The Impoliteness of Indonesian Language on Instagram Potentially

toward Conflict of Ethnic, Religion, Race and Inter-group

Miftahulkhairah Anwar

Faculty of Language and Art, State University of Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: The Impoliteness of Indonesian Languange, Social Media, Instagram

Abstract: E-Marketer ranked Indonesia as the sixth largest internet users in the world. In about 95 percent is used to

access social media, including instagram. This huge using has direct impact on the quality of information and

on behavior of the users. Nowdays some people easily to berate each other, slander, incite and to disgrace

others without feeling guilty. Such kind of using language called impoliteness of language which could be a

trigger for the emergence of conflict and social friction. This paper intended to describes the data finding

regarding impoliteness of language expression collected from instagram which are nuanced of Ethnic, Race,

Religion, and Inter-Group. In Indonesian it is called SARA. This research use qualitative descriptive method.

The data collected from instagram concerning the impoliteness of Indonesian language showed that 5.7% is

ethnic nuance, 22.8% of the data collected related to religious nuance, 24.2% is related to racial nuance, and

33% of it is related to inter-group nuances

1 INTRODUCTION

E-Marketer, Market Research Institute, ranked

Indonesia into the 6th largest internet user in the

world. The following table shows an increase in the

number of internet users and their predictions until

2018 (e-Marketer, 2016).

Table 1: Most Internet User Countries

In about 95 percent of it is used to access social

media, including instagram. The rise of social media

using has a direct impact on the quality of information

and the behavior of the users. Nowdays, everyone

becomes a maker and disseminator of information

without taking into account the social effects that will

occur. Some people so easily to berate each other, to

slander, incite, and to open disgrace without feeling

awkward and guilty. For the sake of certain purpose,

people often deliberately make bombastic,

hyperbolic, and sensational news. More over that, the

information is often packaged provocatively. This is

what often triggers conflict and social friction.

Kompas data shows that during January to 2

February 2017 there were 1,656 complaints about

defamatory information and incitement on social

media. This information was not accompanied by

sufficient facts and evidence that has the potential to

create social conflicts (Anwar 2018: 45). More over

that, there are some cases, i.e the slander and

incitement that could lead to tribulation and

instability social. This condition certainly potential to

trigger ethnic, religion, race and inter-group conflicts

that could lead to disrupt the pluralistic of Indonesian

society.

This linguistic study focused on impoliteness in

Indonesian language fond on Instagram. This

research was conducted by following the working

2134

Anwar, M.

The Impoliteness of Indonesian Language on Instagram Potentially toward Conﬂict of Ethnic, Religion, Race and Inter-group.

DOI: 10.5220/0009940021342141

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 2134-2141

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

principle of descriptive research and qualitative

design. The data in this study are lingual units of

linguistic that show language impoliteness on

instagram status since February to March 2018. The

techniques used to collect the are documentation

techniques. Data is taken from the Instagram page and

recorded on the data sheet and analyzed by using the

theory of language impoliteness.

2 RELEVANT RESEARCH

In recent years some linguists very interested to

involve the context in their study of language

(Subagyo, 2009: 90-100). As noted by Wess and

Wodak (2013) that the development of linguistics led

to interdisciplinarity. And then Linguistics is required

to be involved in dealing with various humanitarian

issues in an interdisciplinary space. Therefore, people

are increasingly aware of the importance of context in

understanding language so that context studies in

language are the most popular studies today.

The research conducted by Gumono (2010: 3-6)

entitled The Linguistic Research Map in Indonesia

shows that the new tradition of linguistic research in

Indonesia generally related to sociolinguistics,

pragmatics, or discourse analysis. Trends in linguistic

research mapping can be seen in the following graph.

Figure 1 Distribution of Research Articles in Various Fields

of Study

Figure 1 shows that pragmatic research, including

language politeness, is still considered novelty.

