Communication Disorder of Schizophrenics in Psycholinguistics and

Religious Perspective

Baili

, Muthiah

and Rohmani Nur Indah

UIN Sultan Thaha Saifuddin, Jalan Arif Rahman Hakim 111 Jambi, Indonesia

Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Jalan Gajayana 50 Malang

Keywords: communication disorder; psycholinguistics; religious perspective; scizophrenia

Abstract: Schizophrenia is a disorder in language caused by problems or disturbances in thinking so that it affects the

communication. The sufferer loses his motivation and energy which makes the patient unable to express his

expression either through facial expressions, or other limbs. The purpose of this study was to reveal the

phenomena related to the issue of attacks and persecution of the scholars conducted by people who were

declared insane. It further relates the phenomenon through Islamic perspective. This study is a literature

study that all data are taken from several books and from the news in online media. The results found are the

testimony from santri and a cleric at the Indonesia Lawyer Club program hosted by Karni Ilyas who stated

that people who are declared insane are not really crazy. The examination results show that they are not

right if they are declared insane just because they are chasing a chaplain. This phenomenon of attacks

toward ulama by those who are thought to be insane has existed long ago, namely in the days of the PKI's

betrayal in 1965. As for the Islamic perspective, legal consequences apply to those who pretend to be crazy.

1 INTRODUCTION

In recent months, there have often been cases of

kiyai and religious leaders attacked by people who

are suspected of having a mental disorder. Even this

case occurs in various regions. This phenomenon is

enough to grab the public's attention, various media

contain issues that are warmly discussed by the

community (Kiblat net, 2018)

There are also a number of figures in Indonesia

linking this issue with the proximity of the election.

Some media wrote that those who experienced

mental disorders were deliberately prepared and

operated. An intelligence observer, Soeripto

revealed that crazy people can be operated. "Attack

operations like this can use insane people, they are

not indoctrinated like sane people, but they

engineered their moods, touched their emotional

side". But there are also media that oppose such

opinions, such as viva.co.id, which refers to the

words Danardi, who at the time was talking on the

telephone with TV One Friday, February 23, 2018,

"people who have been disturbed are not able to be

programmed, I affirm again can't be programmed ".

There is another opinion expressed by KH.

Tengku Zulkarnaen in the ILC on TV One

"addressing the problem lately. I want to express the

opinion of the leader of the MUI Prof. Dr. Dien

Syamsudin he revealed and written in several social

media that this incident was a systemic scenario that

would not have been possible by accident. This was

by design so that it was impossible for many crazy

people to appear. The target is only kiyai, religious

leaders, not police. This is weird. It can be said to be

systemic because it spreads widely from West Java

to Aceh and others (Geger, 2018).

In just one week there has been persecution of

two Islamic leaders in West Java. Initially happened

to the Leader of Al Hidayah Islamic Boarding

School, Cicalengka, Bandung Regency, Kiyai Umar

Basri was persecuted after morning prayers at the

Islamic boarding school. Then, not long after that it

also happened to the PP Persis Brigade Commander,

Ustadz Prawoto (Pratiwi, 2018)

In Tuban, East Java, there was a fury and

destruction by a man at Jami 'Baiturrahim Mosque

on February 13, 2018. BBC Indonesia media also

reported that a chairman of the Indonesian Ulema

Council (MUI) in Madiun city named Sutoyo

reported to the police that he also subjected to terror

by insane people who entered his house on the night

of February 21, 2018.

In Paciran Lamongan: according to news

uploaded by Rakyatku.com a man who suffered a

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Baili, ., Muthiah, . and Indah, R.

Communication Disorder of Schizophrenics in Psycholinguistics and Religious Perspective.

DOI: 10.5220/0009926212701275

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 1270-1275

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

mental disorder suddenly attacked a leader of the

Muhammadyah Islamic boarding school, KH Hakam

Mubarok. According to the media, initially the man

sat in front of his house, then Kiyai Hakam told him

to move, and unexpectedly the madman pursued

Kiyai Hakam until he fell (Pratiwi, 2018).

