History of Sciences and Libraries in the Islamic World:

A Mutual Relationship

Agus Rifai

and Imam Subchi

Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, Jakarta

Keywords: History of science; Islamic libraries; Islam and science;Islamic civilization

Abstract: This paper exposed the relationship between science and librarianship in the Islamic wolrd. By using historical

method or historiography, the study is aimed at exploring of the relationship between sciences and libraries

in the Islamic world. The study found that historically, the development of sciences in the golden age of Islam

was followed by the growth of libraries. Islamic libraries have significant roles in the scholarly tradition and

sciences development. Libraries have played its roles in knowledge production, transmission, and

preservation. Islamic libraries were not only a place to store knowledge but also a center for knowledge

studies. It was a basis of muslim ummah’ scholarly tradition.

1 INTRODUCTION

In historical perspective, we have witnessed how

muslim ummah achieved the glory days, especially in

the field of scientific achievement reached in the later

part of the seventh century and the beginning of the

eight century under the Umayyad rule, and its golden

age occurred under the Abbasid rule, and in Muslim

Spain. For at least five centuries, Islamic civilization

was the most prominent in the world. (Hitti, 1974)

therefore called that centuries as the golden prime of

Islam because the muslim achievement on sciences.

The achievement of muslim scholars on sciences was

acknowledged by many scholars such as (Kneller,

1978), (Hill,1993), (Sarton, 1927), and (Nasr, 1968).

In addition to its social stability and political

factors and the level of prosperity of muslim’s life,

the development of science that occurred during the

classical or medieval period of Islam was influenced

by the roles of learning institutions including

libraries. during the Islamic Golden Age there was a

number of important learning institutions previously

unknown in the ancient world have their origins in the

medieval Islamic world, with the most notable

examples being mosque, khalaqa, madrasa, and

libraries. According to (Micheau, 1996), Islamic

libraries in the classical period have regarded to the

modern library characteristics. The libraries not only

offered a service of the collection of books or

manuscripts as found in prior ancient libraries, but

also as a public library and lending library, a leaning

center and knowledge dissemination, a public space

for meetings and discussions, and equipped with a

dormitory for scholars or students. The concept of the

library catalog was also introduced in medieval

Islamic libraries, where books were arranged into

specific fields and categories.

This paper has attempted to explore the history of

science and libraries in the Islamic world. In

particular, the description will answer the questions

on the establishment of Islamic libraries and its role

in the development of sciences in the Islamic world

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

In historical perspective, the discussion of Islamic

libraries was a topic of Islamic civilization history.

Libraries in the Islamic world was viewed as parts of

the achievements of muslim ummah. Studies of the of

Islamic libraries generally became part of the

discussions of Islamic history studies, especially on

Islamic civilization. Historians who concerned on

history of Islamic civilization discussed topic on

Islamic libraries in relation to the learning institutions

and or the development of sciences in the Islamic

world. The achievement of sciences in that era of the

252

Rifai, A. and Subchi, I.

History of Sciences and Libraries in the Islamic World: A Mutual Relationship.

DOI: 10.5220/0009926902520258

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 252-258

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

‘golden’ age of Islam reached by muslim ummah was

immediately followed by the growth of libraries.

Many scholars such as Mackensen dan (Pinto,

1929), (Shalaby, 1954), (Thompson, 1957),

(Elayyan,1990), (Micheau,1996), and (Sardar,1990)

acknowledged the role of Islamic libraries in the

development of muslim civilization. Islamic libraries

were centre of studies, discussions, and storage of

sciences as the foundation of human civilization.

For example, (Elayyan, 1990) found that there

was a significant growth of Islamic libraries during

the the Medieval period. In the ages, types of library

such as public and private libraries, academic

libraries, mosque libraries were regarded to be crucial

institutions in shaping Islamic civilization. Islamic

libraries were places for knowledge production,

dissemination, and preservation. Scholars and

muslim ummah gathered to read, discuss, and do

study in the libraries. (Shalaby,1954), on the other

hand, mentioned that Islamic libraries were important

learning institutions in the Islamic world. Islamic

libraries were ‘open’ institutions to all kinds of

sciences to be studied and discussed.

