The Influence of Religiosity Level of Student UIN Syarif Hidayatullah

Jakarta on Sexual Behavior

Bambang Ruswandi

Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Sexual Behavior, Religiosity, survey, SEM, PLS

Abstract: This study aims to analyze student sexual behavior on dating measured from the level of religiosity. The

survey gathered the data from UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta student as an object of the case study. The

tool to use for the statistical analysis technique is Structural Equation Models (SEM) with Partial Least

Square (PLS) estimation method. The measurement results for the latent variables of the degree of

religiosity, the most significant contributions are from the dimensions of belief, the dimension of practice,

the dimensions of knowledge, the dimensions of experience and the last is the dimension of worship. As for

the measurement of latent variables of sexual behavior, the greatest contribution is from level 3 (Kissing)

dimension. Then level 4 (touch) dimension, followed by level 6 (Oral Sex) dimension and level 5 (Petting)

dimension. Next is level 7 (Intercourse) dimension and the smallest contribution is from level 2 (Hugging)

dimension and level 1 (Holding) dimension. Based on the test results obtained the conclusion that levels of

Religiosity has significant influence are inversely proportional against sexual behavior of students in dating.

It means that the higher the level of student religiosity the lower the sexual behavior on dating.

1 INTRODUCTION

The phenomenon of free sex in dating in the modern

era is indeed a problem for the younger generation

of the nation. Where there has been a morality shift

and ethics of young people on dating, so sometimes

free sex behavior in courtship is no longer a sacred

thing. This phenomenon is indirectly the impact of

the western culture which is well-known for free its

lifestyle. The western culture of sexual behavior in

public places such as hugging and kissing is a

common thing. The immersion of western culture is

against the values and norms that exist in Indonesia

which the has the strict rules in human association.

State Islamic University (UIN) Syarif

Hidayatullah Jakarta is one of the universities in

Indonesia that make religion as the basis of

academic activities. The majority of UIN Jakarta

students are graduates of boarding school or at least

Madrasah Aliyah (MA). However, with the opening

of general faculties, extend the opportunities for

prospective students from public schools to come,

which do not have religious education or same

values as what students from boarding

school/Madrasah posses. So it is not surprising if the

stigma and the view that students with Islamic

educational background are considered having high

religiosity value. It is undoubtedly because in the

pesantren they are taught more about profound

religious teachings than other public schools.

However, in reality, many cases indicate the

occurrence of violations of sexual behavior that

occurred in the UIN Jakarta environment. In 2015

two students were caught in the emergency ladder. It

is a proof that there is a contradictory situation in

which UIN Jakarta students should be considered to

have a high level of religiosity, but there are still

many cases of sexual behavior that occurred among

students of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

According to Durkheim, religion is a system

consisting of beliefs and practices associated with

things that are sacred. So sociologically, religion is a

belief system that regulates the behavior of its

followers (social control) to fit values and norms.

In social science and psychology research, the

variables studied are generally multidimensional and

cannot be observed directly, but measured by the

indicator as the manifest of the variable (Wijanto,

2008). In this study, the endogenous variables of

sexual behavior and exogenous variables of

religiosity are factors that can be explained by the

1574

Ruswandi, B.

The Inﬂuence of Religiosity Level of Student UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta on Sexual Behavior.

DOI: 10.5220/0009932215741581

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 1574-1581

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

dimensions measured by some indicators. Therefore,

it needs a particular method to use the Partial Least

Square-Structural Equation Models (PLS-SEM).

Based on the above background, the author tries to

examine more in-depth analysis of student sexual

behavior in dating from the level of religiosity by the

partial least squares structural equation models

method.

2 THEORITICAL REVIEW

2.1 Religiosity

According to Glock & Strak define religion as a

symbol, belief, value, and behavioral system that

symbolize which all of it is centered on the problems

that lived as the most essential (ultimate meaning).

