Conflict Management in Forest Resouces in West Java and West

Kalimantan, Indonesia

Rita Rahmawati

, Denny Hernawan

, Beddy Iriawan Maksudi

, Arya Hadi Dharmawan

Dudung Darusman

and Rilus Kinseng

Djuanda University, Bogor

Bogor Agricultural University

Keywords: Forest Management, Conflict, Dayak Iban, Kasepuhan Community

Abstract: Forest resources are very important for the Indonesian economy, as well as for livelihood of communities

whose depend on to the forest and many parties which is interested to the forest. So that land use issues among

many parties became main problem in forest management conflicts, including concessions, plantations,

protected areas and subsistence forest communities. The research aims to describe characteristic of conflict,

to analyse impact of conflict to forest management, and to design model of conflict management based on

cultural community. The research used qualitative approach and Case study method. Informants of the

research are Dayak Iban Community in West Kalimantan, and Kasepuhan Community in West Java,

Indonesia. The result of the research found that there are many type of conflict in West Kalimantan and West

Java .In conflict situation, it is required many prerequisite conditions that must be achieved to manage the

conflict. It should be established a collaborative management between government and communities, putting

the community as a partner and local government intervention to provide a way poverty out.

1 INTRODUCTION

Forest resources are very important for the Indonesian

economy, as well as for livelihood of communities

whose depend on to the forest. In 1960, The

Indonesian government declared that all natural

resources are subject controlled and managed by The

State (Basic Agrarian Law, Statute 160, Number 104,

Law Number 5). Based on these regulations, the

government may establish an area for a conservation

area or for the utilization of natural resources. In the

late 1960s, Suharto (President of Indonesia, 1966-

1998) has partitioned the outside islands territory of

the Sumatra Island, Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo)

and Irian Jaya, and given the right to industrial

extraction of logging companies in nearly 80% of

forest area (Broad & John Cavanagh, 1994).

Our satellite, Geographic Information System,

and ﬁeld-based analyses show that from 1985 to

2001, Kalimantan’s protected lowland forests

declined by more than 56% (

 29,000 square kilo-

meters). Even uninhabited frontier parks are logged

to supply international markets. “Protected” forests

have become increasingly isolated and deforested and

their buffer zones degraded. Preserving the ecological

integrity of Kalimantan’s rainforests requires

immediate transnational management (Curran et al.,

2004). Logging companies are given leases for a

period of 35 years, after which time they could renew

the contract or leave the ground. Over time, with a

abandoned lease, barren area has been transformed

into industrial plantations, especially oil palm

monocultures. Nearly 25% of land in West

Kalimantan, for example, is allocated for the

plantation industry in 2002 (Curran et al., 2004). The

government policy has put local communities in

conflict with government including concession

holder.

In other cases, government policy on forest

conservation also lead to conflict, for example, the

issuance of the decision of the Minister of Forestry

No.175/Kpts-II/2003, which is a function of changes

in the ex corporate (Perum Perhutani) or protected

forests and limited production forests around

Halimun Salak Mountain national Park (TNGHS)

into a single entity as the national park (conservation

area). This policy aims to preserve forests, but putting

local community in conflict. Because this policy has

Rahmawati, R., Hernawan, D., Maksudi, B., Dharmawan, A., Darusman, D. and Kinseng, R.

Conﬂict Management in Forest Resouces in West Java and West Kalimantan, Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0009940821992209

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 2199-2209

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

2199

eliminated the rights of local communities to utilize

forest land.

Land use issues among many parties, including

concessions, plantations, protected areas, subsistence

communities, and transmigration, always find

themselves in situations of conflict. Traditional

customary rights of resource rights is determined and

controlled by people without formal title. It is only

recognized to the extent they do not conflict with

national law. Under the Basic Agrarian Law, all of

land should be registered, and land without title are

assumed to belong to the state (MacAndrews C.,

1986). Both in the concession area as well as

conservation, a number of local communities retain

land rights. However, these rights are rarely enforced

(Barber CV, 1998), and the public is left to negotiate

a more concrete about the protection of their own

land. Local residents are not allowed to cut timber in

block logging, this right is provided solely for the

concession or government, while land claims by

indigenous people without proof of ownership

correspondence could not be justified. Even,

Indigenous people could expelled from the his own

land that have been claimed for decades and became

source of their livelihood.