In 1962, (Hamadeh,1962) presented a paper for

his master in Chicago University entitled “Islamic

Libraries during the Middle Ages”. According to the

paper, Islamic libraries have particular characters and

functions such as religious, scholarly, social,

educational, and propagative characters. In addition,

(Hamadeh,1962) stated that Islamic libraries have

contributed to the development of sciences, not only

in the muslim world but also over Europe. Muslim

ummah need libraries for knowledge transmission

and transformation.

3 METHODOLOGY

Historical method was used to explore the history

of sciences and libraries in the Islamic world. By this

method, the description of sciences and libraries

development in the past time especially in the

classical period of Islamic history was narrated and

written with critical inquiry. The research begun with

the data collection, data examination or criticism, and

data presentation. In data collection, literature on

Islamic history and other relevant literature were

quested and located. In addition, the literature, then,

were read and examined based on the objective of

study. At the end, the data that were relevant to the

research objectives were presented.

4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 The Rise of Islamic Libraries

History of libraries in the world began from the

written tradition. The birth of Islam in 610 A.D. has

introduced a new tradition among Arab society,

namely a written tradition. This written tradition has

brought the great changes in the Arab civilization by

which the Arabs were previously known to have a

very strong oral tradition.

Actually, history of Islamic librarianship was

stemmed from the tradition of writing which was then

followed by the establishment of libraries in the

Islamic world. The Qur’an was a work written in the

beginning of muslim tradition. As mentioned in the

first verse of Qur’an, reading and then writing are the

two most important tradition influencing the Islamic

civilization. The Qur’an mentioned “Read, in the

name of the Lord . . . Read, for thy Lord is the most

generous. Who taught by the pen. Taught man what

he did not know”. The word ‘pen’ in the verse

indicated the important of writing to transmit

knowledge.

The teachings of reading and writing as

mentioned in the first verse of Qur’an revealed to

Prophet Muhammad PBUH have introduced a new

tradition among muslim ummah that was called as

literacy tradition. This tradition implied to the need of

teaching institution as well as of writing literature. At

the beginning period of Islam or at 8

century,

Arabic-Islamic literature was written on parchment

and papyrus, and the Qur’an was the literature written

at the first time. The tradition of literacy continued to

writing hadith, letters, acts, agreements, and so on.

According to (Elayyan,1990), the invention of

paper brought from China to Baghdad at about 800

A.D has influenced the way of Arabic-Islamic books

were produced. The production and dissemination of

knowledge were faster and easier accordingly, and

knowledge books were distributed largely in the

muslim countries. As a result, in addition, book-shops

and bookmarkets were scattered in Islamic cities.

Book-shops in Islamic cities have played as a center

of Arabic-Islamic books production and distribution

as well as discussion among muslim scholars. There

were one hundred book shops in Baghdad in the 11

century.

(Elayyan, 1990) added that the introduction of a

new tradition of literacy has brought great influence

of the rise of sciences in the Arabic-Islamic world.

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253

The contact and transmission of different cultures

from the Persian literature to Arabic have contributed

to the absorption of the Greek and Persian literature

and the invention of new fields of knowledge. through

the translations, discussions, and instructions, muslim

scholars and scientists developed seculars sciences

such as astronomy, medicine, geometry, arithmetic,

astrology, botany, zoology, and natural sciences, and

Islamic sciences such as fiqh, qur’anic sciences,

hadith sciences, theology, tasawuf and history.

(Lyon,2010) mentioned that through Arabic-Islamic

sciences, muslim have contributed to the

development of sciences and transformed to Western

civilization.

The development of sciences and scholarly

traditions in the early era of Islamic period required

to the new institutions to store, organize, and preserve

the literature produced by muslim scholars. The

establishment of libraries were intended to and part of

the advancement of Islamic civilization in the Middle

Ages. (Azami,2000) mentioned that history of the

Islamic libraries was at the first decade of the sixth

century Hijrah. Abd al-Hakam ibn Abdullah ibn Amr

ibn Sufwan al-Jumahi established a public library that

contains various collections of books that was

equipped rooms to read and enjoy as well. Mackensen

as cited by (Sardar, 2000), the early history of the

establishment of libraries in the Islamic world began

in the Umayyad period as a result of the development

of written tradition at the time. The first library was

the library of al-Zuhri. It was stated that Al-Zuhri

have collected the books and letters written by from

his students and a few letters.