From some of the facts above, it is clear that the

target for the madman is the ulama and the kiyai, not

the police, the army or even ordinary people, this is

a strange thing. Because a schizophrenia cannot hate

a scholar. In this case, it is necessary to examine the

mental and mental state of the perpetrator, not only

from one source, even the doctor needs to check his

record (Pratiwi, 2018). So there are some arguments

about this phenomenon.

Based on the fact that this study examines

communication disorders of schizophrenics in

psycholinguistic and religious perspectives. This

research is very important because it is in

accordance with the theoretical basis which says that

schizophrenia is a language disorder due to thinking

disorders.

Initially, they used to close or alienate

themselves and their minds, even very often

hallucinating. Schizphrenia studies are associated

with the perspectives of psycholinguistics and

religion to be urgent to do.

In the early stages, schizophrenics often use

excessive "I" pronouns, even very difficult for them

to find the right vocabulary. Then go up to the next

stage, they often accidentally use the actual

vocabulary they don't want to say. This makes them

become withdrawn from relationships and crowds.

They are more comfortable to be alone and

hallucinate (Chair, 2009)

Therefore, it is obvious that this mental disorder

is not always dangerous since schizophrencs are

actually busy with their hallucination world. In

logical sense, they don't have the competence to be a

murderer. It is necessary to change the mindset

which is not easy to induce schizophrenic sufferers

to become haters, even dare to kill to the ulamas or

the scholars.

Some studies in the discussion of schizophrenia

state that in schizophrenic patients who later have

been declared cured can experience relapse so they

must be re-treated at the same mental hospital

(Amalia et al., 2013)This causes public reluctance to

accept scizophrenics in their environment. Based on

the fact that communication disorders with mental

disorders are based on public awareness so that they

are considered a threat and empirically this has not

been widely studied, then this paper raises the

phenomenon.

2 METHOD

This research employs literature study by reviewing

the phenomenon on schizophrenia in the current

political news in Indonesia. The data are taken from

the document on news related to the issue of the

attact to some ulama that is linked to the political

situation facing the election in Indonesia.

The steps apllied in this study are: (1) searching

and collecting current news on the attact to kiyai

conducted those suspeted of schizophrenia, (2)

reading and understanding them, (3) analyzing the

phenomenon by relating to Psycholinguistic theories

on language disorder, (4) explaining the

phenomenon by relating to Islamic perspectives

3 DISCUSSION

3.1 Schizophrenia in Indonesia

The word schizophrenia often goes wrong in

interpretation, both in its common term and in the

news media. Most people define schizophrenia as

people who have problems in behavior, character,

mentally ill, and much different from normal people.

For example, people who are unable to distinguish

feelings of love and hate and the inability to make

decisions because of a number of reasons, can be

classified as scizophrenics. Several centuries ago,

especially in some countries, scizophrenia was

known as the effect of evil spirits (Prasetyo, 2016)

According to Sadock, based on PPDGJ-III

(guidelines for the classification of mental disorders

III) schizophrenia is a variable syndrome that causes

the disease to become widespread, not always

chronic but dependent on physical, genetic and

socio-cultural influences. Eugen Bleuler was the first

to introduce the term schizophrenia, which replaced

dementia in the literature. This is interpreted by the

confusion between the behavior, emotions, and

thoughts of patients who experience this disorder.

The core symptoms associated with schizophrenia

include association, affective, autism, and

ambivalence barriers (Millan et al, 2014)

Whereas sisophrenics is a language disorder

caused by problems or disturbances in thinking. This

disturbance affects the communication, even the

sufferer loses motivation and energy that makes the

patient unable to express his expression either from

facial expressions, or other limbs (Chair, 2009)

A person who experiences sisophrenia can speak

continuously but only say something or repeat the

words he has said and there are also a few additions

of the words he repeats and some even decrease

Communication Disorder of Schizophrenics in Psycholinguistics and Religious Perspective

1271

(Chair, 2009). Even people who have schizophrenia

have an obstacle to receptive language. This

situation can be seen from the difficulty in revealing

words, understanding sentences, and processing

them in meaning or arrangement.

