Factors Affecting Indonesian Muslim Women in using Korean

Cosmetic Products

Bambang Suryadi

, Elvi Fetrina

, Meinarini Catur Utami

and M. Dwirifqi Kharisma Putra

Faculty of Psychology, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, Jakarta, Indonesia

Faculty of Science and Technology, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Religiosity; hedonic orientation; cosmetic; behavior

Abstract: The primary purpose of this study is to identify the factors that contribute to Indonesian Muslim women in

using Korean cosmetic products. The sample size of this study was 1.015 students drawn from six State

Islamic Universities (UIN) in Indonesia. Hedonic Orientation Scale and Religiosity Scale were used for data

collection. The data was analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The findings of the study

indicate that hedonic orientation and Islamic religiosity are significantly affecting Indonesian Muslim

women in using Korean cosmetic products. Product quality, generous price, and natural ingredients are also

considered as an essential factor by Indonesian Muslim women in using the products. The findings of this

study have practical implications for both Korean cosmetic producers and Indonesian Muslim women as

consumers of the products.

1 INTRODUCTION

The use of cosmetics by women for aesthetic

enhancement is a visibly prominent practice in the

world as has been true in many cultures for centuries

(Cash & Cash, 1982). Cosmetics use has been

traditionally used by women to control their physical

appearance and, presumably, their physical

attractiveness (Cox & Glick, 1986). It is common

that people judge the first impression by outward

appearance. Hence, people are willing to spend

money on appearance-related products, which will

enhance their self-concept and make them feel, look,

and smell good (Wan, Youn & Fang, 2001).

People’s concern with their appearance is not

anything new, the history of cosmetics products

spans at least 6,000 years of human history (Khraim,

2011).

That was the reason why the global beauty

market has been growing stable and has the ability to

be continuously growing even in some unfavorable

economic conditions. Although having being

affected by the global economic crisis in 2008-2009,

beauty product industry easily boomed again in

2011. According to William Reed Business Media,

the market researchers predict that the market will

reach $630 billion in 2017 (Łopaciuk & Łoboda,

2005).

Since late 1900, Korean culture becomes

popular among Asian countries, including

Singapore, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Indonesia

and Japan (Hong & Kim, 2013). The popularity of

Korean culture starts from several TV dramas, such

as Winter Sonata, Daejanggeum, and Autumn in my

heart, which consider as the pioneer of Korean

cultural products. This culture movement is known

as the “Korean Wave,” “Hallyu” or “Hanryu”

(Moslehpour, Wong, Pham & Aulia, 2017), this

culture also booming in Indonesia, especially in

adolescence.

Since the last five years, Korean cosmetic

products had attracted the attention of Indonesian

Muslim women and are easily found in many places

across Indonesian country in both an online store

and offline store. These phenomena indicate that

Korean cosmetic products experience fast growth

and interests among the Indonesian population.

Data from the Korea Health Industry Development

Institute (KHIDI), suggest that Korean domestic

production of cosmetics reached 7280 million

dollars in 2013. The major export destinations of

1210

Suryadi, B., Fetrina, E., Utami, M. and Kharisma Putra, M.

Factors Affecting Indonesian Muslim Women in using Korean Cosmetic Products.

DOI: 10.5220/0009925212101217

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 1210-1217

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

Korean cosmetics are Southeast Asian countries

(Park, 2015).

According to Park (2015), many factors make

Korean cosmetic products popular among Asian

people rather than people from other countries.

Among those reasons are Korean companies’ efforts

in fulfilling consumers’ satisfaction not only in the

domestic market but also in the international market.

Asian women have a similar concept of beauty and

skin color. Finally, increasing advertisement on

product brand image.

A study by Wulandari (2016) indicated specific

cosmetic product brands that become popular and

best seller in Indonesia. Based on her survey with

274 respondents, there are five cosmetics products

brands regarded as a favorite product, namely Etude

(71.7 %), Faceshop (39.05%), Nature Republic

(14.96%), Mischa (12.77%), and Innisfree (9.12%).