However, the library that was well known as the

first library in the Islamic world was the library that

was founded by Khalid Ibn Yazid (Pedersen,1984,

Quraishi, 1970, and Ibn Nadim, 1970). J. Pedersen

[1984] in his book, The Arabic Book, stated that

Khalid Ibn Yazid Ibn Muawiyah had set up a library.

(Ibn al-Nadim,1970) mentioned that Khalid Ibn

Yazid Ibn Muawiyyah is a good and wise person so

that people was called him as the Wise Man of the

Family of Marwan. He was very fond and loving of

sciences. Because of his love to science, he

deliberately gathered a group of Greek philosophers

who lived in Egypt to come to him, and then he

ordered them to translate Greek works into Arabic.

This effort was considered as the beginning of

translation activities in the Islamic world. For the

purposes of the translation activities and to store the

literatures that have been translated he established the

library. This library was the first Islamic library that

has large and organized collection (Audah, 1999).

The growth and development of Islamic libraries

have widely spread in the Abbasid caliphates. In this

periods, according to al-Baghdadi [1996], the rise of

learning institutions has become important part of the

development of the Muslem scholarly traditions. In

addition, further al-Baghdadi, Islamic libraries were

the most significant institution in the development of

the tradition. In various large and small cities the

Islamic libraries have widely spread and become the

pride of the caliphs and governors. The Islamic

libraries became the place where a variety of books

and reference materials were stored and the scholarly

or scientific activities were carried out.

During the Abbasid periods, there were many

kinds of Islamic libraries such as mosque library,

madrasa and academic libraries, private libraries,

public libraries, and semi public libraries.

(Krek,1980) mentioned Al-Azhar Mosque library

was a famous Islamic library in the 9

century. In

addition, there were large libraries such as Al-Unawi

Mosque library in Damascus, Al-Mansour Mosque

and Al-Kamariah Mosque libraries in Baghdad, Al-

Zaitunah Mosque library in Tunis, Al-Masjid Al-

Jame’a library in Merv, and Mecca and Medina

Mosques libraries (Hamadah, 1981). Besides mosque

libraries, private libraries owned by Islamic caliphs

and scholars such as Al-Jahiz’ library, Ibn Ishaq

library, Ibn Khaqan library, and Abasid caliphs’

libraries have contributed to the development of

sciences in the Islamic world (Elayyan, 1990).

Public libraries, on the hand, were also important

learning institutions in the Arabic-Islamic history.

The development of public libraries were aimed to

provide access to sciences for all people. The public

libraries served all people without any restrictions.

Public library founded by Khalid ibn Yazid from

Umayyid dynasty in Damascus in 689 A.D. was the

first public library. (Pinto, 1959) added that Byt al-

Hikmah founded by the order of the great Abbasid

caliph Al-Ma’mun in the 9

century was regarded to

be the first public library that was open for public in

Baghdad.

Moreover, the growth and development of the

library provided a new model for teaching institutions

in the Islamic community. According to (Tibi, 1990)

and (Quraishi, 1970), in the early Islamic history

there were teaching institutions such as dar al-arqam,

suffah, dzawiyah, and khalaqah. These institutions

were intended to teach religious teachings purposes.

On the other hand, the establishment of libraries was

introduced a new institution to learn Islam and

sciences as well. In the libraries, people learned

Islamic teachings as well as studying sciences

through library services and collections. (George

Makdisi, 1981) mentioned that Islamic libraries were

to be ‘open learning institutions’ that people can learn

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not only Islamic sciences such as tafsir, fiqh, and

akhlak but also can discuss secular or ancient

sciences such as Math, medicine, astronomy,

alchemy and chemistry, physisc, and geography. He

added that Islamic libraries were often referred to as

bayt al-hikmah, daar al-hikmah, daar al-Ilm, khianah

al-hikmah, and daar al-kutub which were a

combination of the words bayt, daar, and khizanah

with the words al-ilm, al-kutub, and al-wisdom. This

combination referred to Islamic libraries indicated

that library was a new institution that open for

teaching and learning all sciences, including secular

sciences that was different from previous learning

institutions.

(Hasan Ibrahim Hasan, 1996) added that Islamic

libraries played their roles in teaching and learning of

religious sciences or sciences of naqliyah or syar'iyah

which are the result of the creativity of Muslims as

well as foreign sciences obtained from other people.