Religiosity also manifests in various aspects of

human life; religious activity does not only happen

when a person performs a ritual act but also when

one performs other activities, which are driven by

supernatural powers, visible activity or invisible

activity, and occurring in a person's heart. Hence

one's religiousness will encompass various sides and

dimensions (Ancok & Suroso, 1995).

This study uses the Dimensions of Religiosity of

Glock and Stark, according to Glock and Stark

divide religiosity into five dimensions of belief,

knowledge, religious practice, experience, and

consequences. The following is the detail

explanation related to the dimension of religiosity

(Ancok & Suroso, 1995):

1. The Belief Dimension

This dimension contains an individual's

belief and hope for the doctrines of a belief in

which this individual believes in the truth of

the doctrine and views that the teachings

provide. Where every religion maintains the

belief of its people to be expected by its people

to be obedient to its religious teachings

(Rakhmat, 2003). In the context of Islamic

religion itself, this dimension includes beliefs

and beliefs of Allah S.W.T, Angels, Prophets,

Book of the Qur'an, the Last Day (heaven and

hell), and other religious teachings.

2. The Dimension of Worship

This dimension includes the behavior of

worship, obedience and the things that people

do to demonstrate their commitment to the

religion it embraces. These religious practices

consist of two principal classes, namely:

a. Rituals, referring to a set of rites, formal

religious actions and sacred practices that

all adherents expect the believers to

exercise.

b. Obedience. Obedience and rituals are like

fish with water, although there are

significant differences. When the ritual

aspect of commitment is very formal and

public, all known religions also have a

relatively spontaneous, informal, and

distinctive personal act of contestation and

personal contemplation.

This dimension shows the behavior of someone

who expresses his belief in a particular religion. The

behavior here is not a typical behavior that is

influenced one's faith but instead refers to the

specific behavior established by religion such as the

ordinance of worship.

3. Dimension of Applying

The dimension of practice shows the

consequences of religious teachings in general

behavior, which are indirectly or defined

explicitly by religion (as in the dimensions of

religious practice). It is the effect of religious

teachings on individual behavior in everyday

life both in personal life and social life. In the

Islamic religion such as individuals feel guilty

when making mistakes or negligent in carrying

out religious orders.

4. The dimension of religious knowledge

This dimension refers to the extent to which

an individual understands the teachings of his

religion, where every religion has particular

information that must be known by its people.

This religious knowledge includes the attitude

of a person in accepting or assessing his

religious teachings closely related to the

knowledge of religion he possesses, the

openness or the closure of a person against

things contrary to his belief. In the context of

Islamic religion, this dimension includes

knowledge of the history of the story of the

prophet, the knowledge of the sciences of fiqh,

tajwid, and the meaning of the holy verses of

the Qur'an, knowledge of the pillars of faith

and pillars of Islam.

5. Dimension of Experience

This dimension describes the feelings and

religious experiences experienced and felt by

an individual relating to the feelings,

perceptions, and sensations experienced by a

person, or religious experience as a

communication with God. Suppose a person

feels close to his god, one feels fear when

sinning, or someone who feels his god grants

his prayer.

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2.2 Sexual Behavior

Sexual behavior is a behavior that arises because of

a sex drive to attract the attention of the opposite sex

(BKKBN, 1999). Another definition describes

sexual behavior is any form of behavior that

provides sexual stimulation resulting in sexual

reactions, except for sexual intercourse. Sexual

behavior encompasses many types of behaviors that

provide sexual stimulation resulting in sexual

reactions (Pangkahila, 2005).

Premarital sexual behavior is a behavior that is

done without going through a formal marriage

process according to religion and belief respectively.

The meaning of premarital sexual behavior is the

communication of intimacy, a way of expressing

closeness with a partner, sharing emotional and

physical attachment outside the legal marriage

(Duvall & Miller, 1985). Premarital sexual behavior

is all behavior that is driven by sexual desire, either

with the opposite sex or with the same sex, outside

of legitimate marriage. The sexual object can be

someone else, a person in a fantasy or self. Some of

these behaviors do not have any impact, especially if

no physical or social consequence can be caused

(S.W, 2011). The meaning of sexual behavior is

intimacy communication, a way of expressing

closeness with a partner, sharing an emotional and

physical closeness.