Indigenous Peoples in Indonesia is currently

facing various problems, such as seizure of

homelands and natural resources, poverty,

criminalization, conflict, human rights violations and

others. In various regions occur practices of violating

the rights of indigenous peoples, even there is no

freedom for embracing the original of religion.

Traditional law enforcement and traditional art and

culture improvement are often violated, ignored and

criminalized (Rahmawati, 2012).

However, the conflict between government

including concession and the community has caused

the great shock for the community where, on one side,

the anger some people had led to the deforestation

and, on the other side, it has caused changing of

livelihood, institutional, and cultural norms and

thought to changing of the order of population.

Indicators of these changing can be seen from

changes in food system, livelihood systems, capital,

social, and patterns of population distribution,

improved rate of migration from rural to urban areas,

and other changes in social structures.

There is inconsistencies of the Indonesian forestry

policy which Government is more pro-rich

businessman and negated the local poor

communities. It has became the source of conflict in

forestry sector. CMO Connor see any inconsistency

between policy of the official land use and the actual

results in the forest areas has been around for several

decades. These inconsistencies may represent

conflicting priorities, lacking of information or poor

communication, but in practice they allow the

government to claim the forest as long as it's really

keeping the forest and its people, while For elite

profit business, Government has put the local

communities and the environment as a victim.

The research aims to describe characteristic of

conflict, the impact of conflict to the forest

management and to design model of conflict

management based on cultural community.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Conflict theory is a theory considering that social

change does not occur through the process of

adjusting the values, but occurs due to conflicts that

produce compromises that are different from the

original conditions (Raho B, 2007).

In Dahrendorf's view, society has two faces. One

is consensus, the other is conflict, depend on time

(Turner JH, 1998), (Ritzer G & DJ, 2004). Therefore

sociology theory must be divided into two parts,

conflict theory and consensus theory. Consensus

theorists must examine value integration in society,

while conflict theorists must examine the conflicts of

interest and cohesion that unite society under these

pressures. Dahrendorf began with, and was strongly

influenced by structural functionalism. He stated that

according to functionalism, the social system is

united by voluntary cooperation, or by mutual

consensus, or both. But, according to conflict

theorists (or coercion theorists), society is united by

"forced of freedom". Thus, certain positions in

society delegate power and authority to other

positions. This fact of social life led Dahrendorf to his

central thesis that the difference in the distribution of

authority has always been a determining factor in

systematic social conflict (Ritzer G & DJ, 2004).

Furthermore, Ritzer G & DJ, (2004) suggested that

Dahrendorf focused his attention on the larger social

structure which became the core of his thesis: "that

various positions in society had different qualities of

authority". Dahrendorf was not only interested in the

structure of the position, but also in the conflict

between the various structures of the position.

Dahrendorf argued that ownership of the means of

production is only one of the factors that are sources

of conflict (Kinseng RA, 2013). According to

Dahrendorf, the real source of conflict is power or

authority. Ownership of production means is one of

the more common forms of class and conflict

determinants, namely authority. "Authority is the

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more general social relations"(Dahrendorf, 1963).

Furthermore, it is said that "The authority structure of

entire societies as well as particular institutional

orders is within societies (such as industry) ... is the

structural determinant of class formation and class

conflict" (Dahrendorf, 1963). Dahrendorf believes

that there is a tendency that attaches to the community

to conflict; because those who have power will pursue

their interests, while those who do not have power

also pursue their interests. In fact, the interests of both

parties are contradictory. That is the source of

conflict. Therefore, for Dahrendorf "Power is a

lasting source of friction" (RA & Wolf, 2006).

For Dahrendorf , the division of authority is the

key to understanding social conflict. Authority does

not lie within the individual, but in position.

Authority is created by the expectation of certain

types of actions related to a particular position,

including the subordination of others and

subordination to others. Various positions of power

are in the association. The error lines that appear

around the locus are competing for authority to

produce conflicting groups. Conflicts between these

groups include their interactions, with the result that

authority is often challenged and tenuous (Ritzer G &

DJ, 2004).

In the context of forestry conflict, conflicts are

involving indigenous peoples and the state. In this

case, the conflict is social conflict, namely a struggle

for values and claims on the status of power and

resources that can fulfill positive functions. Conflict

can be said as a struggle for value and claim for power

(authority). In the context of the struggle for forest

resources, conflict can be defined as a struggle for

control of forest resources and claims for ownership

or tenure rights of forest areas.

