Increasing Institutional Capacity in Fishermen Adaptation of Climate

Change

Denny Hernawan

, Y. G. G. Seran

, Berry

Sastrawan

, Afmi Apriliani

, Rita Rahmawati

and M. Lutfi

Faculty of Social and Political Science, Djuanda University, Jalan Tol Ciawi No. 1, Ciawi, Bogor 16720, Indonesia;

School of Postgraduate Studies, Djuanda University, Jalan Tol Ciawi No. 1, Ciawi, Bogor 16720, Indonesia

Keywords: Capacity Building, Fishermen's Institution, Adaptation Pattern, Climate Change, Preliminary Model

Abstract: The aim of the research is to identify and to map climate change effect of fisherman in Indonesia, and to

describe local community adaptation from climate change. This research is a qualitative descriptive study and

used the constructivism paradigm. After the data is obtained, it is used as a discussion material to formulate a

preliminary model of institutional capacity building for fishermen. The result of the research showed that the

understanding and knowledge of fishermen about climate are empirical based on experience and pragmatics

related to the characteristics of weather anomalies, with a relatively low educational background and work

ethic, fishermen in both research locations have a certain capacity to deal with climate change problems. In

general, fishermen make similar adaptation patterns, In particular, fishermen’s adaptation pattern in

Kepulauan Seribu is more comprehensive than Pelabuhan ratu which sometimes still carries out illegal

activities. In the both locations there has been an institutional arrangement consisting of government

institutions. Local institutions in both research locations have sought to increase the capacity of fishermen in

dealing with climate change through training programs, direct program assistance, or fisheries area

management programs so that fisheries resource management can be carried out sustainable.

1 INTRODUCTION

Climate change is an important issue that

concerns many countries. This is related to human

activities that cause climate change and have an

impact on human survival, Climate change has an

impact on various fields of human life, as well as in

the marine and fisheries sector (Nasution, 2009);

(Purnomo, 2010); (Purnomo, 2011). The marine,

coastal and fisheries sector is a sub sector that is very

much affected by climate change.

One of the symptoms of climate change is the

occurrence of changes in rainfall, wind speed, and

waves, changes in the environment and affect the

lives of coastal communities or for those who make a

living as fishermen. whereas climate change is very

influential on fisherman productivity.

Referring to the FAO (Fisheries and

Aquaculture, 2014) it was stated that there was a

global decline in fisheries productivity in 2011 and

2012 in marine waters, namely 82.6 million tons in

2011 and 79.7 million tons in 2012. In two years, 18

the country captures more than an average of one

million tons per year, accounting for more than 76

percent of global marine catches. Eleven of these

countries in Asia are also Russian Federation, which

catch more fish in the Pacific than in the Atlantic.

As a region with a livelihood as a fisherman, the

people of South Sea Coast and Thousand Islands their

lives depend on marine resources and fisheries, which

are open access, meaning that the dependence of

fishermen on marine and fisheries resources is very

high and often have to move according to conditions

wind, and waves, to keep going to sea and get

maximum catch.

Thus climate change has an impact on changes in

fisherman production which will affect the quality of

life of fishermen. Fishermen need more time and cost

to go to sea due to migration or damage to fisheries

habitat and fishing ground. These conditions require

fishermen to be able to adapt (adapt) continuously to

new environmental conditions.

On the other hand, the productivity of fishermen

is also influenced by the culture, institutions, and

local wisdom that exist in the community, both in the

context of empowering fishing communities, and the

development of sustainable marine resources as well

as to increase the independence and self-reliance of

the community. Institutional functions such as

Hernawan, D., Seran, Y., Sastrawan, B., Apriliani, A., Rahmawati, R. and Lutﬁ, M.

Increasing Institutional Capacity in Fishermen Adaptation of Climate Change.

DOI: 10.5220/0009940521752182

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 2175-2182

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

2175

normative functions are to guide and behave in social

relations and their interactions with the social cultural

and ecological environment, and also the regulative

function which is the rules of the game which are

related to fulfilling the needs of household life, to be

both social interaction and control.

Through these two functions, the institutions in

the fishing community are expected to be able to

assist in showing and increasing the capacity and

independence of fishermen in meeting the needs of

life and increasing the sustainability of fishermen's

capacity.