The forms of sexual behavior include: embracing

(like grabbing the shoulders, grabbing the waist),

making out (like kissing the cheek, kissing the

forehead, and kissing the lips), palpating sensitive

body parts, swiping the genitals up to insert devices

sex (intercourse). Based on the above understanding,

the researcher divides into seven levels of sexual

behavior, where the division level of sexual behavior

based on the previous research with the same theme

conducted by Ahmad Egits about the relationship of

religiosity with sexual behavior.

1. Hand grip, this activity is not too cause strong

sexual stimulation but usually appear desire to

try other activity.

2. Hugging, this activity creates a feeling of calm,

safe, comfortable with sexual stimulation

(especially when it comes to aerogenic /

sensitive areas).

3. Kissing, a touch of the cheek with cheeks or

cheeks with lips, a touch of lips to the lips, to

the kiss on the neck

4. Feel, is the activity of sensitive parts of sexual

stimuli, such as neck, chest, thighs, genitals,

and others.

5. Petting is the whole activity of non-intercourse

(until putting the genitals).

6. Oral Sex is a sexual activity by inserting the

genitals into the mouth of the opposite sex.

7. Intercourse (intercourse), is a sexual activity by

inserting the male genitalia into the female

genitals.

The physiological impact of premarital sexual

behavior of which can give rise to unwanted

pregnancies and abortion. The result is disruption of

health and maternity and infant mortality risk is

high. In addition, there is also a result of dropouts

and the economic consequences due to necessary

maintenance expenses and others. As for the social

impact caused by sexual behavior before it's time,

among others, excommunicated in teenagers

dropping out of school, women who are pregnant,

and changes the role of motherhood. Not to mention

the pressure from society that denounces and rejects

the State. According to Paxman & Sanderowitz, the

psychosocial consequences of this behavior is the

existence of mental tension, confusion and social

roles that suddenly change if a girl suddenly

pregnant. It will also happen to scorn and rejection

from the surrounding community (Sarwono, 2008).

2.3 The Results of Relevant Research

Research of Amy Adamcyzk and Britany E. Hayes,

"Religion and Sexual Behavior:" Understanding the

Influence of Islamic Cultures and Religious

Affiliation for Explaining Sex Outside of Marriage.

" The study tried to see and compare how Interfaith

religious influence in shaping the behaviour of a

person particularly in the study of sexual behavior

before marriage. Using the technique of modeling

data hierarchy and cross-national Survey of

demography and health, where the results of the

study also in the can that the religion of Islam and

Hinduism are the least of his people in a number of

sexual behavior before marriage than with other

religions.

The research of David Penhollow et al, "The

Impact of Religiosity on the Sexual Behaviors of

Collage Student" (effects of religiosity on the sexual

behavior of students). Where this research was

conducted to find out whether the frequency of the

presence of the religious influence on students '

sexual behavior. Which results in May that there was

a negative relationship between levels of students

who overturned the frequency with which are not

religious, where the higher the frequency of the

religious students tend to restrict the behavior of his

sexuality.

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3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Sampling Technique and Sample

Size of Research

The sampling method used in this research is the

Quota Sampling method. The reason to choose this

method is that the student population of UIN Syarif

Hidayatullah is relatively heterogeneous, and

subpopulation (strata) based on faculty which is

relatively homogeneous. While for sampling from

each subpopulation (strata) done randomly with

Accidental Sampling with proportional composition.

In determining the sample size that can represent

the population, the calculation procedure uses the

Estok Navette Cowan Formula (Estok, Nevitte, &

Cowan, 2002) where the value of p = 0.5, the

standard value of the normal distribution at the 5%

level is z = 1.96 and the error of sampling E = 0.05.