In every social conflict, it is caused by the struggle

for resources, always involves the role of institutional

rules as strategic resources, especially in distribution

conflicts (Knight J, 1992). In this context, it is

possible to see the effects of institutional enforcement

mechanisms that underlie the changes of institutional

design as a response to conflict. Institutional changes

occur because of some social actors depend on

informal rules, but these actors may turn to state

institutions to strengthen their interests.

The cause of resource conflicts between the

community and the state can come from various

factors, one of them is the existence of institutional

changes made by the state that caused directly or

indirectly conflict with adat institutions. After the

state became the focal point for conflict over

institutional changes, state institutions became a

source of new conflict (Knight J, 1992). It is

happened because these state institutions are involved

in competing authorities in creating state institutions/

rules, where state regulations are based on political

competition that influences the distribution of

authority in state decision-making. The source of this

new conflict can significantly complicate the

underlying bargaining for institutional change.

Furthermore, the conflict over formal institutional

change depends in part on conflict over political

institutions (Knight J, 1992). This will be a problem

among the conflicting actors because of uncertainty

about the institutional future, which can significantly

affect institutional profits in the political arena. If

political uncertainty is high, the strategic actors will

be faced with two choices, namely on the one hand it

is required to design an institutional arrangement that

minimizes the distribution effect of hope, while on the

other hand it must be able to design institutions that

can be easily changed.

Based on the above explanation regarding the

definition of conflict and the causes of conflict, it can

be said that forest resource conflicts occur because of

the clash of forest institutions designed by the state

with community institutions that have existed for a

long time. Conflict occurs because state institutions

do not purely reflect the interests of the state to

prosper the people, but there are other interests

(global economy and politics), where state

institutions are the result of the struggle for authority

between state actors and political institutions.

In institutional arrangements for forest resources,

not only reflects the attractiveness of interests

between various state institutions, social, economic

and political interests, it is not uncommon to also

involve the struggle for state interests and economic

actors. North DC (1981) analysis of the conflict

between the state and the owner of economic

resources, shows that both have the same interest in

community property rights. Economics actors want to

establish rights that provide distribution benefits in

economic interactions. State actors want to establish

rights that strengthen the interests of the state, namely

the interests of economic income and political

interests in maintaining aggregate growth rates to

satisfy social actors in order to maintain power.

North's analysis further explained that the country's

interests could increase the inefficiency of social

institutions. In reality, there are many situations in

which the interests of the state will create institutional

rules that are more efficient than those desired by

private actors. The cause of resource conflicts

between the community and the state can come from

various factors, one of which is the existence of

institutional changes made by the state that directly or

Conﬂict Management in Forest Resouces in West Java and West Kalimantan, Indonesia

2201

indirectly conflict with adat institutions. Knight J

(1992) further explained that after the state became

the focal point for conflict over institutional changes,

state institutions became a source of new conflict.

This happens because these state institutions are

involved in competing authorities in creating state

institutions / rules, where state regulations are based

on political competition that influences the

distribution of authority in state decision-making. The

source of this new conflict can significantly

complicate the underlying bargaining for institutional

change.

The conflict over formal institutional change

depends in part on conflict over political institutions

(Knight J, 1992). This will be a problem among the

conflicting actors because of uncertainty about the

institutional future, which can significantly affect

institutional profits in the political arena. If political

uncertainty is high, the strategic actors will be faced

with two choices, namely on the one hand it is

required to design an institutional arrangement that

minimizes the distribution effect of hope, while on the

other hand it must be able to design institutions that

can be easily changed.

Based on the above explanation regarding the

definition of conflict and the causes of conflict, it can

be said that forest resource conflicts occur because of

the clash of forest institutions designed by the state

with community institutions that have existed for a

long time. Conflict occurs because state institutions

do not purely reflect the interests of the state to

prosper the people, but there are other interests

(global economy and politics), where state

institutions are the result of the struggle for authority

between state actors and political institutions.

In institutional arrangements for forest resources,

not only reflects the attractiveness of interests

between various state institutions, social, economic

and political interests, it is not uncommon to also

involve the struggle for state interests and economic

actors. The result of analysis of the conflict between

the state and the owner of economic resources,

showed that both have the same interest in

community property rights (North DC, 1981).

Economics actors want to establish rights that provide

distribution benefits in economic interactions. State

actors want to establish rights that strengthen the

interests of the state, namely the interests of economic

income and political interests in maintaining

aggregate growth rates to satisfy social actors in order

to maintain power. North's analysis further explained

that the country's interests could increase the

inefficiency of social institutions. In reality, there are

many situations in which the interests of the state will

create institutional rules that are more efficient than

those desired by private actors.