Language barriers for people with schizophrenia

are caused by two things, perception and semantic

memory. Semantic memory is not permanent

because it results from experience and learning. In

this context, language becomes a means of

interaction between environment, learning and

semantic memory. The mind problem is caused by

mental disorders between the three functionally

(Indah, 2017).

They experience hallucinatory disorders (usually

auditory hallucinations). Symptoms initially seen

when they are accustomed to closing their minds and

not communicating with people around, but always

talking to themselves and their thoughts on their

own as if it was crowded. This initial symptom is

similar to elective mutism (silence on certain

people). Symptoms are then referred to as pre-

hallucinations, in communicating patients very often

use the word "I" and in this phase sufferers find it

difficult to find the appropriate vocabulary. In the

next phase, sufferers often do not realize that the

words they say just come out. With this disorder it

makes sufferers lack self-confidence so that it

attracts their association from a crowd (Prasetyo,

2016)

Symptoms that generally occur in patients, are

classified into two types, namely positive and

negative symptoms. Positive symptoms can be

called acute symptoms. These symptoms interfere

with the mind and senses, and direct the sufferer to

do what sometimes makes no sense. Usually

sufferers feel the sound from inside their soul,

sometimes the voice gives them peace and comfort.

However, sometimes these voices plunge them into

actions that endanger them. The positive symptoms

include:

a) Delusion: also called misdirection. Closely

related to logic and common sense, for example,

they assume that the traffic lights on the highway are

objects from space.

b) Hallucinations: have a relationship with

supernatural nature. Patients sometimes feel that

they even see something that cannot be seen with the

naked eye.

c) Impaired thoughts: how to speak to the patient

is unclear and irregular. Sometimes I like to talk to

myself, and stop suddenly.

d) Strange behavior: almost have similar

explanations with thinking disorders, but sufferers

usually like to cry and laugh suddenly.

Negative symptoms. Also called chronic

symptoms. This situation is the development of

positive symptoms which means that their mental

condition deteriorates. Their feelings become blunt,

so that facial expressions are flat. They experience

depression, but do not want to be helped even expect

it. they do not feel that their lives are irregularities,

unable to communicate, and have no love for

anyone. These impacts are so influential that they

withdraw themselves from a crowd (Mass, 2000). In

addition their communication is limited as they also

have reduced language lateralisation in their mind

(Suzuki & Usher, 2009).

As for some of the causes of schizophrenia is the

first, because of a brain disorder, second, because

mental disorders that can be triggered due to

abnormalities in the brain, third, because of

inflammation in the brain that can make people go

crazy. The fourth is depression, it is a psychiatric

disorder in a person in which severe depression can

make people crazy. Fifth, bully, someone can go

crazy because of bully, besides being crazy bully

also makes people become criminals. Sixth, due to

breakups, breaking up can make a person's soul

disturbed, many people break up to go crazy and

even die of suicide. Seventh, because of money,

bankruptcy can make people go crazy.

3.2 Schizophrenics in Islamic

Perspective

From the description above, it is clear that

Schizophrenics are those who experience

disturbances in the brain's nervous system. However,

this is inversely proportional to the perspective of

the Islamic religion described by the Prophet

Muhammad. Who is actually a madman in the view

of Islam?

In the Islamic view, people who are not

intelligent are classified into two parts, first is a

person who does not have reason, commonly

referred to as Schizophrenics, actually Muslims are

encouraged to call them not as Schizophrenics, but

rather exposed disaster (mushab). The second, is a

person who has reason, but is never used to think,

this is what should be called "madman".

It is reported that one day an abnormal person

came to the Messenger of Allah. Then a friend

called him majnun, the friend reprimanded him by

the Messenger of Allah and said: "do not say he is

majnun, but say he is a mushab (the person affected

by the disaster). Those crazy people are just people

who give priority to the world over the hereafter.

