perception or

assumption about who should be responsible for

something. In the context of Jakarta society,

ascription of responsibility means the assumption of

who should be responsible for environmental

problems in Jakarta to avoid all disasters such as

floods, water pollution, air pollution, etc.

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

2252

In the previous research conducted by Rahab

(2015), previous researchers wanted to examine the

antecedents and consequences of personal norms in

the context of pro-environmental behavior. Which is

where researchers see the effect of 3 variables,

namely the assumption of responsibility, subjective

norms, and the ability to participate in the waste

bank program. The results of the study indicate that

the assumption of responsibility, subjective norms,

and abilities has a significant effect on the process of

activating personal norms. Which results show that

waste bank customers are more likely to feel a

personal obligation to act, if they believe in

environmental sustainability is a shared

responsibility, assume that others expect them to

protect the environment, and believe that they have

the ability to protect the environment. Furthermore,

personal norms and abilities have a positive

influence on community participation in the waste

bank program. Taken from a paper (Testing the

Activation Model of Personal Norms in a Social

Marketing Perspective).

In this study, researchers want to know the

opinion of the people of Jakarta about who should be

responsible for protecting the environment in

Jakarta, the community or the government that must

be responsible and its role in pro-environment

behavior. Research related to this matter is still

rarely held in Indonesia before, therefore researchers

are interested in knowing the role of ascription of

responsibility for pro-environment behavior in the

people of Jakarta.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Ascription of Responsibility

Ascription Of Responsibility is opinions,

perceptions or assumptions about who should be

responsible for something (Stern, 2000). In

psychology, ascription of responsibility can be

interpreted as the tendency of someone to exercise

authority and responsibility in every dimension of

life explicitly. The purpose of this concept is to

measure a person's willingness to assume specific

and broad responsibilities.

Ascription of Responsibility is someone's

assumption towards other people / other parties who

are more responsible for something that happens.

AOR is a value that is in every person and often

appears when the person is faced with something

that requires assumptions related to responsibility.

So that it can be concluded that the ascription of

responsibility is the assumption of who is more

authorized and responsible for a matter or

assumption about who is more authorized and

responsible in doing something. Because of the

limited theory about ascription of responsibility and

because the ascription of responsibility has the

meaning of perception, the researcher links the

ascription of responsibility with perception theory.

An expert named Robbins (2001: 88) reveals that

Perception can be defined as the process by which

individuals organize and interpret the impression of

their senses in order to give meaning and

assumptions to their environment.

In line with the definition above, an expert

named Thoha (1998: 23), reveals that perception is

essentially the cognitive process experienced by

everyone in understanding information about their

environment both through vision and hearing.

So from some definitions above, the researcher

concludes that perception is someone's assumption

and interpretation based on data obtained from the

environment that is absorbed by the human senses as

a result of taking the initiative from the

communication process. From some of the above

understandings, it can be concluded that the

ascription of responsibility and perception have

meanings that are not much different, which both

contain the meaning of presumption. In this study,

the assumption referred to here is the assumption

about who is more authorized and responsible for

something that happens.

2.2 Pro-environmental Behavior

Kollmuss and Agyeman in Stern (2000) define pro-

environmental behavior as a behavior that is carried

out consciously and aims to minimize the negative

effects caused by one's activities on the

environment. According to Kurisu (2015) the Pro-

environmental Behavior (PEB) is often referred to as

ecological behavior, environmentally friendly

behavior or otherwise, such as micro-environmental

behavior, environmental behavior, ecological

behavior, environmentally responsible behavior,

environment-friendly behavior, environmentally

significant and behavior environmentally related

behavior . Definition of Pro-environmental behavior

or pro-environmental behavior is environmental

conservation or cultivation of environmental

awareness (Kurisu, 2015).

Pro-environmental behavior is reducing and

minimizing behavior that leads to damage to natural

resources at the local and global level. For example,

pollution of waste in the soil (garbage and chemical

The Role of Ascription of Responsibility on Pro Environmental Behavior in Jakarta Communities

2253

contamination), in the water (pollution of rivers and

lake and sea water sources), in the air (gas

emissions, noise and harmful radiation to natural

processes, greenhouse effects and climate change,

acid rain, holes in the ozone layer), or anything that

is harmful to the welfare and health of living things.