The thick global political and economic interests

in the institution of forest regulation have caused the

forest to be a source of conflict. Although forest

management always contains the principles of

enhancing forest welfare and sustainability, the facts

throughout its management and management history

show that forests only enhance the welfare of a small

group of people through a power political mechanism

that is oriented to the interests of a handful of political

elites and community capital owners. Forest

management systems that only rely on political

interests that are power-oriented have actually

tormented most people through forest management

systems that are full of collusion (Iskandar U dan

Nuraha A., 2004), corruption and nepotism practices

while ignoring the principles of forest sustainability,

resulting in various disasters, including: floods and

landslides in the rainy season and drought in the dry

season.

Forest resource conflicts have an impact on forest

destruction and the occurrence of various disasters

(Iskandar U dan Nuraha A., 2004). In some forest

areas, forests are found to experience a very high

level of damage where domination is carried out by

authorities (both state and employers) involving local

(adat) communities in forest exploitation activities.

When forests become a commodity where

entrepreneurs and countries become the main actors

in exploiting forests, local communities who

previously worked to preserve forests through their

customary institutions, began to change and

participate in the destruction of the forest, by

becoming workers of entrepreneurs. As found in

McCarthy's study, in the forest destruction activities,

especially the case of illegal logging involves the

existence of indigenous people. Local communities

involved in illegal logging are usually paid for the

contribution of their work and not as a function of the

timber market value (McCarthy JF, 2000), (Yonariza,

2007). Based on this explanation, it can be said that

institutional changes in forest management can cause

two causes, namely forest damage on the one hand

and changes in institutions and social organizations

on the other.

Resource conflicts can be resolved through:

conflict management; conflict resolution and conflict

transformation. Conflict management is a variety of

ways by which people handle clashes of right and

wrong, example: ridicule, lynching, terrorism,

warfare, feuding, genocide, law, mediation and

avoidance. Which is the form of conflict is social

structure or social geometry of the case. Conflict

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2202

resolution is developing and offering a range of

alternative approaches for handling disputes non-

violently and effectively. The methods might include

customary or traditional methods, joint problem

solving, negotiation, mediation, arbitration. Conflict

transformation is achieving positive peace: ending

violence and changing negative relationships

between conflicting parties, changing the political,

social or economic structures that cause negative

relationships, empowering people to become

involved in non-violent change processes, and

helping build sustainable conditions for peace and

justice.

Based on the opinion that the resolution of

conflicts can be done in various ways. Management

conflicts are used to handle conflicts about right and

wrong. In solving this conflict, it does not always

have to achieve a win-win solution, but how to

control the conflict. If it can be mediated, mediation

is done, but if it cannot, then avoidance is done so that

the conflict does not become brutal.

If the conflict is characterized by non-violent

conflict, then it can be resolved by means of conflict

resolution, namely through the way of mediation,

negotiation, settlement of the problem together by the

conflicting parties. But if the conflict characterizes

violence, conflict resolution can be done by changing

negative relations into positive peace. This can be

done by changing the political, social or economic

structure that causes negative relations and empowers

people to engage in non-violent change, helping to

build a sustainable condition of peace and justice.

3 RESEARCH METHOD

The study is done by referring to the constructivism

paradigm (NK & Lincoln, 2000). Ontologically,

constructivism is built over three main propositions.

First, structures that form behaviour of actors,

individuals and institutions consist of material,

normative, and idealistic aspects. Second, interest

does not describe standard series of preferences but

products of the actors’ identity. Third, structures and

agents define one another.

The study used a qualitative approach with the

focus on the ecological adaptation and livelihood

strategy. It stressed on defining the meaning of

findings or facts that are deconstructed based on

subjective perspective of the researcher. A history

analysis is conducted to define description,

understanding and to explain a complex phenomenon

in factorial relation, pattern, and configuration.

This paper is the result of the research taking on

the case in two locations, namely: (1) Mount Halimun

Salak National Park in Bogor Regency, Sukabumi

Regency, and Lebak Regency, West Java Province

and Banten Province. There is Kasepuhan traditional

community in this location. (2) Sungai Utik

Putussibau Forest, Kapuas Hulu Regency, West

Kalimantan Province. There is Dayak Iban

traditional community in this location.

