Test Effectiveness of Composting Techniques Rice Stump

Nana Danapriatna

and Ismarani

Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic University 45 Bekasi, West Java, Indonesia

Keywords : Composting techniques, compost, rice straw

Abstract : This study aims to determine the effectiveness of "in situ" composting techniques for rice stump. The research

method used experimental method with a randomized block design of three treatments and repeated three

times. The treatments for the experiment were: A (Technique of composting rice stump without additional

decomposer); B (Technique of composting rice stump by means of rice stump sprayed with decomposer

liquid); C (Composting technique by means of rice stumps lay down and then flowed fluid decomposer). The

response variables analyzed were content of N, P, K, C, C- N ratio and rice straw compost. The data were

analyzed using variance analysis and continued with the least signifiant difference test at 5% level. The results

showed that different composting techniques had a significant effect on organic C content, total N, K and C-

N ratio of rice straw stump compost while the P and SiO2 content variables had no significant effect.

Composting technique by means of rice stumps laid down and then flowed with decomposer more effectively

than the composting technique of rice stump without the addition of decomposer and rice stump composting

technique by means of rice stumps sprayed with decomposer liquid.

1 INTRODUCTION

The continuous use of chemical fertilizers

causes the soil biological ecosystem to become

unbalanced, so that the goal of fertilizing to provide

nutrients in the soil is difficult to achieve (Sutanto,

2006). Excessive use of chemical fertilizers in

lowland rice fields will cause environmental

problems that will cause changes in soil chemical and

physical properties. This condition occurs because the

fertility rate and soil organic matter has decreased,

therefore if it is not immediately addressed then in the

not too distant future, these lands are no longer able

to produce optimally and sustainably (Parnata, 2004

in Pratiwi et al., 2013 ) The solution to overcome this

problem is to reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers

and implement organic farming systems.

The solution to reduce excessive use of chemical

fertilizers is by using organic material in the form of

compost. The function of compost is to add nutrients,

improve soil structure, increase the ability to retain

water and increase plant growth and production

(Hardjowigeno, 1995). According to Murbandono

(2000) the use of compost can provide benefits,

among others, can provide nutrients needed by plants,

become an alternative substitute for chemical

fertilizers because the price is cheaper, quality and

familiar with the environment, is multipurpose

because it can be used for basic organic fertilizer , can

improve soil structure, heavy soil becomes lighter and

light soil will become better structure, can improve

soil texture, increase soil porosity, soil aeration and

can increase the composition of microorganisms in

the soil.

Providing organic fertilizer can improve soil

physical, chemical and biological properties and can

improve the efficiency and effectiveness of

fertilization (Zurhalena et al., 2015). The application

of around 2-6 tons of straw compost is able to supply

the needs of plants to produce around 8 ton rice grain

-1

(Simarmata et al., 2010). Application of 400 g ha

biofertilizer (Azotobacter and Azospirillum) and

straw compost as much as 2 tons ha

-1

in Ciparay,

Bandung with IPAT-BO technology (System of

organic based aerobic rice intensification (SOBARI))

can reduce the use of urea by 33% by increasing the

yield of rice grain varieties Ciherang is 4%

(Danapriatna et al., 2012

The use of rice straw as organic fertilizer with a

dose of 5 tons per ha can increase the C-organic

content, N, and K on the soil (Widati et al., 1998).

The results of research by Danapriatna et al. (2012

)

showed that the application of 400 g ha

-1

biofertilizer

(Azotobacter and Azospirillum) and straw compost as

much as 2 tons ha

-1

can restore soil health as indicated

by an increase in organic C to above 2% and an

increase in population and activity bacteria and

Danapriatna, N. and Ismarani, .

Test Effectiveness of Composting Techniques Rice Stump.

DOI: 10.5220/0009935317931798

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 1793-1798

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

1793

increased rice production and reduce urea use by

30%.

The use of organic fertilizers can streamline the

availability of a number of fertilizers provided and

help release nutrients that are bound by the soil, also

accelerate the process of decomposition of organic

matter/plant litter or can be used as a composting

bioactivator (Sitosu Agro Cemerlang, 2005). The use

of rice straw as fertilizer can be directly immersed or

composted first. Some farmers use straw directly or

only left without any addition, but this method has

several weaknesses. The use of fresh straw will

directly complicate tillage (Sawit et al., 1989 in

Suhartatik et al., 2001) besides the availability of

nutrients from straw is long enough for plants.

Rice straw that will be applied must be

composted to control the contamination of disease

seeds (pathogens) contained in the straw and improve

the quality of straw compost. Composting straw by

utilizing biodegradable decomposer consortium can

improve the quality (nutrient content and beneficial

microbial content), produce biodegradable straw

compost which plays a role in killing disease seeds or

pathogens and induce plant resistance to disease

(Simarmata et al., 2010).