In general, when all behavior oriented towards the

maintenance of natural resources is referred to as

environmentally friendly behavior (Bechtel &

Churchmandalam Dzakiyah, 2016). Pro-

environment behavior is a concern, awareness, and

understanding of the consequences that a person has

to protect and protect his environment (Bronfman, et

al, 2015).

Based on the explanation described above, the

researchers concluded that pro-environmental

behavior is reducing behavior that leads to damage

or behavior of the culture of environmental

awareness that understands the consequences of

reducing environmental damage that is owned by an

individual.

2.3 Dimensions of Pro Environmental

Behavior

According to Kaiser (in Bronfman et al., 2015) there

are six dimensions of pro environmental behavior or

Environmental Behavior Subscale (EBS) that have

been identified which consist of:

1. Power Conservation: behavior that focuses

on the efficiency and savings of energy

resources, such as saving household

electricity.

2. Ecologically Aware Consumer behavior:

behavior that focuses more on the selection

of products that are environmentally

friendly to consume, such as choosing food

products from organic ingredients.

3. Biodiversity Protection: behavior that

focuses on protecting biodiversity, such as

picking up trash or cleaning up places

outside the home as before

4. Water Conservation: behavior that focuses

more on minimizing water use or saving

water use.

5. Rational Automobile Use: behavior that

focuses on selecting vehicles to reduce the

impact of pollution and reduce fuel use,

such as choosing to use public

transportation for everyday use.

6. Ecological Waste Management: behavior

that focuses on minimizing the use of goods

that produce waste, such as the use of

plastic.

The Dynamics of the Role of the Ascription of

Responsibility for the Pro-Environmental Behavior

The community is sometimes filled with a sense of

full dependence on the government in protecting the

environment, in which the public believes that the

government is more responsible for protecting the

environment than the community. Even if the

community is filled with a sense of full dependence

on the government in safeguarding the environment,

the community is also expected to not always

depend on the government, but must have its own

responsibility in safeguarding its environment if it

increases its capacity as an individual or as a

member of society (Sujanto, 1996: 173 ) The public

should no longer be able to throw responsibility for

what it receives or for what it does to the

government or other people. Whatever happens to

the environment, either because of the actions of the

people themselves or because of the actions of

others, who are responsible for the community itself.

Based on the explanation above, we can see the

relationship between ascription of responsibility

towards pro-environment behavior in Jakarta society

and as in previous studies which prove that the

assumption of responsibility to protect the

environment, social expectations and the ability to

protect the environment activates individual personal

norms for participate in the waste bank program

where the bank's waste program is included in the

pro-environment behavior. Thus, researchers want to

see the role of ascription of responsibility for pro-

environment behavior in DKI Jakarta residents.

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

This study uses correlational associative research

design, which is research conducted to find the

relationship between one variable with another

variable.

3.2 Research Question

Based on the background that has been explained,

the researcher formulates the following problems:

Is there a role ascription of responsibility for pro-

environment behavior in the people of Jakarta?

Population

The population is an area of generalization of

objects that have the quality and characteristics that

have been determined by the researcher to be studied

and drawn conclusions (Sugiyono, 2013). The

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

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population of this study is Jakarta residents with

characteristics of young men and women up to

middle adulthood (20-65 years). Researchers will

take the population in Jakarta, because based on

IKLH data (2014) the environmental damage

experienced by the city of Jakarta is already in the

alert level.

Sample

In this study, researchers took 80 samples of

participants, with characteristics of young men and

women up to middle-aged adults (20-65 years)

living in the DKI Jakarta area.

Analysis Method

Normality Test

Before testing the hypothesis, normality is tested

first. Test for normality is done using the

Kolmogorov-Smirnov technique. The normality test

in this study is whether the data is normally

distributed or not. Data is normally distributed if

data is significantly higher than 0.05 (Sugiyono,

2013).

Linearity Test

Linearity test is a variable test to see the independent

variable and the dependent variable has a linear or

straight line relationship (Sugiyono, 2013). Linear

testing is the main requirement for regression

testing, meaning that the regression test does not

show a linear relationship, the regression test cannot

be used. The linear test results are seen from the

significant value of> 0.05 which means linear,

whereas if the data has a value of <0.05 it means that

it is not linear.