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The phenomenon of conflicts of natural resources

(natural resources, conflict) are the ecological issues

instrumentally become "field of study" of the human

ecology, which is difficult to replace by other

disciplines. In the study of conflicts of natural

resources, it is involved the analysis of the normative

ethics of human ecology which has been used as

instrumental to understand it. There are many other

agenda and still being finalized by the scholars of

human ecology at this time, such as the ethnic

survival problems, cultural survival, local knowledge

against the exploitative capitalist paradigm of nature.

Also, transforming of the thinking problem from

natural rationalism-utilitarianism toward to the eco-

social Rationality (Dharmawan AH, 2006).

Dharmawan AH (2006) argues that in

understanding the survival mechanisms of the

community, evolutionism concept of Darwinian has

led to human ecology at the level of intense attention

on the mechanics of engineering and technology

infrastructure of social organization. The two most

important pillars of the adaptation mechanism are to

fill the cultural dimensions (way of thinking on

nature) in the human ecological system. Theoretical

investigation continues and touches the problems of

logical consequence of the convergence and intensive

intersection of the dimension of "culture" and

"nature" in an ecological system. At this point, a

theoretical investigation is aimed to searching

answers about the "social roots of ecological change"

or "ideational factors affecting the nature". The idea

for finding a pragmatic solution of the critical issues

of the interaction result between "culture" and

"nature" has led a number of ecological thinkers in

politics area.

By taking the exemplary case of Kasepuhan

community and Dayak Iban community, it is

described that the local community (indigenous

people in Indonesia) is currently facing various

problems, it is not only about seizure of homelands

and natural resources, but also about poverty,

Conﬂict Management in Forest Resouces in West Java and West Kalimantan, Indonesia

2203

criminalization, conflict, human rights violations and

modernization. The main problem is a conflict

between local community and government including

company.

4.1 Characteristic of Conflict

The problems come from seizure of natural resources.

Sungai Utik is the rich area for timber. The tribal area

of the Sungai Utik is home for 67 plant species,

mostly meranti, kelasau, resak, tekam and kelampai.

Logs from these species are of very high commercial

and economic value. Because of this condition,

central government has establised forest utilization

permits namely Business License Timber

Management (IUPHHK) on behalf of PT. BRW by

the policy of Minister of Forestry number

268/Menhut-II/2004 for 45 years period with TPTI

pattern for an area of 110 500 hectares. Even if the

condition of the company is not active, but has not

revoked its business license until now. Local

governments of Kapuas Hulu issuing plantation

business license (IUP) to PT. MKA, PT. BSA, PT.

RU, PT. BTJ within 20 years periods. Location for

IUP is located at the same location for IUPHHK. So

at the same time, there are 2 kind of business license

in local communities land. Conflict between

commnity and goverment including company are

unavoidable.

Differences with the Dayak Iban community,

Kasepuhan community has conflict problem with the

government. Actually both of government and

community have the same aim for conservation, and

the same ideology of environmental conservation.

However, the applied of preservation government

concept has negated local community livelihood.

Since the issuance of Decree of the Minister of

Forestry Number 175/Kpts-II/2003 about the

Appointment of National Park Mountain and Change

Function of Protected Forest Area, Permanent

Production Forest, Limited Production Forests in

Mount Halimun Salak Forest with an area coverage

of 113.357 hectares in West Java and Banten

Provinces has become the Mount Halimun Salak

National Park. Since then the area coverage of Mount

Halimun Salak National Park has expanded

approximately to 113,357 ha. Since this regulation

law was issued, there were approximately 300

villages being entered to the National Park territory,

including settlements and arable land of Sinar Resmi

Village. The consequences of this expansion of the

National Park has caused loss of access rights of local

communities including Kasepuhan community to

work on agricultural land in where they have been

living for long time. This condition puts Kasepuhan

community in conflict with Mount Halimun Salak

National Park (TNGHS), mainly because the local

communities have lost access to land rights and they

require to adapt to the new policy in terms of

livelihood, while the traditional institution does not

justify other types of livelihood rather than farming

on the land appointed by traditional institution in a

customary manner.