Language politeness has been discussed by Lakoff

(1973), Fraser (1978), Brown and Levinson (1987 ),

Leech (1983), and Watss (2003). As for s state all

ketidaksantunan use of language in the media that

could potentially create a conflict of visible also from

some of the cutting-edge research, including research

results Nugrahani (2017), Kuntarto (2016), Nugroho

(2015), Pranowo (2015), Zuleha et al. (2016), M

aulidi (2015), Herdia (2016), Miftahulkhairah (2013),

Miftahulkhairah (2014), Suandi (2014), Alviah

(2014), Kunjana, et al. (2014), Ristiani (2013),

Roekhan (2009) , Suratina (2008), and Artini (2006 ).

Various studies show that one of the causes of the

emergence of social conflict in the media is caused by

language impoliteness . The form of symbolic

violence used by the media often triggers social

conflict. Therefore, critical studies of social conflicts

cannot be separated from linguistic studies.

This result is in line with Culpeper's (1996)

opinion of language impoliteness. Culpeper defines

five strategies of impoliteness, namely (bald on

record impoliteness, positive impoliteness, negative

impoliteness, sarcasm or mock politeness, and

withhold politeness. Correspondingly, Eshghinejad

and Moini (2017: 2016) stated about politeness

strategies. According to him, there is a significant

difference between how to speak men and women, so

that gender becomes the main thing in speaking

language. Significant differences between the

politeness of male and female politeness are also

clearly described by Keikhaie and Mozaffari (2013).

The results of his research show that women speak

more politely to their friends than male friends,

women speak more politely to foreigners who are

female than foreigners of male sex, the sex of the

listener or speech partner is an important factor that

influences the speechiness of a speaker .

Research conducted by Huang (2008) is

interesting tobe studied. In his study, he compared

two theories of language politeness between West and

Chinese culture. According to him, so that the

conversation went smoothly without any offense, it

needs an understanding of the cultural background of

the communicant and the communicator. Discussion

of culture was also carried out by Liu and Allen

(2014). They photographed the existing language

politeness to suit the conditions of the people in

Japan. Decency is influenced by several factors: the

plurality of social strata, the needs of the members of

the community, the position of community members

in social relations, social norms adopted by the

community, the intelligence of the community

towards the interpretation of social rules, the context

of close interaction, and coercion culture. In line with

Liu and Allen's opinion, Brown (2015) conducted

politeness research by focusing on pragmatic studies

across cultures, ethnography, and functional

motivation of linguistic structures. Research Herniti

et al., (2016: 37-62) explains the indicators of

politeness in language and the value of supporting

politeness in the language of multicultural preaching.

In the context of the media, Mc.Quail (1987: 130

in Arlini, 2006) sees politeness theory as important as

factual truth and is closely related to the process of

The Impoliteness of Indonesian Language on Instagram Potentially toward Conﬂict of Ethnic, Religion, Race and Inter-group

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selecting data and facts in the media, not just by

presenting information. He called this politeness

theory as a theory of relevance. According to Siregar

(2003: 56-57) if viewed from the perspective of

relevance theory, the media needs to treat facts more

broadly, not just relying on momentum events. The

facts that are relevant to the reader are not only factual

truth, but more broadly is the contribution to the

formation of human dignity in the framework of

civilization.

The tight relationship between language

impoliteness and language incoherence could be

found in the research conducted by Miftahulkhairah

(2013). The results of this study indicate that there are

forms of language that are not logical and not polite

in the headlines of several national mass media in

Indonesia. The form of language that is not logical is

(1) the title does not describe the facts, (2) the news

headings are conclusions that jump (Jumping

Conclusion), (3) the structure is unclear, (4) the

absence of conjunction, and (5) the use of improper

additions. The form of impolite language: (1) the

diction has a negative connotation because it is

nuanced identical with animals, identical with goods,

violence, emotive, degrading, and vulgar, (2) titles do

not prioritize core elements, and (3) mixed language

in the title.