Correlation Test

Correlation test is used to determine the relationship

between variables in the sample. If the data is

normally distributed then use the Pearson Product

Moment technique. Meanwhile, if the data is not

normally distributed, then use Spearman's non-

parametric technique and the results of the

correlation test if a variable is said to be related if it

has significance <0.05 (Sugiyono, 2013). In the

correlation test assisted by SPSS for Windows 20.0.

And if the significance value is higher than 0.05,

then it can be seen from the Pearson correlation that

must be higher than r table.

Hypothesis Test

In this study, hypothesis testing is done by simple

regression test. Regression analysis is used to predict

how far the value of the dependent variable changes

when the independent value is manipulated or

changed or raised down (Sugiyono, 2013).

Simple Regression Test

Simple regression testing is based on the functional

or causal relationship of one independent variable

with one dependent variable (Sugiyono, 2003).

Simple regression testing is done once. Regression

test was carried out between Ascriptiom of

Responsibility variables on pro-environmental

behavior. The researcher uses a simple regression

test to determine whether there is a significant effect

of the Ascriptiom of Responsibility variable on the

pro-environment behavior variables. The equation is

as follows:

Y = a + bX

Information:

Y = Ascriptiom of Responsibility

X = Pro-environmental behavior

Research Result

In this chapter the researcher explains the results

obtained from the study. The results of the study

were obtained from questionnaire data processing

using Microsoft Ecxel and SPSS programs.

1.1 General Overview of Respondents

The number of subjects in the study was 332.

Subjects in this study were individuals who lived in

Jakarta and had ages 21-65 years. The following is a

description of the research subject's demographic

data:

Table 1: Demographics in general

Demographic

Sum

Percentage

Age

21-30 years

31-40 years

41-50 years

51-60 years

<60 years

Gender

Man

Woman

Residence

Jakarta

North Jakarta

East Jakarta

Central Jakarta

South Jakarta

west Jakarta

292

125

207

270

88%

5,7%

4,2%

1,5%

0,6%

37,7%

62,3%

81,3%

2,7%

3,9%

1,8%

1,2%

In this study, most of the subjects were women with

a percentage of 62.7%, while the highest age was

aged 21 years to 30 years with a percentage of 88%

and most of them lived in Jakarta without explaining

which part of Jakarta was 81, 3%.

The Role of Ascription of Responsibility on Pro Environmental Behavior in Jakarta Communities

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4 RESEARCH DATA RESULTS

Normality test

Table 2: Correlations

Ascription Of

Responsibility GEBS

Ascription Of

Responsibility

Pearson

Correlation

1 .307

Sig. (2-tailed) .006

N 80 80

GEBS Pearson

Correlation

.307

Sig. (2-tailed) .006

N 80 80

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-

tailed).

The normality test in this study was conducted to

find out whether the data obtained was normally

distributed or not. Data that is normally distributed if

significant data> 0.05 (Sugiyono, 2013). The

normality test is done using Kolmogorov-Smirnov

technique with the help of SPSS 20.0 for Windows

software.

Variable Normality

Table 3: Normality test

One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

Unstandardized Residual

N 80

Normal

Parameters

Mean .0000000

Std. Deviation 13.25968989

Most Extreme

Differences

Absolute .077

Positive .077

Negative -.049

Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z .687

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .734

a. Test distribution is Normal.

Based on the results of the normality test in table

4.1 above, it is known that the significance value is

0.734> 0.05, so it can be concluded that the residual

value is normally distributed.

Linearity Test

The next stage is the linearity test which is a variable

test to see the independent variable and the

dependent variable has a linear or straight line

relationship (Sugiyono, 2013). In this study using

the person product moment using SPSS Windows

20.0. The linear test results are seen from the

significant value of> 0.05 which means linear,

whereas if the data has a value of <0.05 it means that

it is not linear. Here are the results of SPSS

processing:

Table 4: Linearity test

ANOVA Table

Sum of

Squares Df

Mean

Square F Sig.