Both of Kasepuhan community and dayak Iban

community is facing conflict with various parties;

community, government (central and local

government, including companies. A situation of

competition in which the parties are aware of the

incompatibility of potential future positions

(including incompatibility between ideologies) and in

which each party wishes to occupy a position that is

incompatible with the wishes of the other. The

conflict is a social conflict which is a struggle over

values or claims to status, power, and scarce

resources, in which the aims of the conflict groups are

not only to gain the desired values, but also to

neutralize, injure, or eliminate rivals. Characteristic

of the conflict in Halimun Salak Mountain National

Park (Kasepuhan community) and Sungai Utik Forest

(Dayak Iban community) can be explored as below:

Table 1: Characteristic of Conflict in Sungai Utik Forest

In Sungai Utik forest, conflict is happened

between local community and government (central

and local government) including concession holder.

In this case, to resolve the problem, government

stopped the activity and letting conflict between

community and concession holder. Finally,

concession holder walk out from this area, but the

licence is still belonging to them.

Actually, characteristic of conflict in Halimun

Salak Mountain National Park is the same with the

Sungai Utik Forest, but in this area, conflict happened

between local community and National Park (central

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

2204

government), while the local government has given

support to local community to gaint the National

Park. In this area, there are company utilizing forest

for gold mining and tea plantation company. But in

this case, local community has no direct interest to the

company. Conflict happened because local

community has no longer access to utilize their land

claimed by government as national park areas.

4.2 The Impact of Conflict to the

Forest Management

The impact of conflict to local communities

(Kasepuhan community and Dayak Iban community)

has shown 2 (two) level, namely: group level and

individual level. Both of group and individual level

has shown the positive and the negative impact.

Table 2: The Impact Of Conflict At The Group Level in

Kasepuhan Community and Dayak Iban Community

Table 3: The Impact of Conflict at the Individual Level in

Kasepuhan Community and Dayak Iban Community

Conflict of forest resources has an impact on

indigenous peoples, there is a change in adat

institutions and an increase in the ability of

indigenous peoples to adapt to conflict. The conflict

that caused the change in line with Dahrendorf's

authority conflict, as for the conflict that led to an

increase in community adaptation in line with Lewis

Coser's conflict theory.

According to Dahrendorf's proposition that the

more intense the conflict, the greater the level of

structural change and reorganization that occur

(Turner JH, 1998). The more brutal the conflict, the

higher the speed of structural change and the

reorganization that occurs. Based on Dahrendorf's

proposition, it can be said that conflict encourages

institutional change. It's just that when referring to the

Dahrendorf proposition a major change should occur

in the Iban Sungai Utik Dayak Community. But the

fact is that it is the Kasepuhan Community that shows

the phenomenon of structural and institutional

change. One form of change experienced by the

Kasepuhan and Iban Sungai Utik communities is

structural change and institutional change.

One form of change that indigenous peoples have

is the increased ability to adapt to new situations due

to conflict. This is in line with Lewis Coser's thought

that the more a conflict encourages increased

innovation and creativity in units of a social system,

the release of hostility before it polarizes the units of

a social system, encourages the growth of normative

rules of conflict relations, increases awareness of

realistic issues, and an increase in the number of

associative coalitions between social units, the greater

the level of internal social integration of the system as

a whole and the greater its capacity to adapt to the

external environment (Kinseng RA, 2013). Thus it

can be said that if small minor conflicts are allowed

to improve adaptability. In other words, conflict

makes the ability of community resilience to increase

and variation because they become accustomed. The

impact of the conflict on increasing community

resilience occurred in the Kasepuhan Community in

the conflict in GHSNP and the Iban Dayak

Community in the conflict in Sungai Utik Forest.

Based on the phenomenon shown by the

Kasepuhan Community and the Iban Sungai Utik

Dayak Community, it can be said that one of the

impacts of conflict at the group level is resilience.

Conflict causes indigenous peoples to have resilience.

If resilience is defined as the ability of people to

recover quickly from shock, injury etc. Her natural

knowledge helped her to overcome the crisis, so it can

be said that both the Kasepuhan Society and the Iban

Dayak Community have resilience.

In the case of GHSNP, when state institutions

dominated local institutions through state policies on

expanding national parks and crippling adat

institutions, these conditions forced traditional

institutions to change. On the one hand, customary

institutions do not have the ability to take advantage

of forests due to lack of access, but there is an increase

in the ability of communities to adapt to new

conditions due to conflicts with the GHSNP Office.

This ability is more precisely said to be a resilience.