This science is also called as the aqliyah sciences or

wisdom, and is sometimes referred to as the ancient

sciences (al-‘ulum al-qadimah).

4.2 The Roles of Islamic Libraries on

the Development of Sciences

Based on the expalanation above, It can be argued

that the rise and development of sciences in the

Islamic world is followed by libraries. Beside its

function as a storehouse where Islamic knowledge

and sciences were keept and preserved, the Islamic

libraries have become learning instittutions where

people gathered for study in all branches of sciences,

not only religious sciences but also secular sciences

as well. (Muhammad Munir Marasi, 1988)

mentioned that in the early Islamic history there were

several institutions that function as a means of

disseminating knowledge such as mosques, kuttab,

madrasas, libraries, Dar al-hikmah, and hospitals.

In this case, we can see that there was a close

relationship between the development of sciences and

libraries in the Islamic world. the development of

knowledge and science is in great need to the libraries

to keep and preserve, and the libraries, otherwise, will

grow up widely in the society with high respect to the

knowledge

4.2.1 Providing Library Services

Like library in general, Islamic Library provides

and offers library services to their users. the Islamic

libraries collect literature and works from different

disciplines, and organize it in a systematic

organization system. According to (Sardar,1996), the

Caliph al-Makmun sent several people to go to

Rumawi and Cyprus or Athens, India, Syria and

Egypt to look literature for library collection.

to organize the literature, Ahmad (Amin,1998)

and (Siba’i,1992) stated that library collections are

organized and stored based on the subject or subject

matter. the literature were classified based on their

subject or the classification of science. the literature,

then, were kept in a place or room such as a room for

fiqh books, a room for medical books, a room for

literary books, and so on. According to Ahmad

(Syalabi,1954) that library collection were placed on

shelves or storage cabinets, and a list of titles of books

was attached to the shelves indicating the its contents.

the list contains the titles of books and the total items,

and other information about pages or other parts of

the missing book, or parts of books that have been

lost.

In providing library services, according to

(Nakosteen, 1996) Islamic libraries offered a check-

in check-out service enabling its users to borrow

books from the library with particular requirements.

In addition, (Nakosteen,1996) added that for

particular users such as scientists, they were allowed

to check out the books for the total of a hundred items.

However, according to (Syalabi, 1954), the users

of library were suggested to maintain and threaten

properly the book borrowed from the library, not

allowed to make comments or notes on the book, and

may not lend a loan book to others, or use it as

collateral for anything. (Nakosteen, 1996) added that

all books must be returned immediately in accordance

with the provisions in a certain time. the library will

send a regard to its users by saying thank you for all

returned books and their use.

the descriptions above indicated that Islamic

libraries pay a great appreciation of the books or

literature as the part of knowledge. They collect,

organize, preserve, and provide service to literature

on sciences.

4.2.2 Translation of Ancient or Classical

Heritage

The history of Islamic libraries can not be

excluded from the translation efforts of the classical

literature heritages particularlry from Greek

heritages. the objective of the establishment of the

Islamic library by Khalid ibn Yazid that was

considered as the first library was puposed as the

place for the kept of Arabic translation from the

Greek heritages. This translation that conducted by

Khalid from Umayyad Caliphates was argued as the

first attemp of translation in the Islamic world.

However, this attemp of scientific translation has not

supported by religious caliphs.

History of Sciences and Libraries in the Islamic World: A Mutual Relationship

255

The translation of literature on sciences was

widely conducted during Abbasid rule. According to

Muhammad Ali Abu (Rayyan, 1973), translation

activities during the Abbasid caliphates are divided

into three periods. the first period is from the year

136-198 AH, or since the time of Caliph al-Mansur to

the Caliph Harun al-Rashid. At this time there are

such names as al-Bathriq Yuhan, Abdullah Ibn al-

Muqaffa, and Ibn Yuhana Masawih. the second

period was of 198-300 AH. or the caliph al-Ma'mun

with the names of such well-known translator Hunain

Ibn Ishaq, Ibn Ishaq Hunain, Yuhana al-Bathriq, and

Qust Ibn Luqa al-Ba'labaki. the third period was

lasted for fifty years, from 300-350 AH which were

the names of translators Basyar Mata Ibn Abu Yunus

(Ibn Yunan, Ibn Zakariya Yahya Ibn Adi, Abu

Sulaiman al-Sajastani, Abu Uthman al-Dimasyqi, and

Abu Ali Isa Ibn Ishaq Ibn Zur'ah.