Chaer (2010: 10-11) says that there are three rules

that should be obeyed so that the utterance sounds

polite: (1) formality that defines speech should be

formal not compelling, (2) indecisiveness

(hesitancy), should not be too strict so that speech

does not look rigid, and (3) similarity or equality,

speakers should consider opponents speech as friends

so speech is relaxed. In judging someone politely or

not based on the norms agreed upon by certain groups

of people in certain situations. Meanwhile, according

to Pranowo (2011: 16), markers of inappropriate

language use can be identified as follows: (1)

speakers express criticism directly or (hit speech

partners) in harsh words, (2) speakers are encouraged

by emotional feelings when speaking, (3) protective

speakers of their opinions, (4) speakers deliberately

want to discredit the speech partners in speaking, (5)

speakers convey accusations on the basis of suspicion

of the speech partners.

3 RESULT: ANALYSIS OF

INDONESIAN LANGUAGE

IMPOLITENESS ON

INSTAGRAM

After such an investigation concerning the

impoliteness contents on Instagram showed as

follow: it was found to be 5.7% related to tribal

incoherence, 22.8% religious nuance, as much as

24.2% on racial nuances, and class irregularities were

found as much as 33%. The overall details of the data

can be seen in the following exposure.

3.1 Impoliteness in Ethnic Nuance

This kind of impoliteness is ethnic nuance which can

identified from negative connotation attributes

embedded into certain ethnic in Indonesia. This kind

of impoliteness belongs to the type of negative

impoliteness because it is degrading and insulting to

certain tribes. Based on data searches that have been

carried out, the impoliteness of ethnicity is shown by

humiliation toward certain tribes in Indonesia. This

humiliation and degrading dignity is marked by the

use of violent diction, vulgar, emotive, and identifies

certain ethnicities with the animal world. It

potentially to trigger horizontal conflicts especially

since this status is written consciously by the owner

of an Instagram account. The following are examples

of forms of negative impoliteness with ethnic nuances

contained in Instagram status.

1) Kapolda Sumut perintahkan Tim Cyber Crime

tangkap penghinaan suku Batak di media sosial.

Orang Batak jangan sedih ya kalau dijos

nyungsep, silakan makan kalian taik babi itu

ha…ha… Batak tolol.

(North Sumatra Police chief ordered Cyber Crime

Squad caught insulting an ethnic Batak in social

media. Batak people do not be sad, if they are

robbed , please eat you, like that pig, ha ... ha ...

Batak is stupid.)

The status of resentment towards the Batak

community above could be categorized as an impolite

speech. This is because the utterance contains three

indicators of impoliteness, namely first, jeering or

ridiculing, such as "stupid idiot". Secondly,

underestimate the speech partners (consider small),

such as: "Batak people do not be sad if they are

casted". Third, using terms or diction which is

identical to that of animal world, such as "pig". In

addition, the account owner gives direct criticism

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with harsh words and is driven by emotions which has

the potential to create horizontal conflicts between

tribes in Indonesia.

3.2 Impoliteness with Racist Nuance

Impoliteness with racist nuance could identified from

the negative connotation attributes embedded into

certain race, such as using insulting nicknames when

one meets his friend, using a diction identical with

the animal world, when jeering or ridiculing others,

insulting, face threatening speech partners directly,

criticizing, attacking others (grabbing chance). The

following are some examples of negative forms of

impoliteness that are racist.

2) “Keakraban si Cina gosong dengan gubernur

NTB.”

(The familiarity of the burnt Chinese with the

NTB governor)

3) …PADAHAL LO ITU BLACK SKIN. KULIT

HITAM. UDAH DEH YA. NGAKU LEBIH BAIK

DARIPADA BOONG YA TONGGOS.”

(... whereas you are black skin. Yes, black skin.

Yes, it is better for you to admit it than to lie about.

Is’nt it, bucktoothed ?)

4) “muke item leher panuan sok ganteng pula, …

tolol banget lu bangsat, ngaca dong muke item

panuan sok ganteng pula.”

(black face, with neck fungus, feel handsome too,

very bastard, look your self in the mirror please.

You are not really handsome)

Sentences (2) - (4 ) contain negative impoliteness.