The resilience of the Kasepuhan community is shown

by the ability of the community to avoid attacks by

avoiding open conflict, secretly they still work on the

leuweung arable area while still fighting for access

Conﬂict Management in Forest Resouces in West Java and West Kalimantan, Indonesia

2205

rights to the forest; consolidation ability by gathering

alliances with other Kasepuhan Communities and

forming the "Banten Kidul Indigenous Peoples

Union" (SABAKI), the ability to gain time by

negotiating, re-dialogue about boundary

arrangements, access and even zoning, and the ability

to embrace others by developing the web of its power

by embracing not only with NGOs but with local

governments.

When access to forest resources is limited, and

demands for change from the community increase,

the Kasepuhan community begins to develop other

abilities that can provide access to Kasepuhan in the

local political space, through affiliations that it builds

with local governments or national political elites. In

the Kasepuhan community, the conflict caused

changes and changes were proof that the Kasepuhan

institution had resilience by developing a web of

power whose target was political authority at the local

level.

The Iban Dayak Community is different from the

Kasepuhan Community. They did not avoid attacks

but resisted, by expelling businessmen from the

region, confiscating their heavy equipment and

remaining defending the area. The Iban Dayak

community in the struggle

4.3 Model of Conflict Management

based on Cultural Community

Conflict management is defined as the process of

parties involved in conflict or third parties

formulating conflict strategies and applying them to

control conflicts in order to produce the desired

resolution (Wirawan, 2013). Data Analysis in this

study used the Thomas-Kilmann Method of Conflict

Management Style which divides the conflict

management style according to the level of sensitivity

and cooperation, namely:

a. Conflict Management Style Competition is a

conflict management style that has a high level of

assertiveness with a low level of cooperation. This

style is a power-oriented style, where a person

will use the power he has to win the conflict with

the cost of his opponent.

b. Collective Conflict Management Style is a

conflict management style that has a high level of

assertiveness and high cooperation that aims to

find alternatives, common ground, and fully meet

the expectations of both parties involved in the

conflict.

c. Compromise Conflict Management Style is a

conflict management style that has an

assertiveness level and moderate cooperation

which means dividing the differences between

two positions and providing concessions to find a

midpoint.

d. Avoid Conflict Management Style is a conflict

management style that has a level of assertiveness

and low cooperation so that both parties avoid the

conflict problems that occur.

e. Accommodation Conflict Management Style is a

conflict management style that has a low level of

assertiveness and a high level of cooperation. So

what is done is ignoring its own interests and

trying to satisfy the interests of the opposing

conflict.

Table 4: Conflict Management of the Forest in West Java

Province

Type of Data

Sample

TNGH

Competition

Respondent 165

Scor 5.32

percentage 18%

catagory Moderate

(around 40%-

50% )

Collaboration

Respondent

194

Scor 6.26

percentage 21%

catagory Low (around

25%-30%)

Compromise

Respondent

268

Scor 8.65

percentage 29%

catagory High (around

80%-90%)

Avoidance

Respondent

146

Scor 4.71

percentage 16%

catagory Moderate

(around 30%-

40%)

Accommodat

ion

Respondent

157

Scor 5.06

percentage 17%

catagory Moderate

(around 50%-

60%)

Based on the results of research in the field, it was

found that TNGHS employees responded more and

chose statements that contained Compromise style

conflict management than other conflict management

styles, namely 29% of the total number of statement

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

2206

choices with a total of 268 statement choices,

followed by collaboration style conflict management

21% (194 statement choices), then competition style

conflict management as much as 18% (165 statement

choices), then as much as 17% (157 statement

choices) respondents chose accommodation style

conflict management and the lowest choice was

avoiding 16% style conflict management (146

statement choices).

While the score of conflict management

instrument scores on 31 BTNGHS employee

respondents can be obtained by averaging from the

number of each conflict management style, namely

on competition, collaboration, compromise,

avoidance and accommodation conflict management

with each average value in a sequence of 5.32 , 6.26,

8.65, 4.71, and 5.06. then rounded up to a score of 5

for the conflict management style, a score of 6 for

collaborative conflict management style, a score of 9

for compromise conflict management style, score 5

for avoidance conflict management style, and score 5

also for accommodation conflict management style.

Based on the above recapitulation, it can be

analysed that evenly in West Java is more dominated

by the possibility of compromise conflict

management style choices, because it is in the high

category, namely the range of 80% -90% and above

with GHSNP score of 8.65 (rounded to 9) . Based on

interviews, it was found that the resolution of forestry

conflicts between the government (BTNGHS) with

local communities (custom and non-customary) was

carried out in a compromise so as not to harm anyone,

and the objectives of both parties could be achieved.