The source of the material for making straw

compost that is widely available in the rice field area

besides the straw left over from the rice threshing is

the rice stump that is sucked during harvest. During

this time rice straw stubble has not been widely used

even most farmers burn it. Therefore, utilization of

rice straw stubble is worth considering. The technique

of composting rice straw after being harvested in the

form of rice stumps in the rice field

area needs to be examined so that composting

techniques are effective and can be easily carried out

by farmers. Effective composting technique of rice

straw stumps in terms of several chemical properties

of compost produced according to the standard of the

Minister of Agriculture Regulation No. 70 /

Permentan / SR.140 / 10/2011. The purpose of this

study was to determine the effectiveness of

composting techniques for rice straw stumps so that it

could be considered by the community in making

straw compost more effectively, so as to reduce the

use of inorganic fertilizers.

2 RESEARCH METHOD

The research method used was an experimental

method with a randomized design of three treatments

and repeated five times. The treatments tested in this

study are: A (Composting technique of rice stump

without addition of decomposer); B (Technique of

composting rice stump by means of rice stump

sprayed with decomposer liquid); C (Composting

technique by means of rice stumps laid down and then

flowed with decomposer).

During the composting process the rice stump is

left open without cover. After 4 weeks the process

was carried out by taking samples of rice straw stump

for each treatment unit and chemical analysis was

carried out at the Balitsa Lembang Laboratory. To

determine the effectiveness of composting techniques

is done by comparing the chemical response variables

with organic fertilizer standard compost according to

the standard Minister of Agriculture Regulation No.

70 / Permentan / SR.140 / 10/2011.

Data analysis was performed statistically by

analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with

the Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) using the

DAASTAT program version 1.022 (Onofri, 2011).

The response variables observed were C-organic, N,

P, K content, C-N ratio and Si rice straw compost

(Table 1).

The study was conducted in the greenhouse of the

Faculty of Agriculture UNISMA Bekasi and the

Balitsa Lembang laboratory. The research materials

and tools used were rice stumps, decomposers, water,

liquid sugar, plastic tubs, buckets, and sample

containers. The decomposer used is EM4 which

contains Lactobacillus sp. (8.7 x 10

), lactic acid-

producing bacteria, and in a small number of

photosynthetic bacteria Streptomyces sp. and yeast.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Treatment of different composting methods

significantly affected the organic C content, total N,

K and C-N ratio of rice straw stump compost.

3.1 Organic C content, Total N and

C-N Ratio Compost of Rice Stumps

Straw

Composting technique by means of rice stumps

laid down and then flowed with decomposer

(Treatment C) experienced a decrease in organic C of

1.67% compared to composting techniques of rice

stump without addition of decomposer (Treatment

and a decrease of 0.91% organic C composting of rice

stump by spraying decomposer (Treatment B) (Table

2). This is because some of the C-organic is used by

microbes from decomposers for the composting

process. This is consistent with the statement of

Atkinson et al. (1996) that changes in organic C are

caused by the loss of carbon as carbon dioxide.

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Table 1: Analisys Of Variable Response Of Rice Straw

Compost

Treatment

Methods

C-organic (%)

Walkey & Black

N-total (%)

Kjeldahl

C/N

(%)

HClO

+ HNO

O (%)

HClO

+ HNO

SIO

(%)

Dry ignation

Table 2: Effect Of Differences In Pegomposan Rice

Stump Straw Technique On Organic C Content, Total N

And C-N Ratio Compost

Treatment

C organic

C-N

Ratio

(%) (%) (%)

Composting technique of rice

stump without decomposer

addition (A)

23.16 b 0.71 a 0.45 a 39.9 c

Technique of composting rice

stump by means of rice stump

sprayed with decomposer

liquid (B)

22.40 b 0.79 a

0.55 b

28.3 b

Composting technique by

means of rice stumps laid

down and then flowed with

decomposer (C)

21.49 a

0.91 b

0.65 c 23.9 c

LSD 0,05 0.88

0.0

.92

Description: The number followed by the same lowercase

letter in the column shows that it is not significantly different based

on the LSD test

Figure 1. Influence of Different Composting

Techniques of Rice Stump Straw to Compost C-Organic

Content

Decreasing the C-organic content used by

decomposer microorganisms during the composting

process significantly increases the total N content of

compost. The results of laboratory analysis showed the

treatment of Composting technique by means of rice

stumps laid down and then flowed with decomposer (C)

having a total N content of compost increased by 0.91%

greater than the results of composting techniques with

treatment of composting techniques without adding

decomposer (A) and treatment of rice stump composting

techniques by

means of rice stump sprayed with

decomposer liquid

(B) (Figure 2). The total N increase in the treatment

given decomposer indicates that microbes derived

from decomposers are active in the process of

decomposition of rice straw.