This is indicated by the use of negative connotation

words attributed to a particular race. Sentences (2)

contain phrases the burnt Chinese who was attributed

to one of the Indonesian Presidents. This attribute is

potentially SARA conflict because it offends a

particular race. Moreover, the race is blocked by the

word gosong which has a negative connotation.

Likewise with sentences (3) and (4), it contains

SARA conflict because it gives the impression of

inferiority to the black race. The sentence implicitly

shows that black face is something that is negative,

bad, and not coveted by anyone.

The data analyzed showed that most impoliteness

status contained resentment and anger towards certain

ethnic, Chinese ethnic. When observed, this relates to

social, economic and political conditions in

Indonesia. In addition, the status of impoliteness was

also shown by insulting a person with dark skin, short

teeth, short teeth. This has the potential to trigger

horizontal conflicts especially since this status is

written consciously by the owner of an Instagram

account.

3.3 Impoliteness with Religious Nuance

According to the data on instagram concerning the

impoliteness with religious nuance it could be

concludet that this kind of impoliteness identified

from the using of insulting nicknames in greeting,

using of negative personal pronouns, jeering or

ridiculing, insulting, disagreeing, unsympathetic,

illogical utterances, using inappropriate markers,

criticizing, demeaning /harassing, using of abusive

language, belittling others (consider them as small),

using taboo, abusive or profane language, and using

certain religious attributes for the sake of group

interests.

The following are some examples of negative

impoliteness forms with religious nuance.

5) “Ibu ini seperti pelacur pakai jilbab hanya untuk

menutup aib. (Bukan karena Iman).”

(This mother is like a whore (a prostitute

woman) using a headscarf in orderto cover her

disgrace. (Not because of really faith)

6) “Seluruh jaringan internet pada saat hari raya

Nyepi akan dinonaktifkan sementara selama 24

jam di Bali. Inikah yang dinamakan toleransi?

saat umat Islam berpuasa, orang Islam disuruh

menghormati yang nonmuslim!! Tapi di saat

hari raya nyepi, giliran umat Islam yang dibuat

susah…. Mana Menteri Agama yg pernah

bilang “hormati org yg gak berpuasa?” kalau

Islam jd korban kok kalian mendadak gagu

akut?”

("All internet networks during Nyepi day will be

temporarily deactivated for 24 hours in Bali. Is

this what is so called tolerance? when Muslim in

fasting month, they are requested to respect the

non-Muslims!! But during the Nyepi holiday, all

Muslims who are staying in Bali faced to the

difficulty... Where is the Minister of Religious

Affair who has ever stated "respect those who

don't fast, please!? " But, if Islam become a

victim, you suddenly being acute emty-

minded?)

7) “Hei Muhammad, kau selalu bilang ada satu

Tuhan. Tidak. Ada dua Tuhan. Yang pertama

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adalah Tuhan yang menciptakan kita semua.

Dan yang kedua adalah Tuhan yang kau

ciptakan sendiri yang sama persis sepertimu:

suka menyiksa, suka mengancam, diskriminatif

berdasarkan kepercayaan, gila dipuja-puja.

Tuhan ciptaan mu yang kau jadikan sebagai

alat untuk melegalkan otoritermu. Alat

mengatur orang-orang agar kau dipuja-puja.

Nomorku sangat sederhana; Tuhan yang

menciptakan kita itulah nomor yang benar.”

("Hey Muhammad, you always say there is only

one God. No. There are two Gods. The first is

God who created of all us. And the second is the

god created by your ownself who is exactly the

same as you: fond of to torture others and

threatening some one else, discriminatory to the

orhers based on faith, crazy to be adored. God

of your own creation is He whom you used as a

tool to legalize your authoritarian act. The

instrument you use to arrange people for you to

be adored. My number is very simple; God who

created us is the right number ”.)

The speech status in example (5) was written by

one citizen on Instagram because of his fury to a

mother who was deemed unfit for wearing a hijab. In

his post he wrote a commentary on a mother who

wore hijab in order to hid her real profession that

considered as prostitute. Her wearing of a hijab only

to cover her disgrace in front of people. This status

contains language impoliteness as indicated by the

insulting nickname in greeting like a prostitute.