Based on this background, this study aims to

include: (1) Identifying and mapping climate change

symptoms in two water locations (South Sea Coast or

South Sea and Thousand Islands); (2) Identifying and

mapping the existing fishermen institutions; (3)

Identify and map the capacity of fishermen in dealing

with climate change problems; (4) Identify and map

fishermen's adaptation patterns to climate change; (5)

Design a model of institutional capacity building for

fishermen.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

In this study, there are two main concepts developed,

namely institutional strengthening (institutional

development), and adaptation and adaptation

strategies. Both concepts are used to overcome the

problem of climate change. The concept of

institutional development refers to the theory of

(Uphoff N, 1974), that institutional development is to

create or enliven an institution usually in the form of

a formal organization that serves to encourage and

facilitate the process of implementing innovation.

Institutional development is a social engineering.

Institutional strengthening or development is a

deliberate process that systematically guides and

accelerates the pace of social change. Institutional

development is one model that focuses on the role of

organizations that contribute to development goals.

According to Saul M. Katz in Joseph W. Eaton

(1986), that the construction of institutions involves

four propositions, three initial propositions and one

new argument, namely:

The first postulate is that guided social change

(development) is generally driven by the deliberate

introduction of physical and social renewal.

According to Joseph Schumpeter, renewal is the

application of new techniques to production and

distribution as a source for economic development. In

the social field, the accumulation of renewal can be

seen as the core of social change.

The second argument is that the renewal

influences and is influenced by values, norms and

attitudes, and real behavior that occurs not by chance

but is planned and taken into account. The third

argument is that deliberate dissemination generally

occurs through formal organizations. Modern

economic life places special emphasis on formal

organizations that allow task specialization and

exchange of goods and services. This makes it

feasible for people to carry out complicated work,

relating and establishing / achieving common goals.

The fourth argument is that the view in terms of

the system towards the organization is a framework

that is useful for making portrayals and arrangements.

The system is a collection of elements that have

regular and repetitive relationship patterns that are

focused on recognizable goals or objectives. This

system is a building that is interrelated which

provides a method to categorize, abstract and

organize data about human behavior and study

relationships between them. The system view

suggests three dimensions of analysis: recognizable

goal, Sub system to carry out functions, the

relationship between the organization and the

environment (Eaton, 1986).

The second concept is the concept of adaptation

and adaptation strategies. adaptation is needed by

fishermen in order to deal with climate change that

makes their livelihood activities disrupted. According

to (Widiyanto, 2010), the ability to adapt is as an

effort to create sustainable livelihoods that must be

able to: (1) adapt to shock and pressure, (2) maintain

the capabilities and assets owned, (3) guarantee life

for the next generation (Chambers R and Conway G,

1992). The meaning of sustainable livelihood is not

only economically but also ecologically and socially.

Adaptation strategy approach is an approach

introduced by (Cahyadi, 1997). Through this

approach, we will see how local communities

implement adaptation strategies and how they adapt.

Adaptation developed is the result of changes to

occur. The adaptation behavior they develop will be

seen as choices of appropriate actions that are

appropriate to the social, cultural, political, economic

and ecological environment.

3 RESEARCH METHOD

This research is a descriptive qualitative research and

uses constructivism paradigm. According to (Denzin

NK and & Lincoln, 2000) constructivism is a relative,

transactionalist / subjective paradigm. Judging from

the aspect of ontologism, constructivism sees reality

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2176

as a social construction. The truth of reality is relative,

applies according to the specific context that is

considered relevant by social actors. Viewed from the

aspect of epistemology, constructivism is

Transactionalist / subjectivist, making discoveries

where the understanding of a reality or the findings of

a research is the product of the interaction of the

researcher with the researched.

The use of constructivism paradigm and

qualitative research methods suitable for use in this

study considering the data needed is data need

assessment and design of the initial stage model.

Need assessment is needed to identify and map

climate change symptoms in waters in two locations

(South Sea Coast or South Sea and Thousand

Islands), and identify and map existing fishermen

institutions. After the data is obtained, it is used as a

discussion material to formulate a model of

institutional capacity building for fishermen.