Figure 2. Effect of Difference in Composting Technique

of RiceStump Straw on N Total Content of Compost

The difference in the composting technique of rice

straw stump significantly affected the K content

(Table 3 and Figure 3). The application of

composting technique by means of rice stumps laid

down and then flowed with decomposer (C) increased

0.20% and 0.10% K content respectively compared to

composting techniques without rice decomposer

addition (A) and stump composting techniques by

means of rice stump sprayed with decomposer liquid

(B).

Test Effectiveness of Composting Techniques Rice Stump

1795

Figure 3. Effect of Difference in Composting Technique

of Rice Stump Straw Stems on K Content of Compost

The addition of decomposers in the form of

bacteria or fungi that are capable of producing

cellulase enzymes (Meryandini et al., 2009) so that

the process of decomposition of straw can be

accelerated. Minimum technical requirements for

solid organic fertilizers based on Minister of

Agriculture Regulation No. 70/ Permentan /

SR.140/10/2011 for C-N ratio of 15% - 25%. Thus,

the technique of composting straw rice stumps on the

composting treatment by means of rice stumps laid

down and then flowed with decomposer (C) has met

the standards. Although this compost has not reached

the C-N value that is ideal for the maturity level of

organic matter (Kausar et al. 2010), mature organic

fertilizer has a C-N value of less than or equal to 20

(Goyal et al. 2005.

The difference in composting techniques of rice

straw stumps significantly affected the C-N ratio of

compost (Table 3 and Figure 4). Composting

technique by means of rice stumps laid down and then

flowed with decomposer (C) produces the smallest C-

N ratio compared to the other two techniques, namely

23.9%. This is in accordance with the research of

Husein and Irawan (2008) that the addition of

decomposers in the composting process can help

accelerate the process of destabilizing unstable

organic materials (high C-N) to stabilize (low C-N)

which takes place in a controlled manner,

characterized by heat release and CO

gas.

Figure 4. Effect of Differences in Composting

Technique of Rice Stumps on C-N Ratio Compost

3.2 The Content of P and Coarse

Silicates (SiO

) Compost of Rice

Stump Straw

The content of P and SiO

straw compost in rice

stumps was not significantly different in the three

composting techniques of rice stumps (Table 3,

Figure 5 and Figure 6). This occurs because the same

source organic materials, that is straw from rice stump

from the same planting area. During the

decomposition process, some nutrients will be

released through the process of mineralization.

According to Allison (1973) the composition of

organic matter, environmental conditions, the nature

of microflora and fauna will determine the nutrient

content in organic matter. Straw is a significant

amount of organic material available to rice farmers.

About 40% N, 30-35% P, 80-85% K, and 40-50% S

remain in the vegetative part of the plant.

Composting techniques by utilizing organic

sources such as rice straw stumps are a solution for

important sources of micro nutrients such as zinc (Zn)

and silicon (Si). Composting by means of rice stumps

laid down and then flowed with decomposer (C) and

then the compost is incorporated into the fields is an

effort to restore much of the nutrients that have been

absorbed by the plants and help conserve soil nutrient

reserves in the long term in accordance with the

opinion of the Dobermann and Fairhurst (2002).

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Figure 5. Effect of Difference in Composting Technique

of Rice Stump Straw Compost

Figure 6. Effect of Differences in Composting Technique

of Rice Stump Straw on Silicate (SiO

) compost

Table 3: Effect Of Differences In Composting

Technique Of Rice Stump Straw On P And Silicate (Sio

)

Compost

rough

Treatment

P (%)

silicate

(Si0

) (%)

Composting technique

rice stump withou

0.10 a

7.06 a

decomposer addition (A)

Technique of

composting

rice stump by means of rice

stump

sprayed

with

0.11 a

6.88 a

decomposer liquid (B)

Composting

means o

rice stumps laid down and

then

flowed

with

0.10 a

7.83 a

decomposer (C)

LSD 0.05

Description: The number followed by the same lowercase

letter in the column shows that it is not significantly different

based on the LSD test

4 CONCLUSION

Different composting techniques have a significant

effect on organic C content, total N, K and C- N ratio

of rice straw stump compost, while the P and SiO

content variables have no significant effect.

Composting technique by means of rice stumps laid

down and then flowed with decomposer more

effectively than the composting technique of rice

stump without the addition of decomposer and rice

stump composting technique by means of rice stumps

sprayed with decomposer liquid.

Research needs to be done to test the effectiveness of

compost fertilizer as a result of the three techniques

of composting "in situ" straw of rice stumps on the

yield of paddy rice and an economic feasibility and

technical analysis of the use of rice straw stump

compost.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Acknowledgments submitted to LPPM UNISMA

Bekasi on research grants.

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