Another impoliteness is also shown by the insult to

religious attributes, such as "use the headscarf (hijab)

only to cover disgrace".

The speech status in example (6) was written by

one of the citizens on Instagram. In his post he wrote

about his protests against tolerance applied in

Indonesia. Speakers feel unfair to the policy

regarding deactivation of the internet network during

the Nyepi holiday. Speakers feel that the policy is

unfair compared to the tolerance carried out by

Muslims. This status has the potential to cause

conflict because it calls sacred days of certain

religions and compares with events in other religions.

In addition, the cause of impoliteness is due to the

emotional impulse of the speaker of the object being

discussed which is conveyed by criticism with harsh

words. Therefore this status can be included in SARA

charged status.

The status in example (7) shows warganet's

dislike of the Prophet Muhammad. He explained that

Muhammad had taught "deviant" teachings,

Muhammad had created God in his version that was

far different from God who had been believed.

Speakers say that Muhammad's version of God was

only for the instrument for Muhammad to be adored

by his people. This status has the potential to cause

conflicts because they contain incorrect greetings,

such as "Hey Muhammad". This greeting is certainly

not right when attributed to a Prophet. In addition,

this status also contains insults and ridicule to the

Lord of Nature. Almost all of the sentences spoken by

speakers contain the meaning of mocking, mocking

and insulting the object in question. This status also

contains an incoherence of thinking.

This kind of humiliation and humiliation of the

dignity concerning certain religion in Indonesia is

marked by the use of negative connotation words

attributed to a particular religion. The use of such

diction has the potential to trigger horizontal conflicts

especially since this status is written consciously by

the owner of the Instagram account.

3.4 Impoliteness with Inter-group

Nuance

Impoliteness with nuance of inter-group indicated by

the use of negative connotation words, rude, and

taboo which is attributed to a particular group, the use

of words that have the potential to frighten,

statements of harassment of certain group, statements

that show dislike, harsh criticism, pretend to be polite,

provocative statements, and demean an intergroup

attribute. The following are some examples of data

that have been analyzed.

8) Di Cibabat pelaku dengan membawa barang

bukti senjata laras pendek dan air cabe

menyerang ponpes daerah Cibabat, Bogor

rapatkan barisan sekarang. –Ini wajah PKI

bajingan.

(In Cibabat the perpetrator carrying evidence of

short-barreled weapons and chili water attacking

the pesantren in the Cibabat area, Bogor close the

line now. -This is the face of the PKI bastard)

9) “….Kubur hidup hidup para penghianat negeri

ini yang sok pancasialis dan kepentingan mereka

hanya berpihak ke China dan asing.”

"...The life of the traitors of this country is the life

of the Pancasialis and their interests only favor

China and foreigners."

10) “Lu usik pemain persija? Kita PERANG! Udah

habis kesabaran macan kau uji! Ketemu bantai

ketemu bantai! Fak ga usah kasihan kasihan, Gue

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geli liat tingkah lo,,, dari dulu ampe sekarang

kagak berubah masih aja kaya setan !!! TOLAK

PERDAMAIAN! “VIKJAK (VIKING JAncoK)”

dan “BONJAK (BONek JAncoK).

“Do you bother the players? We are WAR!

You've finished the tiger patience you tested!

Meet slaughter and find a slaughter! You don't

need to be sorry for sorry, I am so excited about

how you behave ... I've always changed my

attitude, it's still rich in devils !!! REJECT

PEACE! "VIKJAK (VIKINGJAncoK)" and

"BONJAK (BONEKJAncoK)

An example (8) written by one citizen on

Instagram. He wrote about communist party in

Indonesia who was captured in the Cibabat area,

Bogor. The post is equipped with a picture of

someone who is battered because suspected as PKI.

The emergence of this post was caused by the

Indonesian people's past hatred of the PKI group. In

the post there is a diction of the bastard pinned to the

PKI group.