However, this agreement has not occurred because it

is allegedly constrained by the absence of mediators

or arbitrators from neutral and independent parties to

resolve conflicts in forest governance in a sustainable

manner.

According to the results of research in West

Kalimantan, it was found that the Regional

Government of West Kalimantan Province also

responded more and chose statements containing

Compromise style conflict management than other

conflict management styles, namely 33% of the total

number of statement choices with a total of 294

statement choices, followed by accommodation style

conflict management as much as 21% (185 statement

choices), then collaboration style conflict

management as much as 17% (157 statement

choices), then as much as 16% (140 statement

choices) respondents chose avoidance style conflict

management and the lowest choice was in style

conflict management 14% competition (124

statement choices).

Conflict is inevitable, because there will always

be in every human life, but when a conflict occurs,

there must be a strategy to resolve the conflict. In the

Forestry Law Number 41 of 1999 in Article 74

paragraph 1 states that the settlement of forestry

disputes can be taken through court or outside the

court based on the voluntary choice of the parties to

the dispute. The second paragraph states that if a

forestry dispute resolution effort has been chosen

outside the court, a lawsuit can be made after a court

does not reach an agreement between the parties to

the dispute

Table 5: Conflict Management of the Forest in West

Kalimantan Province

Type of Data

Sample

TNGH

Competition

Respondent 124

Scor

4,13

percentage

14%

catagory Moderate

(around 30%-

40% )

Collaboration

Respondent

157

Scor

5,23

percentage

17%

catagory Low (around

10%-20%)

Compromise

Respondent

294

Scor

9,80

percentage

33%

catagory High (around

90%-100%)

Avoidance

Respondent

140

Scor

4,67

percentage

16%

catagory Moderate

(around 30%-

40%)

Accommodat

ion

Respondent

185

Scor

6,17

percentage

21%

catagory Moderate

(around 60%-

70%)

The results of the interview in West Java, it can be

showed that The forestry dispute if the community

violates the principle and fatal rules such as illegal

Conﬂict Management in Forest Resouces in West Java and West Kalimantan, Indonesia

2207

logging. The government does not tolerate, if proven

to be directly brought to court. However, in facing

forest cultivators and encroachment for daily life, the

government side handles it preventively through an

approach to the community, providing counselling

and warning letters to the village government and the

residents, if They did not response to, the government

goes directly, and if they still ignored and did not

reach agreement, then forced to go to court in

accordance with the applicable law. In West

Kalimantan the problem was slightly different, the

conflict happened precisely because of government

policies in forest management that overlapped with

the concept of forest conservation according to the

community.

Conflict resolution is generally divided into two,

namely by regulating itself and the existence of third

party interventions. Resolution through self-

regulation occurs if parties involved in the conflict try

to resolve their own conflicts. Whereas conflict

resolution through intervention from third parties

consists of (1) resolution through the courts, (2)

through administrative processes, and (3) alternative

dispute resolution which is divided into three, namely

Mediation, Arbitration and Ombudsman (Wirawan,

2013).

5 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of the research, both in West

Kalimantan and in West Java, the expected resolution

of the conflict was by compromise, but was still

constrained by the absence of independent and

sustainable mediators in resolving the conflict until

they met a common point of agreement. There are

indeed mediators from each party, but the mediator

sides with each of his delegates. Therefore, there are

no serious and focused outside mediators such as

academics and NGOs (non-governmental

organizations) to deal with this conflict on an ongoing

basis to meet the bright spots and agreements and

resolve conflicts completely. This is in line with the

concept of conflict management through Arbitration,

which is a general term of the process of voluntary

conflict resolution where parties involved in the

conflict ask for impartial and impartial third parties to

make decisions about the object of the conflict. The

output of the arbitration decision can be advisory and

not binding or it could be a decision that binds the

parties involved to conflicts.

Solution of conflicts between the government

(GHSNP) with local communities carried out to

compromise, so the objectives of both parties can be

achieved. However, this agreement has not occurred

because it is allegedly constrained by the absence of

mediators or arbitrators from neutral and independent

parties to resolve conflicts in forest governance in a

sustainable manner.

There are many type of conflict in West

Kalimantan and West Java. In conflict situation, it is

required many prerequisite conditions that must be

achieved to manage the conflict. It should be

established a collaborative management between

government and communities, putting the community

as a partner and local government intervention to

provide a way poverty out.

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