With the number of population N = 28036 so the

minimum number of samples is as follows:

[( )]

[( )] ( )

(. ) [. ( .)] ( )

(. ) [. ( .)] ( ) .







 



  



1 96 0 5 1 0 5 28036



196 05 1 05 28036 1 005

 378 98 379

zp pN

zp p N E

So the minimum number of samples that must be

observed is 379 people or rounded up to 380 people.

As for the determination of samples of each level

used the equation:



The following is the sample size for each faculty:

Table 1: Number of Strata and Total Student

Population of UIN Jakarta

Faculty Strata Population

Sample

Size

FITK I 5765 78

FAH II 2751 37

FSH III 3161 43

FU IV 2199 30

FDK V 2895 40

FDI VI 622 9

FEB VII 2388 32

FST VIII 3190 43

FISIP IX 1428 19

FPSI X 1024 14

FKIK XI 2613 35

Total 11 28036 380

3.2 Operationalization of Variables

This study uses two types of variables, called

observation variables and latent variables.

Observation variable is observable, while the latent

variable is variable that cannot be observed or

unobservable, arranged and measured indirectly

through the indicator. Latent variables in this study

are classified into two types, namely exogenous or

independent latent variables consisting of religious

variables and endogenous latent variables are

student sexual behavior variable. Here is an

overview of the variables used in the primary

research:

Table 2. Variable Operationalization

Based on the results of validity and reliability

testing, on the Religiosity variable of 20 items tested

questions, there are three invalid items namely RE8,

RE10, and RE18 items, so the data retrieval process

does not include it. As for the Sexual Behavior

variable, out of 10 items tested as a whole are valid

items.

3.3 Statistical Hypothesis

The hypothesis proposed in this research are:





Religiosity does not affect student sexual

behaviour





Religiosity affects student sexual behavior

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3.4 Data Analysis Method

In this research, the data analysis method used is

Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Models

(PLS-SEM) method.

4 RESEARCH RESULT AND

DISCUSSION

In this research, Structural Equation Models (SEM),

modeling is done to see how each indicator gives the

contribution to its latent variables and to measure

how the influence of exogenous latent variable of

Religiosity toward endogenous latent variable of

Sexual Behavior. Data processing is done with the

software of Smart PLS version 2.0.

4.1 Demographics of Respondents

From the results of research conducted towards 380

respondents students UIN Syarif Hidayatullah

Jakarta, following are the demographic

characteristics of respondents as measured by

several questions, namely:

Table 3: Frequency Distribution of The Gender

No Gender Frequency Percentage

1 Male 179 47.1%

2 Female 201 52.9%

Total 380 100%

Based on the chart above to see that of the 380

students UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta used as

47.1% of respondents, or as many as 179 people

were male-sex and the rest of 52.9% or 201 people is

a trivial gender female.

Table 4: Frequency Distribution of Semester

No Semester Frequency Percentage

1 I 88 23.2%

2 III 106 27.9%

3 V 107 28.2%

4 VII 64 16.8%

5 IX 15 3.9%

Total 380 100%

In this research survey conducted on the odd

semester semester student categories, so there is the

odd semester. Categories of the semester students

are chosen as samples of the most is on the semester

V (five) as many as 107 respondents or 28.2%. The

second largest order i.e. student semester III (three)

with a total of 106 students or 27.9%. Next is a

student of the semester I (one) of 88 people or

23.2%. Currently the fourth and fifth are students of

the semester VII (seven) and semester IX (nine) with

the number of students in a row i.e. 64 respondents

or 16.8% and 15 students or 3.9%.

Table 5: Frequency Distribution Of Origin Schools

No Origin Of School Frequency Percentage

1 SMA 196 51.60%

2 MA 164 43.10%

3 SMK 20 5.20%

Total 380 100%

Based on the chart above to see that of the 380

people resonden were taken, the majority of students

UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta comes from SMA

that is as much as 196 people or 51.60%. In second

place was the origin of the school's students from the

MA as much as 164 people or 43.10%. As for the

origin of a smallest school student that is derived

from the SMK as many as 20 people or 5.20%.