For the translation purposes, the Abbasid caliph,

Harun al-Rasyid founded khizanah al-hikmah that

then was well known as Bayt al-Hikmah (House of

Wisdom) in the period of chaliph Al-Ma’mun, al-

Rasyid’s son. This institution was regarded to be the

first library that was open for public. the library was

consisted of an astronomical observatory. In addition,

the library has functioned as a center for study of

sciences and translation of ancient literature as well

as a place of manuscript preservation (Ahmad Amin,

1998, Syalabi, 1954). (Stanton, 1994) stated that in

Bayt al-Hikmah, Hunain Ibn Ishaq almost translated

the entire works of Galen, Aristotle's works such as

Categories, Physics, Magna Moralia, and

Hermenuetics, Plato's works such as the Republic,

Timaeus, and the Laws, and Aphorisms works of

Hippocrates, Dioscorides Materia Medica work, four

astronomical work of Ptolemy, and translated the old

Testament.

4.2.3 Literatures Copying and Duplication

In spite of the translation, the copying or

duplicating of literature was the famous traditions

during the Islamic classical periods. There was a

popular profession that was called copy writer or

warraq in this periods. the main task of copy writer

was to copy or duplicate the literature, the original or

the translated literature. A copy writer or warraq

worked independently while others worked based on

the request. Al-Isfahani according to Pedersen has

copied the book of al-Aghani, and dedicated the book

to the Caliph Al-Hakkam II in Cordoba. then he

obtained one thousand dinars from the caliph as

reward. Someone who was not known who lived in

Seville around the year 1200 got a thousand dinars

from the government for his services to copy and

comment on the work of al-Sibawaih (Pedersen,

1984).

Morover, (Pedersen, 1984) asserted that this

copying activities were rapidly growing in the early

Abbasid rules, especially after the founding of Bayt

al-Hikmah in Baghdad. Number of copyists were

employed here to copy the literature of science,

especially during the translation efforts of foreign

works. For example, In the library Bayt al-Hikmah,

copying activities are handled by specialized staff

who are responsible for copying literary tasks. the

copying literature has become the department in the

library. the department was responsible in copying

and disseminating knowledge. Among the names of

the copyists in Bayt al-Hikmah, there was a name

such Syu'ubi Allan, a Persian. He was in charge of the

books copied during the reign of Caliph Harun al-

Rashid and al-Ma'mun (Ahmad Amin, 1998, Syalabi,

1954). Al-Farra, an expert in philology, was given the

task by al-Ma'mun to write a work about the

language. For this purpose, he provided the living

facilities and two copyists that Salama ibn Asim and

Abu Nasr Ibn al-Jahm will help him in copying

activities. This effort was done in the library Bayt al-

Hikmah. In addition, In addition, according to

Pedersen (1984), the translators who worked at the

Bayt al-Hikmah such as Yuhana Ibn Masawih,

Hunain Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad ibn Musa al-

Khwarizmi, Sa'id Ibn Harun, Thabit Ibn Qurra, and

Umar Ibn Farrakhan were also the copyists.

4.2.4 Libraries as the Community Learning

Centers

the most important of the function of Islamic

libraries was for community learning center. the

libraries have become the place where people can

read and learn all branches of sciences. the public

libraries in the Islamic classical periods were intended

to provide public services. the large public libraries

were open to all people without distinction; upon this

fact the sources continually saying that anyone who

could read, write or learn a subject was admitted.

Such was the free admission in the libraries of Tripoli,

Cairo, Shiraz, and Mosel. to facilitate in every way

the use of books by students and scholars, public

libraries permitted their loan sometimes against a

deposit of money, at others, even without such

deposit. An example of the latter is the Damiriyah

library at Merv from which Yakut Al-Hamawi had

borrowed 200 books. (Elayyan, 1990).

As the center for learning, the Islamic libraries

havr a unique characteristic. According to (Bassam

Tibi, 1990), the why of the islamic libraries were

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named by Bayt al-Hikmah, or Khizanah al-hikmah, it

was the theses words bayt, khizanah, and dar al-

hikmah indicated to the place where many foreign or

secular sciences were taught and assessed. the islamic

libraries became the institute that was different from

the madrasah or special schools that were the high-

level teaching institution for the religious sciences.