The source of the data is through literature studies

and field studies. Literature study through (reference

studies, journals, and supporting documents) relating

to fishing adaptation strategies and institutional

capacity building for fishermen, while field studies

through observation techniques, through interviews,

and the implementation of FGD (Focus Group

Discussion) consisting of representatives of

Fishermen, local government officials such as

representatives from the kelurahan, sub-district,

NGO, and The marine Office.

This research conducted in two sites namely:

Palabuhanratu and Kepulauan Seribu. in these

locations, there are fisherman community. Based on

data of this research, it is known that in these

locations there are climate change symptoms. The

adaptation of fisherman in two location are highlight

of the research.

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Review of institutional research in is focused on five

aspects, namely: the fisherman's knowledge about the

symptoms of climate change, fishing capacity in

dealing with the problem of climate change, the

patterns of fishing to climate change adaptation,

institutional capacity There are local, and local

institutional Capabilities that exist in the fishing

capacity in the face of climate change. Based on the

results of the analysis of the institutional aspects of

the fifth then retrieved several important conclusions

from this first year of research, namely:

1. Understanding and knowledge of fishermen about

climate change are relatively the same on both

sites. The knowledge and understanding they are

empirical and pragmatic experience based upon

the characteristics of weather anomalies;

2. Against the background of a relatively low

education, work ethic and a certain degree of

rationality to survive as well as the efficient and

rational degree then the fishermen at both

locations a certain capacity to research problems

climate change in a way of building social,

cultural relations, community and their Habitat;

3. In General, fishermen do relatively the same

adaptation patterns i.e. temporarily switched

professions such as construction laborers,

farmers, miners, fishermen, anglers etc but still

work as a fisherman is the main occupation;

4. Specific patterns of adapasi thousand islands

fishermen more comprehensive (cultivation and

utilization technology) than the harbor Queen

who sometimes still doing illegal activities;

5. At both locations there have been institutional

arrangement consisting of government agencies

(Agencies and Office of vertical areas), a semi-

official institutions, and group or gathering.

Among these institutions there are hooks

(linkage) are clearly related to budget allocation

(grant) as well as the program or activity;

6. Local location on both institutional research has

sought fishing capacity in the face of climate

change through training programs, help direct

program, or area of fisheries management

programs in order to make resource management

fishing can be done in a sustainable way.

In addition, the study also focused on how to

conduct Institutional capacity development that

includes several sub points, namely: human resources

development, environmental management,

optimization of utilization of natural resources, and

increased access to capital . Based on the results of

the FGD who conducted research at both locations

retrieved a number of important information that is

relevant, namely:

4.1 The Development of Human

Resources

The development of human resources in two location

can be distinguished as follows:

1. Kepulauan Seribu:

• Fishermen's weaknesses is a pattern of thought

that is still narrow, because what the mindset

in this day should be spent or only for the

fulfillment of the needs of the moment. This is

indeed based on the factors education, culture

in the community.

Increasing Institutional Capacity in Fishermen Adaptation of Climate Change

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• The Kepulauan Seribu community mindset is

less developed, just thinking today, thus there

is no sustainability. Thus their earnings no

value added.

2. Palabuhanratu:

• Level of education of fishermen in

Palabuhanratu ranked low, still dominated by

graduates of the elementary school, junior

high school graduates then and less of them

are high school graduates. So the effect on the

mindset, work ethic and moral behavior,

which is far from adequate for the welfare of

their lives so far.

• The children Palabuhanratu the fishermen, not

directed by their parents to continue the job of

being a fisherman, for reasons of prosperity.

• Every village in Palabuhanratu already make

the program study groups of the community,

but the interest of fishermen are still lacking.

Most followed by the farmers.

• The fishermen could not avail of the assistance

that has been given to the maximum.

Palabuhanratu fishermen have a high work

ethic, such as go catch fish for months.

• While the responsibility to the tools provided

by the Government are still lacking in it

anyway when it get a lot of money from selling

fish, fisherman Palabuhanratu unable to

manage their finances wisely. When fish

famine, they borrow to collector which was

later paid by the catch is obtained, with a

record fish prices determined by collector.

4.2 Environmental Management

Environment management in two location can be

described as follows:

Kepulauan Seribu:

• Nowadays the Government of intensify

planting mangrove forests to maintain

environmental sustainability and maintaining

the availability of fish. Common obstacles that

occur for example is the conservation of reef

fish, but identical to the reef. Many corals are

taken. The Government made the program

rumpon, and transpalasi reefs, that fish plenty

more.