In another narration, the Messenger of Allāh

said: "indeed the madman is a servant (man) both

male and female who spends his youth in

disobedience to Allah. Then Companion Ali said,

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

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"the intelligent person is one who avoids sins, and

cleanses blasphemy". It is in line with the words of

the Prophet Muhammad about the ten traits or signs

that indicate the height of one's mind. First, always

tolerate and be polite. Second, a forgiving soul.

Third, always humble, especially to people who are

lower in position. Fourth, competing in terms of

goodness. Fifth, always think before saying. Sixth,

choose silence if the conversation is not good.

Seventh, be patient with all slander, and are good at

holding back emotions. Eighth, seeking for virtue.

Ninth, shy. Tenth, not greedy. (Abuzahra, 2018).

Then what if the phenomena that have recently

taken place are studied with fiqh. First, it is about

the law of killing or persecuting people who are

truly insane. Second, about the law if the person

pretends to be crazy.

First, the jumhur ulama agrees if the truly insane

person is classified into awaridhul Ahliyah (no

punishment is imposed upon him). Because they

cannot sort out what is good, and which is

inappropriate. This is based on the Prophet's hadith:

ﻳ ﱵﺣ ﻢﺋﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻋو ،ﻎﻠﺒﻳ ﱵﺣ ﱯﺼﻟا ﻦﻋ :ثﻼﺛ ﻦﻋ ﻢﻠﻘﻟا ﻊﻓر ﻦﻋو ،ﻆﻘﻴﺘﺴ

ﻔﻳ ﱵﺣ نﻮﻨا(ﺪﲪأ ﻩاور) ﻖﻴ

Meaning: "the pen is appointed from three

human groups. From small children to baligh, from

sleeping people until he wakes up, from crazy

people until he is aware." (Matiar, 2018 ).

However, in fiqh it is explained if the madman

has taken actions that can harm other people and

even act criminally, then the guardian is the one who

is held accountable.

It was also stated that if a madman commits a

criminal act, the punishment is in the form of a fine

(diyat) and not a physical punishment. If he damages

another's property, then it is obligatory for him (his

guardian) to replace. If he kills him, he cannot be

qishas. But the guardian is obliged to pay diyat

(fines for murder) (Matiar, 2018 ).

Second, that is the law for people who pretend to

be crazy. According to Shaykh Safar Ahmad Al

Hamdani in his article entitled "Al-Junun wa

Anwa'uhu fil Mandzur Islami" explained about two

conditions regarding people who pretend to be

crazy. First, if he pretends to be crazy to avoid

punishment, then he still gets dependents as a

mukallaf (people affected by the imposition of

Shari'a). Whereas the second condition is, if

someone pretends to be crazy, then it must be

proven by someone who is truly competent in their

field. Then then can make a decision to be judged

(Alhamdany, 2012)

3.3 Current Issues On Schizophrenia

According to the news reported by Karni Ilyas in the

Indonesia Lawyer Club program, in West Java there

was someone who suddenly stabbed a santri with a

knife. The perpetrator thought that the santri was a

cleric, after it was explained that the perpetrator was

looking for a cleric, initially the perpetrator was

thought to be a construction worker who used to

roam the area of the Islamic boarding school.

Apparently he wanted to persecute the chaplain in

the mosque. After the santri reported the incident to

Ustad Sunanto that there were foreigners hiding in

the area of the mosque carrying sharp weapons.

Then another victim named Ichsan arrived, and

reported that there were foreigners inside the

mosque and carrying sharp weapons. Finally,

Sunanto's cleric immediately reported to the

authorities. It was finally reaffirmed by Ustad

Sunanto that the perpetrator was a normal person

and had been once sentenced (Geger, 2018).