Table 6: Frequency Distribution Of Education Boarding

Schools

No Pesantren Education Frequency Percentage

1 Yes 155 40.8%

2 No 225 59.2%

Total 380 100%

For boarding students educational experience of

380 samples taken, as many as 155 people or 40.8%

of whom ever was educated at the boarding school

and the rest as much as 225 people or 59.2% of the

students never attended boarding school.

4.1 Results of Parameter Estimation

and Path Diagram

Below is the path diagram of Structural Equation

Models (SEM) along with estimation parameters by

Partial Least Square estimation method that

describes the relationship between indicator with

latent variable and the influence of exogenous latent

variable Religiosity to an endogenous latent variable

of Sexual Behavior.

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Figure 1. Path Diagram of Parameter Estimation Results

4.2 Outer Model Conformity

Evaluation

The external model evaluation is conducted to see

whether the observed variables have correctly

measured the constants. Testing measurement model

includes a test of validity and reliability test. For

validity, the test is done through Convergent

Validity test by looking at loading factor value and t

count statistic value. The following is a statistical

diagram of t count for the first level measurement

model for each latent variable.

Figure 2. Path Diagram count statistics

The table above shows that all standardized

loading factor in the Outer Model measurement

model has good validity. It is based on good validity

criteria, where the t value of the load factor is critical

(t value ≥ 1.96) and the standardized loading factor

of ≥ 0.05 (Wijanto, 2008). So it can be concluded

that the variables of observation (indicator) on the

model measurement Outer Model can measure each

latent variable Religiosity and Sexual Behavior well.

Furthermore, reliability testing is done to see the

consistency of measurement of observation variables

simultaneously on each construct. The following

shows the value of Composite Reliability (CR) and

Discriminant Validity (AVE) for each construct in

the Outer Model measurement model.

Table 7. Outer Model Reliability Testing

Based on the outer model reliability test above,

all Construct Reliability values of the latent

variables of Religiosity, and the Sexual Behavior

exceed the threshold limit of 0.70, and the Variance

Extracted value exceeds the threshold limit of 0.50

(Willy & Jogiyanto, 2009). It indicates that the level

of reliability at the first level measurement of the

three constructs is high, so it can be said that the

indicators on each construct are consistent enough to

measure the constructs.

4.3 Inner Model Conformity

Evaluation

The evaluation of the conformity of the inner model

or overall model can be measured using Q-Square

predictive relevance. The following will be

displayed Q-Square calculations in the test of inner

model conformity:

1 (1 ) 1 (1 0.1754) 0.1754QR    

From the above result, the value of Q2 is greater

than zero (0). Thus it can be concluded that the inner

suit model / overall model is good and has predictive

relevance.

4.4 Contribution Analysis Dimensions

of Religiosity

The following data is the loading factor value of

each dimension in measuring latent variable

religiosity:

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Table 8. The Value Factor of Dimension on Latent

Religiosity

No Dimensions

Weight

Value

1 Belief 0.904

2 Worship 0.811

3 Practice 0.876

4 Religious Knowledge 0.863

5 Experience 0.835

In the measurement of latent variables of

Religiosity, the most significant contribution is

given by the belief dimension of 0.904. Then the

second largest dimension is the practice with the

weight of 0.876, followed by the knowledge

dimension with a substantial contribution of 0863.

Next is the experience dimension that is equal to

0835 and the smallest contribution given by the

dimensions of worship with a weight of 0.811. If

accumulated, the total contribution given by the five

dimensions in measuring the latent variable of

Religiosity is equal to the AVE value of 0.5671 or

56.71%.