In connection with the majority of Indonesia's

population are adherents of Islam and South Korean

cosmetics consumers do not rule out the possibility

of being a Muslim and the spread of South Korean

cosmetics in almost all major cities in Indonesia,

then this study took samples from all UIN in

Indonesia to represent the voice of cosmetic

consumers who are Muslims. The relationships

between different forms of faith, belief systems or

existential views and the generic notions of quality

of life have attracted considerable research attention

(Tiliouinne, Cummins & Davern, 2009).

Although a study on Indonesian Muslim

women’s attitudes toward Korean cosmetic product

had been done, the finding is still inconclusive as

information on what factors affecting hedonic

intentions of students from higher Islamic

institutions are not revealed. For this reason, there is

an urgent need to conduct a study involving

Indonesian Muslim women across the country.

Theoretically, Indonesian Muslim women’s

attitude toward specific cosmetic products can be

studied through the Theory of Planned Behavior

(TPB). According to Azjen (1991) “TPB predicts an

individual’s intention to engage in behavior at a

specific time and place. It posits that individual

behavior is driven by behavior intentions, where

behavior intentions are a function of three

determinations: an individual’s attitude toward the

behavior, subjective norms, and perceived

behavioral control”.

An attitude toward a behavior is a positive or

negative evaluation of performing that behavior.

Attitudes are informed by beliefs, norms are

informed by normative beliefs and motivation to

comply, and perceived behavioral control is

informed by beliefs about the individual’s

possession of the opportunities and resources needed

to engage in the behavior (Ajzen, 1985). TPB also

includes a direct link between perceived behavioral

control and behavioral achievement. Given two

individuals with the same level of intention to

engage in a behavior, the one with more confidence

in his or her abilities is more likely to succeed than

the one who has doubts (Ajzen, 1991).

The present study is aimed to explore the

factors that contribute to Indonesian Muslim women

in using Korean cosmetic products. More

specifically, this study aimed at identifying the

reasons for Indonesian Muslim women from State

Islamic University (UIN) for using the Korean

cosmetic products. The findings of this study have

practical implications for both customers of Korean

cosmetic products and producers of the products.

2 METHODS

2.1 Research Design

This study used a descriptive quantitative

research design. The primary purpose of using this

design was to define better attitudes, opinions, and

intentions held by a group of Indonesian Muslim

women studying at State Islamic University (UIN)

across the country. The critical point in the

descriptive study is to measure and record variable

accurately (Mitchell & Jolley, 2010). The research

model is illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Research Design and Model

Figure 1 shows that Islamic religiosity consisted

of three dimensions, namely sinful acts,

recommended acts, and the worship of God. Islamic

religiosity directly influences Indonesian Muslim

women to use Korean cosmetic products. Similarly,

Islamic religiosity directly affects hedonic

orientation and eventually changes the intention to

use Korean cosmetic products.

Factors Affecting Indonesian Muslim Women in using Korean Cosmetic Products

1211

A total of 1.015 students aged 17-24 years old

from six UINs in Indonesia took part in this study.

The six UINs included UIN Medan, UIN

Palembang, UIN Jakarta, UIN Surabaya, UIN

Malang, and UIN Makassar. The sample of this

study was selected using a nonprobability sampling

technique. The breakdown of sample size based on

the institution is presented in Table 1.