• In the management of Kepulauan Seribu there

are many parties involved in addition to the

fishing communities themselves, namely Hall

National Park and also the local government.

One side, the Ocean was the authority of the

national parks and the other side there is the

local government authority so there is some

overlapping policies.

Palabuhanratu:

• Fisherman Palabuhanratu awareness against

environmental hygiene is still low. Many of

them are still disposing of the oil carelessly in

the dock, not clean up junk boat docking

results, litter and do not use proper hygiene

facilities already provided by PPNP.

• The pollution of waste from the mining of

gold, PLTU and household waste is becoming

a major factor of the pollution in the sea of

Palabuhanratu. There is also garbage

generated by the perpetrators of the Ciletuh,

such as the Geopark tourism hotels and

homestay.

• Waste generated by tourists who visit to

Ciletuh and Palabuhanratu, who deliberately

brings its own stock when the tour giving rise

to an increase in the volume of waste.

• In the quality of the coastal waters of the

coastal region of Sukabumi district very

appropriate for the seaweed growth, because it

has a high brightness levels penetration of

sunlight to the needs of the fotosintesa sea

grass into the water enough available. For

fresh water fishing, there is more dominant in

the northern region, because of the suitability

of the land for cultivation and the quantity of

water the more the better. In addition to having

a high development potential, the coastal area

is also very vulnerable to various negative

effects brought about by good development

activities taking place in the coastal areas or

who are in the sea.

• In particular a scale utilization of natural

resources in coastal areas can cause the

occurrence of coastal ecosystem itself changes

that lower the quality of the environment and

the next can be damage the ecosystem of the

coastal area.

4.3 Optimization of Resource

Utilization

Optimization of resources utilization in two location

can be explained as follows:

1. Kepulauan Seribu

• One of the concept development of the

sustainability of their life and the

sustainability of marine resource sustainability

is through the change of order fishers catch

into fishermen cultivation.

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• Ideally the management area includes the

management of the region, the rule of capture,

the size of fish that can be caught, and time

catching fish so that kelauatan resources

remain sustainable.

2. Palabuhanratu

• Yet the ineffectiveness of implementation of

spatial planning (RTRW) and umbrella law on

the control of utilization of the coastal area due

to lack of coordination with the relevant

parties.

• Yet the availability of legal regulations

relating to the marine and fisheries resources

management.

• The presence of excessive exploitation of the

coastal area the existence of threat of

aggravated trespass to land by communities

local communities feel entitled in utilizing the

coast and the sea because they constitute a

community that lives off the earnings of

fisheries, and not have access and the ability

to search for a livelihood in addition to

fisherman.

• The community is very wanting freedom in an

expensive fish such as lobster, crab and more

but there is a ban by the Government when the

fish is quite easily found and arrested.

• Still the lack of community participation in

managing the environment. Conducted

socialization goldfish and limited his

encounter and yet sustainable.

• The average fisherman Palabuhanratu is still

believe in the mystical things. like go to a

shaman when will go to sea, whose purpose is

to make them able to catch many fish,

although there is already a GPS.

• Fisherman Palabuhanratu still do not obey

Ministerial Decree of Marine and Fishery

number 1 and 2 year 2015 concerning the

prohibition of using the specified capture tool

and banning catch marine life is protected, like

lobster.

4.4 Increased Access to Capital

According to adaptation of the climate change, the

communities in two location have increased access to

capital. It is can be distinguished as follows:

1. Kepulauan Seribu

• The fishing philosophy of fisherman

community is indeed what was obtained

today, must be exhausted. Except the cultivar

society has changed, and already start

thinking.

• The majority of fishermen in order to increase

the capacity of the capital was borrowed to the

middleman because it felt easier. When the

fishermen could not return the loan during the

time allowed, then the asset will be revoked.

Although there is a small percentage that do

the borrowing to banks using the Bail Fit liner,

and they know it. This is the reason why

fishermen prefer middleman.

2. Palabuhanratu

• Most of the fishermen are still borrowing

money for capital to pengepul that uses a

system of monopolies so that fishermen could

not determine the price of the fish sold to

collector, as a form of payment of a debt.