4.5 Analysis of the Contribution of

Sexual Behaviour Dimensions

The following is the loading factor value of each

dimension in measuring the latent variable of sexual

behavior:

Table 9: The Value of Factor Dimension Factor

Dimension on Sexual Behavior

No Dimensions Weight Value

1 Level 1 (Holding on) 0.723

2 Level 2 (Cuddle) 0.733

3 Level 3 (Kissing) 0.942

4 Level 4 (Feel) 0.893

5 Level 5 (Petting) 0.861

6 Level 6 (Oral Sex) 0.864

7 Level 7 (Intercourse) 0.831

In the measurement of latent variables of Sexual

Behavior, the most significant contribution is given

by Level 3 (Kissing) dimension of 0.942. Then the

second largest dimension is Level 4 (Feel) with the

weight of 0.876, followed by the Level 6 (Oral Sex)

dimension with a significant contribution of 0863

and the Level 5 (Petting) dimension of 0.861. Next

is the 7th (Intercourse) dimension of 0.831 and the

smallest contribution is given by the Level 2

dimension (Cuddle) with the weight of 0.733 and the

Level 1 (Holding) dimension is 0.723. If

accumulated, the total contribution given by the five

dimensions in measuring the latent variable

Religiosity is equal to AVE value of 0.6923 or

69.23%.

4.6 Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis testing of the research was conducted to

investigate the effect of the exogenous latent

variable of religiosity on the endogenous latent

variable of sexual behavior. Here are the hypothesis

testing results of data processing:

Table 10: Hypothesis Testing Results

Based on the results of data processing obtained

the conclusion that the exogenous variables of

Religiosity have a significant influence on

endogenous variable Sexual Behavior of students in

dating. It can be seen from the value of t-count (-

9.365) which is smaller than -1.96 so that H0 is

rejected and concludes that the exogenous latent

variable gives significant effect to the change of an

endogenous variable with the influence of 17.5%.

On the Religiosity, the variable has a loading factor

value of -0.419, a negative sign on the value

indicates that there is a relationship that is inversely

related to religiosity with sexual behavior. It means

that the higher level of student religiosity the lower

sexual behavior in dating will be. The lower the

level of student religiosity than the higher sexual

behavior in dating will be.

5 CONCLUSION

From the results of research conducted, it can be put

forward some conclusions as follows:

1. In the measurement of latent variables of

Religiosity, the most significant contribution is

given by the belief dimension of 0.904. Then

the second largest dimension is the practice

with the weight of 0.876, followed by the

knowledge dimension with a substantial

contribution of 0863. Next is the experience

dimension that is equal to 0835 and the

smallest contribution given by the dimensions

of worship with a weight of 0.811. If

accumulated, the total contribution given by

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the five dimensions in measuring the latent

variable of Religiosity is equal to the AVE

value of 0.5671 or 57.71%.

2. In the measurement of latent variables of

Sexual Behavior, the most significant

contribution is given by Level 3 (Kissing)

dimension of 0.942. Then the second largest

dimension is Level 4 (Feel) with the weight of

0.876, followed by the Level 6 (Oral Sex)

dimension with a significant contribution of

0863 and the Level 5 (Petting) dimension of

0.861. Next is the 7th (Intercourse) dimension

of 0.831 and the smallest contribution is given

by the Level 2 dimension (Cuddle) with the

weight of 0.733 and the Level 1 (Holding)

dimension is 0.723. If accumulated, the total

contribution given by the five dimensions in

measuring the latent variable Religiosity is

equal to AVE value of 0.6923 or 69.23%.

3. Based on the results of data processing

obtained the conclusion that the exogenous

variables of Religiosity have a significant

influence on endogenous variable Sexual

Behavior of students in dating. It can be seen

from the value of t-count (-9.365) which is

smaller than -1.96 so that H0 is rejected and

concludes that the exogenous latent variable

gives significant effect to the change of an

endogenous variable with the influence of

17.5%. On the Religiosity, the variable has a

loading factor value of -0.419, a negative sign

on the value indicates that there is a

relationship that is inversely related to

religiosity with sexual behavior. It means that

the higher level of student religiosity then the

lower sexual behavior in dating will be.

Moreover, the lower the level of student

religiosity the higher sexual behavior in dating

will be.

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