The status in example (9) tells about the Djarot

and Sihar pair who will be successful in the 2018

election . In the post, which is complemented by a

photograph of the two people, it contains the words

"Ideal Couple". The speaker wrote down his

disapproval of the "Ideal Couple" writing. According

to him, the couple was a failed partner and a traitor

who only took sides C ina and foreign citizens for

their personal interests. Speakers also wrote to bury

the two couples alive. The status of resentment

towards Djarot and Sihar on Instagram social media

can be said to be an impolite speech. Because it

contains indicators of impoliteness speech nuanced

diction of violence and accused directly.

An example (10), citizens expressed their

frustration with the two Indonesian football fans,

namely Bonek and Viking. The resentment status of

a citizen can be said to be an impolite speech. This is

because such utterances contain four indicators of

impoliteness, namely: (1) using derogatory epithet in

greeting, such as "VIKJAK (VIKINGJAncoK)" and

"BONJAK (BONekJAncoK)", (2) threatening the face

of the speech partner directly, like "if you disturb our

players?" We are WAR! " And " Found a slaughter,

found a slaughter! " , (3) disgusted expression, such

as "I'm disgusted to see your behavior", and (4) use

taboo, abusive, and profane language , like "from the

past until now you haven't changed, you still just like

a demon !!!"

The fact that the use of language as analyzed has

shown that the language used by nitizens on

Instagram does not pay enough attention to aspects of

language politeness. Instagram status that does not

pay attention to aspects of logic and politeness has

the potential to be treated differently by readers. It

may be that the reader interprets the status textually

as is or the reader interprets it connotatively. What is

looks clear, is the very open appearance of extreme

interpretations of these statuses. This is what often

triggers conflict and social friction. Actually, various

policies have been carried out to minimize the

occurrence of "chaotic" language use. However, these

efforts have not been carried out optimally. Therefore

language engineering efforts need to be done.

Language engineering, which is meant here, is the

application of design in the construction of language

developed in accordance with a specific purpose, not

engineering that means evil plans or conspiracies.

Language engineering is the application of

design in the construction of language developed in

accordance with certain educational goals and the

media are two fertile fields for developing Indonesian

language Language engineering requires: (1) a bow

line approach to addressing the problem of selecting

national languages, spelling, and diverse language

laying, (2) a coaching approach to overcome the

problem of accuracy and efficiency in language use,

questions about language styles, and constraints in

communication (Sumarsono and Partana, 2002: 378).

This is done in an effort to make the use of language

or languages in one country better and more targeted

in the future.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Use of total destructive and vulgar language on

social media status especially on instagram mostly

potential to ignite the conflict of ethnic, religion, race

and inter-group in Indonesian known as pluralistic

country. The use of impoliteness uterance and speech

was caused by the furor of the socio-political cases

that occurred at that time. Therefore, to create a

language-friendly environment, it needs the support

of all parties, especially government. A clean

government, authoritative, democratic, and always

based the polycies on the interests of civil society will

always get the support and trust of the people,

including the support from the Instagram users.

Conversely, if governance does not apply, all

policy programs will tend to be negatively addressed

by the community and presented by the mass media

in the form of negative information.

In addition, education is the right medium to

develop Indonesian-language politeness on social

media, Instagram. The efforts to strengthen

Indonesian language skills that are good and true are

through educational institutions. Educational

institutions must pay attention to the proper and

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correct use of Indonesian language so as to create

language discipline. Habit for language discipline

during education will certainly continue when they

use the language outside of school.

Of course, politeness here does not mean

wrapping reality with euphemism as is often done in

the New Order era, but this euphemism is factual

reality euphemism without data manipulation.

Euphemism in language behavior is good and

legitimate. What is not good is that in the euphemism

there is unilateral manipulation of meaning, which

can have implications for the loss of others. Thus, an

understanding of the principle of politeness must be

owned by every citizen in order to convey

information with the right diction without violating

the principle of politeness.

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