• The Bank provides loan capital for the Group

of fishermen maximum Rp 25 million to a

group of fishermen from a Bank. With the

guarantee certificate, the bank does not

provide loans for individuals.

• Fishermen usually borrow a sum of money

between Rp. 200-300 thousand in

ijon/middleman to for the purposes of

traveling like gasoline and others. However an

unwritten business relationships it makes

fishing more and bitching because it inevitably

results capture the fish to be sold to the people

who lend money to him at a price determined

by the middleman so that the welfare of

fishermen is hard increased.

• There were KUB (Joint Ventures) for each

group of fishermen, but still constrained by

how do organize (Institutional Capacity) due

to the level of education and experience in

managing the Organization, so that the

establishment of this group (KUB) is only for

the benefit of the fall in aid as a requirement

from the Government.

• In the year 2018, the Government disbursed

the funds as much as IDR 1 billion for

cooperatives that can be borrowed by

fishermen with low interest rates.

Based on the results of field surveys, FGD and

searches libraries related institutional development in

General and the development of institutional capacity

in particular as well as adapted to the purpose of the

research, then the initial model (preliminary model)

institutional capacity building fishing communities

can be described as follows.

Increasing Institutional Capacity in Fishermen Adaptation of Climate Change

2179

Figure 1. Preliminary Models Of Institutional Capacity

Building of Fishing Communities

Description:

1. Basically this preliminary model is based on the

basic assumption that climate change is a global

issue which is already "given" in the sense of the

factual reality of climate change is already

happening and could not be avoided. Based on

these assumptions become important to look at the

context of how fishermen in General and

institutional fishermen in particular made efforts

of adaptation so that they can survive.

2. Institutional development in perspective, it needs

to be mapped to organizational forms (formal and

informal) that exist on site research to see how

organizations respond in the form of the action,

attitude, policy or program so that they can

survive.

3. Referring to the library search results, then can be

identified 4 principal institutional components in

the context of fishing communities i.e. human

resources, natural resources, the environment, and

access business (capital).

4. Based on the four components of the institutional

model is more focused on a description of how the

component improved fourth capacity or

developed so that will hopefully make the

institutional community fishermen can be more

adaptive to reduce the negative impacts that may

arise a result of climate change is happening.

conditions

4.5 Fisheries Adaptation Patterns

against Climate Change

Words like “is”, “or”, “then”, etc. should not be

capitalized unless they are the first word of the title.

Climate change as delivered is carried out to have an

influence on life, the environment, especially for

coastal or coastal communities who fulfill their daily

needs based on marine resources or fisheries.

Climatic conditions that experience changes such as

the condition of unpredictable sea winds which result

in sea wave conditions, then anomalous weather

changes occur. For example the dry season conditions

(east wind) usually occur between June and August

and the peak in July, which has a prolonged impact

on the condition of fishermen who have difficulty

catching fish because the fish catches become small.

These conditions encourage fishermen to try to adapt

to climate change so that the productivity of

fishermen is maintained.

The following is a description of fishermen's

adaptation patterns to climate change in the area of

Palabuhanratu and North Seribu Islands:

4.5.1 Fisherman Adaptation Pattern in

Palabuhanratu

Palabuhanratu District, Sukabumi Regency has a

coastline of 7.9 Km along with sandy beaches. The

topography of the Palabuhanratu region varies from

land to hilly, sloping land is located along the

coastline and along the river flow to urban areas

(Bappeda of Sukabumi District 2008).

Symptoms of climate change that are common in

Palabuhanratu are weather anomalies that are

unpredictable weather changes, such as the schedule

for the arrival of the west wind which does not arrive

one month earlier than usual, ie every month

septembe. Frequent occurrences of tidal waves and

storms such as storm dahlia over the past two weeks

occurred in the past year, and rain fell in the dry

season. As for the pattern of economic adaptation

carried out by fishermen of Palabuhanratu is to

change professions when there is a tidal wave and not

to go to sea is to become farmers, work as

construction laborers, trade rice, and mine river sand..

4.5.2 Fisherman Adaptation Patterns in

Coconut Island North Thousand

Islands District

Climate change that occurs in the Thousand North

Islands is currently marked by very erratic weather

conditions, resulting in unpredictable sea wave

conditions. What should have been the east wind but

several times the fishermen felt the west wind. In

these uncertain changes, income also becomes

uncertain, both fish and fishermen's money income.