Table 1: The Sample Size Based on Institution

Institution Frequencies %

UIN Medan 155 15.3

UIN Palembang 153 15.1

UIN Jakarta 248 24.4

UIN Surabaya 150 14.8

UIN Malang 154 15.2

UIN Makassar 155 15.3

Total 1.015 100

A description of the number of research subjects

based on age and semester as can be seen in the table

below:

Table 2: The Sample Size Based on Age & Semester

Age % Semester %

17 1.0 2 25.9

18 12.3 4 25.6

19 25.7 6 28.5

20 23.6 8 17.7

21 20.6 10 2.3

22 12.2

23 3.8

24 0.9

Total 100 100

Based on the data in the table above, after

calculating the mean of the age of all respondents it

was found that the mean age of respondents was

20.07 with a range of 17-24 years and SD 1.433

which was based on the age characteristics of

respondents with the highest age was 19 years,

amounting to 271 people (25.7%), while the range

from semester ranges from 2-10 where the highest

number is semester 6 respondents as many as 300

people (28.5%) and the smallest number of

respondents is 10 semester respondents as many as

24 people (2.3%).

2.2 Instrument

Measurement is arguably the single most

crucial component of any empirical research

endeavor and is a critical component in establishing

construct validity (Shadish, Cook & Campbell,

2002). Construct validity refers to the degree to

which inferences can be made legitimately from the

observed scores to the theoretical constructs about

which these observations are supposed to contain

information. In short, construct validity involves

generalizing from our behavioral or social

observations to the conceptualization of our

behavioral or social observations in the form of the

construct. The practice of validation aims to

ascertain the extent to which an interpretation of a

test is conceptually and empirically warranted and

should be aimed at making explicit any hidden

ethical and social values that overtly or inadvertently

influence that process (Messick, 1989; 1995).

A Female Hedonic Orientation Scale with eight

items and Religiosity Scale with 28 items and the

Intention Scale with five items were used in

collecting the data. All items were scored on a 4-

point Likert model (1 = strongly disagree, 4 =

strongly agree) (see, Furr & Bacharach, 2013;

Raykov & Marcoulides, 2011). The measure of

Intention of using Korean cosmetics products

consisted of five items that measure intention as one

aspect from four other elements including attitudes,

subjective norms, perceived behavioral control,

intention, and behavior which was based on Ajzen’s

Theory of Planned Behavioral (Ajzen, 1991; Ajzen,

2005) the measure was developed by study’s author.

The Female Hedonic Orientation Scale (Teo &

Sidin, 2014) were used in this study and consist of

eight items. The Religiosity Scale included of three

dimensions, namely sinful action, recommended

actions, and engaging in real worship of Allah which

was based on Olufadi’s work of Muslim Daily

Religiosity Assessment (MUDRAS) (Olufadi,

2016).

2.3 Data Analysis

To describe respondents’ demographic data

descriptive statistics, such as frequency, percentage,

mean, and the standard deviation was used. The

analyses involved a confirmatory factor analysis

(CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM).

First, a higher-order factor CFA model was specified

for MUDRAS to test the proposed measurement

structure underlying the data, for hedonic

orientations and measurement of intention, the one-

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

1212

factor model was used. Second, the structural

models were tested using SEM.

Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a statistical

methodology used by social, behavioral, and

educational scientists as well as biologists,

economists, marketing, and medical researchers.

One reason for its pervasive use in many scientific

fields is that SEM provides researchers with a

comprehensive method for the quantification and

testing of substantive theories. Other major

characteristics of structural equation models are that

they explicitly take into account measurement error

that is ubiquitous in most disciplines, and typically

contain latent variables while CFA is a measurement

model of SEM (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2006).

The CFA and SEM analyses were performed

using Mplus 7.4 developed by Muthen & Muthen

(1998-2015). All CFA models were estimated using

Robust Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLR),

and for the SEM analysis, Bayesian estimation was

used, operationalized as the BAYES estimator in

Mplus with so many advantages over another

estimator (Muthen & Asparouhov, 2012).

Because this study will use statistical

modeling-based methods that is by using the SEM

method, the main hypothesis in this study is H0 = S -

∑ = 0, while H1 = S - ∑ ≠ 0 (see, Brown, 2015). The

hypothesis means that if there is no difference

between "data" "And" theory "then the model is fit,

which means that what is theorized in describing the

interrelations between variables has been correctly

specified. Therefore, first, the information on the

overall goodness-of-fit model is important to see

because it is the one that answers the main

hypothesis of the research.