GEBS *

Ascripti

on Of

Respons

ibility

Betw

een

Grou

(Combine

4118.15

11 374.377 2.269 .020

Linearity 1449.81

1449.81

8.786 .004

Deviation

from

Linearity

2668.33

10 266.833 1.617 .120

Within Groups 11221.4

68 165.021

Total 15339.5

Model Summary

Mode

l R

Square

Adjusted R

Square

Std. Error

of the

Estimate

.307

.095 .083 13.34442

a. Predictors: (Constant), Ascription Of

Responsibility

Based on the results of the linearity test in table 4.2,

it is known that the value of sig. deviation from

linearity is 0.120> 0.05, so it can be concluded that

there is a linear relationship between Ascription Of

Responsibility and Pro Environmental Behavior.

Because the significance value is above 0.05, the

Pearson correlation must be compared with r table.

If the Pearson correlation> r table = relates. And if

the Pearson correlation <r table = is not related.

Known r table = 0.2159 and Pearson correlation is

0.307. Then it can be said that the Pearson

correlation> r table = relates. And it can be

concluded that the Ascription Of Responsibility is

positively related to the Environmental Pro Behavior

(GEBS) with a low degree of correlation.

Regression Test

Researchers used a simple regression test to test the

research hypothesis whether the Ascription of

Responsibility significantly contributed to pro-

environmental behavior in the Jakarta community. In

addition, a regression test is used to determine the

value of R-Square as a percentage of the variance of

independent variables on pro-environment behavior.

Here are the results of the calculation:

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Table 5: Test of ascription of responsibility

hypothesis of pro-environmental behavior

Entered / Removed Variables

Model

Variables

Entered

Variables

Removed Method

1 Ascription Of

Responsibility

. Enter

a. All requested variables entered.

b. Dependent Variable: GEBS

The table above describes the variables entered and

the methods used. In this case the variable entered is

the Ascription Of Responsibility variable as the

Independent variable and the pro-environment

behavior (GEBS) as the Dependent variable and the

method used is the Enter method.

ANOVA

Model

Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig.

1 Regression

1449.819 1 1449.819 8.142 .006

Residual 13889.731 78 178.073

Total 15339.550 79

a. Predictors: (Constant), Ascription Of

Responsibility

b. Dependent Variable: GEBS

The table above explains the correlation value (R)

that is equal to 0.307. And the output obtained by

the coefficient of determination (R Square) of 0.095,

which implies that the effect of the independent

variable (Ascription Of Responsibility) on the

dependent variable (pro-environmental behavior) is

equal to 09.5%.

From the output it is known that the F value count =

8.142 with a significance level of 0.006> 0.05, then

the regression model can be used to predict the

variables of pro-environment behavior or in other

words there is influence / relationship variable

Ascription Of Responsibility (X) on behavior

variables pro-environment (y) but the relationship is

not very significant.

Coefficients

Model

Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t Sig. B Std. Error Beta

1 (Consta

nt)

56.059 15.411

3.638 .000

Ascripti

on Of

Respons

ibility

1.820 .638 .307 2.853 .006

a. Dependent

Variable: GEBS

The Constant value (a) is 56,059, while the

Ascription of Responsibility (b / regression

coefficient) is 1,820, so the regression can be

written:

Y = a + bX

Y = 56,059 + 1,820

can be translated:

• The constant is 56,059, which means that the

variable value of Performance is 56,059

• The regression coefficient X of 1.820 states that for

each addition of 1% of the Ascription Of

Responsibility value, the value of pro-environmental

behavior increases by 1.820. The regression

coefficient is positive, so it can be said that the

direction of influence / relationship of variable X to

Y is positive.

5 CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the analysis carried out by

researchers it was found that the Ascription Of

Responsibility correlates with pro-environment

behavior. Which is known r table = 0.2159 and

Pearson correlation is 0.307. Then it can be said that

the Pearson correlation> r table = relates. And it can

be concluded that the Ascription Of Responsibility is

positively related to the Environmental Pro Behavior

(GEBS) with a low degree of correlation.

Jakarta people who have an Ascription Of

Responsibility can have good pro-environment

behavior, so that with the good pro-environment

behavior that is owned by the community, it can

help the Government in maintaining the

sustainability and environmental cleanliness of the

City of Jakarta.

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