The form of fishermen's adaptation in ensuring the

survival of fishermen when climate change occurs is

done in two ways, namely protective and

accommodating. One form of protective effort carried

out by fishermen is to save as much as possible when

the fish catches a lot (ie during the west wind season).

Furthermore, adaptation of fishermen

accommodatively is done when the east wind

conditions have an impact on small fish catches.

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Under these conditions, fishermen are forced to sell

their catch to pelele (middlemen) if the catch is less

than 4 quintals.

Subsequent adaptation is also done with the use of

technology, although it is simple, namely by using a

Handheld GPS to go to sea. Now on the island of

coconut, taking fish with bombs is prohibited and no

longer exists because it can damage the condition of

the sea itself. For fishermen, nowadays most of them

use handheld GPS to help fishermen go to sea.

4.6 Institutional Capacity of Fishermen

Institutional Capacity of Fishermen both in Kelapa

Island and Palabuhanratu, the majority are still weak

and oriented to government assistance programs, so

when there is a government program, the fishermen

form groups or reactivate groups, so the fishermen

group is activated to meet the requirements of the

government if they want to get help. Based on the

results of interview studies in the field, this problem

is caused by the majority of fishermen's education is

still low, thus affecting the knowledge of fishermen

about how to run the organization both individual

characteristics of fishermen in the business, then the

third does not understand the importance of grouping

because they have not seen evidence of success if

fishermen are in groups and organizations , then the

fishermen feel there is no time to take care of the

fishing organization because their time is up to go to

sea.

Both of these research sites have similarities in

alternative solutions, namely fishermen need strong

and intensive assistance and education to fishermen.

One of the success stories of this assistance is from

NGOs (Non-Governmental Organization) called

PAAP (Management of Fisheries Area Access)

Sustainable organization formed by RARE Indonesia

in collaboration with BLKP (Balai Laut Kepulauan

Seribu). The PAAP organization is the majority of the

management is not fishermen, so they have enough

time to take care of the organization. This

organization has succeeded in increasing the

institutional capacity of fishermen with intensive

mentoring and education from PAAP with informal

discussions. Fishermen can develop their businesses,

fishermen voluntarily fill logbooks every day and

even agree not to catch small fish of a certain size.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The conclusion of this research are:

(1) The conclusion of this research are:

(2) The understanding and knowledge of fishermen

about climate change are relatively the same in

both locations. Their knowledge and

understanding are empirical based on

experience and pragmatics based on the

characteristics of weather anomalies;

(3) With a relatively low educational background,

work ethic and a certain degree of rationality to

survive and an efficient and rational degree,

fishermen in both research locations have a

certain capacity to deal with climate change

problems by building social, cultural,

community relations and its habitat;

(4) In general, fishermen make adaptation patterns

that are relatively the same, namely temporarily

switching professions such as construction

laborers, farmers, sand miners, angler

fishermen, etc., but still as a fisherman is the

main job;

(5) Specifically the archipelago fishermen's

adaptation pattern is one thousand more

comprehensive (cultivation and use of

technology) than the queen port which

sometimes still carries out illegal activities;

(6) In the two locations there was an institutional

arrangement consisting of government

institutions (vertical agencies and regional

offices), semi-official institutions, and groups or

associations of fishermen. Among these

institutions there is a clear linkage related to

budget allocations (grants) and programs or

activities;

(7) Local institutions in both research locations

have sought to increase the capacity of

fishermen in dealing with climate change

through training programs, direct program

assistance, or fisheries area management

programs so that fisheries resource management

can be carried out in a sustainable manner;

(8) The preparation of a model for improving the

institutional capacity of fishing communities at

the stage of the first year of research is still

preliminary model. The general components

that must exist in the Initial Model of

Institutional Improvement of Fishermen's

Institutional Capacity consist of the

development of human resources, business

opportunities, improvement of resource

management and environmental improvement

that are carried out in an integrated and

synergistic manner.

Increasing Institutional Capacity in Fishermen Adaptation of Climate Change

2181

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the Ministry of Higher Education Indonesia

for financial support of Superior Applied Research of

College Grant Scheme with Grant Number:

0826/K4/KM/2018 The authors declare that they

have no competing interests.

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