4.2.5 The Advance Studies of Sciences

As mentioned above, the emergence of Islamic

libraries has been colouring the models of learning

institutions in the early periods. the libraries played

its roles to provide library services as well as to

facilitate an advance study of sciences. (George

Makdisi,1981) mentioned in his book of the Rise of

College that libraries were institutions for studies of

foreign sciences. In addition, according to (Majid,

1978) and (Hitti,1974), Islamic libraries such as Bayt

al-Hikmah in the golden age of Islam served as a

storage facility for scientific literature with various

types of subjects and languages, a place for the

translation of foreign works, a place to copy various

scientific literature, as well as a center for study and

research institution. That is why many historians

viewed that bayt al-Hikmah was as a university-level

higher education institution.

In the Islamic history there are many libraries that

have function as an institution for human civilization

such as Bayt al-Hikmah in Baghdad, Dar al-Hikmah

in Cairo, and Dar al-Ilm in Naishabur. the Islamic

libraries, in this case, were not only as community

learning center, but also as the advance studies of

sciences. All branches of sciences, religious sciences

and secular sciences, were studied in advance.

According to (Bassam Tibi, 1990), and (Ahmad

Amin, 1998) explained the why of the islamic

libraries were named by Bayt al-Hikmah, or

Khizanah al-hikmah, it was because the these words

bayt, khizanah, and dar al-hikmah indicated to the

place where many foreign or secular sciences were

taught and assessed. the Islamic libraries, therefore,

became the institute that was different from the

madrasah or special schools that were the high-level

teaching institution for the religious sciences.

According to Stanton 91994), disciplines such as

Greek philosophy, science, etc. were studied in the

Islamic libraries.

As the advance studies, the Islamic libraries were

considered as the higher institution for learning.

(Sardar, 2000) stated that Bayt al-Hikmah in the

Abbasid period has transformed to be the center for

study that opened to public and also has conducted

an intensive research and the advance studies such as

meetings of scientists, sholalry discussion, lectures,

debates and others. In this institution scientists and

muslim scholars tought sciences such as Al-Kindi,

Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina and Ibn Rushd. According to one

source, Al-Ma'mun, have invited scientists all over

the Islamic world to share ideas, information, and

knowledge in this library. For the advance studies,

some books and valuable documents from medicine

to astronomy were stored neatly on shelves in the

library catalog.

In addition, Bayt al-Hikmah is also equipped with

the observatory. This facility was used to conduct

study and research, especially in the field of

astronomy (Hitti, 1974, Holt, 1970). with the

observatory facilities, al-Khwarizmi, the great

scientist, and his colleagues can manage and then

creat a astronomical calculations table that can be

used to measure the distance and the depth of the earth

(Haque, 1995). the table later was known as the

Tables of Ma'mun which was based on the book

Sindhind (Sidhanta) that was translated from India at

the time of Caliph al-Mansur. This was the first

astronomical work in Islam. the Europeans, then,

copied and translated the book into the Greek, and

named it with Astronomos, and the English called it

with astronomy (Hosein, 1975).

The current digital world, scholar also served a

storage for digital print of religious manuscripts such

as done by (Aulia, Khairani, & Hakiem, 2017).

5 CONCLUSION

Based on the explanation above, it can be

concluded that in the historical perspective there was

a close and mutual relationship between Islam,

science, and librarianship. the relationship between

Islam and science is not only that there is

theologically no conflict between Islam and science,

but also there was evidence that Islam has ever gained

the great achievement on sciences in the world. the

development of sciences in the golden age of Islam

was followed and supported by the growth of Islamic

libraries. the libraries were not be function as a

storehouse where sciences are kept and preserved, but

also as an institution where teaching and learning

process was conducted. In addition, the Islamic

libraries have funtioned as the advance studies where

all branches of sciences were studied and developed.

By these functions and roles the Islamic libraries hava

become the basis of muslim scholarly traditions and

the boundary of the development of sciences in the

world.

History of Sciences and Libraries in the Islamic World: A Mutual Relationship

257

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study is completed by assistants of many parties.

Special thanks dedicated to my colleagues, librarians

at Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University who

have assisted me to find and locate the literature

needed to prepare this paper.

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