The interview results from YouTube about how

the detailed chronology actually occurred when the

incident occurred against the ulama 'together with

the caregivers of the Karangasem Islamic boarding

school in Lamongan, East Java, Kiyai Abdul Hakam

Mubarak who was attacked when he wanted to

perform the Dhuhr prayer also proved that the

culprit was not really crazy but pretending to be

pretend crazy. The madman carried a sharp weapon

that made the kiyai frightened. Kiyai ran because of

fear, when the distance was about 30 meters the

madman chased, people around responded that there

was a chaplain chased by a madman. Eventually the

madman was arrested and secured and immediately

interrogated. The checking showed that he looked

normal even his teeth are also clean and well

maintained not as common schizophrenics (Pratiwi,

2018). However, to come to the real diagnosis of

schizophrenia, a patient should follow some

procedures such as several language and discourse

assessments (Mac-Kay et al., 2018)

Based on historical facts revealed by Habib Riziq

Sihab on youtube, he said that there had always been

people who attacked the ulama and when he was

arrested by the police he was declared a madman.

also in 1965 like this, many of the kyai were chased

and killed and once they were arrested they were

declared insane (Habib Riziq, 2018).

As evidence of the phenomena that occur in the

community, it is stated that people who suffer from

schizophrenia are people who have problems in

behaving, character, mentally ill, and far different

from normal people. Whereas the phenomena that

occur in the community as described above are

clearly not in accordance with this theory. In the first

case, the person who was considered crazy turned

Communication Disorder of Schizophrenics in Psycholinguistics and Religious Perspective

1273

out to be drunk with glue, while the second case was

exactly the same as normal people, while based on

history, this phenomenon had occurred during the

PKI incident in 1956. So, it can be concluded that

not all schizophrecs are crazy but just pretending to

be insane and also as a planned setting of a group of

people.

People who are truly insane are people who can

no longer use their mind, usually laughing

themselves even more ironically until they don't use

a piece of clothing because there is no more shame.

It is caused by the psychotic disorder indiciating

broad cognitive impairments and abnormality

(Sheffield et al, 2018; Creyaufmuller et al., 2018;

Hubbard et al., 2018; Wen et al., 2014; Bliksted et

al., 2014).

As for people who are declared insane because of

the case of attacking the ulama is far different from

people who are really crazy. Their style and

behavior are the same as normal people, invited to

talk can still answer even though the answer is not

appropriate. This is because his condition is drunk,

so he can still use his mind well. They can still find

out which clerics and those who are not ulama or

people who have become targets to be persecuted so

that their mistreatment targets have been wrong. In

this case there is no indication that the person is

schizophrenic suffering inabilities in both

macrolinguistic ability (concerning pragmatic and

discourse processing) and microlinguistic level

(relating to lexical and syntactical skills) (Marini et

al., 2008). So, it is very clear that the attackers who

were declared insane were not included in the

category of people who were truly insane because

they were not in accordance with the theories of

Schizophrenia in the perspective of

Psycholinguistics.

In an Islamic perspective, a person who pretends

to be crazy with the aim of committing this heinous

act must be punished and given direction that

motivates him not to do disgraceful actions. majnun,

because they have a healthy mind, but never used to

think. So that they remain classified as mukallaf or

people who are burdened by law in the Shari'a.

4 CONCLUSION

Schizophrenia is a person who has a mental disorder,

one of the disorders that occur in patients is impaired

in terms of communication both oral communication

and behavior. Whereas the attackers of the clerics

who were declared insane were not schizophrenic

because they were arranged and set to attack the

scholars so that they looked like schizophrenics.

There needs to be an understanding of the

community that they are not real crazy people, but

only settings. Therefore, the community is expected

to always be alert when events like this occur in

their respective areas.

Whereas in an Islamic perspective, they are

people who are really crazy because they do not use

their mind well. So that the Messenger of Allāh

sebenarnya said that in fact they are people who are

really crazy or awkward, because they have a

healthy mind, but never used to think. So that they

remain classified as mukallaf or people who are

burdened by law in the Shari'a.

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