An inclusive approach to the evaluation of

model fit was used, incorporating an assessment of

fit indices, parameter estimates, and alternative

models using procedures that were suggested by

(Muthen, 1984). There are two criteria that used to

evaluate goodness-of-fit of the CFA model to the

data which are: RMSEA < 0.05 and nonsignificant

chi-square (Hu & Bentler, 1999; Wang & Wang,

2012). For the SEM model, Posterior Predictive P-

value (PPP) around 0.50 indicate a good fit of the

model (Muthen & Asparouhov, 2012).

3 RESULTS

3.1 Reasons for using Korean Cosmetic

Product

Of 1.015 respondents of this study, 351 (34.6%)

students used Korean cosmetic products, while the

rest of the respondent with a total number of 664

(65.4%) students did not use the product. Based on

their responses to the questionnaire, about 220

(62.7%) respondents said that they used Korean

cosmetics product due to its quality. About 59

(16.8%) respondents used the product due to its

natural ingredients, and 42 (12.3%) respondents said

because of brand popularity. Only 12 (3.4%)

respondents used the product because of its generous

price and about 17 (4.8%) for other reasons. From

this data, it is clear that three main reasons for using

Korean cosmetic products are quality, natural

ingredients, and brand popularity.

3.2 Proportion of Cosmetic Users

But even though the number of users of Korean

cosmetic products is far less than those who do not

use, if grouping is done based on the university, the

following information is available:

Figure 2. Proportion of users

In the picture above it can be seen that even

though overall respondents found that the number of

respondents who used Korean cosmetic products

was only 35.5%, but if it was grouped at each

university it was known that there were two

universities with higher users of Korean cosmetic

products compared to those who did not use where

the two universities in question are UIN Jakarta and

UIN Palembang.

This shows that the popularity of Korean

cosmetic products is also influenced by the

geographical location where even though other cities

are provincial capitals such as Surabaya, Medan, and

Makassar but it does not necessarily indicate how

18.8

48.4

21.9

19.3

20.6

61.5

35.5

81.2

51.6

78.1

80.7

79.4

38.5

64.5

0% 50% 100%

UINMalang

UINMakassar

UINMedan

TotalSample

Ya Tidak

Factors Affecting Indonesian Muslim Women in using Korean Cosmetic Products

1213

Korean cosmetic products are known so that only

large cities like Jakarta where accessibility to

Korean cosmetic products are easy to get and

Palembang needs to be studied further about the

reasons why Korean cosmetic products are widely

used.

3.3 Validity of Measurement Scale

Intention Scale. A 1-factor CFA was conducted on a

new scale that we're developing to test the expected

measurement structure underlying the observed

indicators of Intention measurement based on TPB.

This model provided an acceptable fit to the data,

chi-square = 3.692, df = 4, p > .05, RMSEA = .000

(90% CI = .000, .046). The factor loadings were

uniformly moderate to high and statistically

significant at p < .001.

Female Hedonic Orientation Scale (FHOS). A

1-factor CFA that proposed by Teo and Sidin (2014)

was conducted to test the expected measurement

structure underlying the obvious indicators of

Female Hedonic Orientation Scale. This model

provided an acceptable fit to the data, chi-square =

55.216, df = 17, p < .001, RMSEA = .047 (90% CI =

.034, .061). The factor loadings were uniformly

moderate to high and statistically significant at p <

.001.

Muslim daily religiosity assessment scale

(MUDRAS). A Higher-order factor CFA that

proposed by Olufadi (2016) was conducted to test

the expected measurement structure underlying the

obvious indicators of MUDRAS. This model

provided a good fit to the data, chi-square =

389.422, df = 122, p < .001, RMSEA = .046 (90%

CI = .041, .052). The factor loadings were uniformly

moderate to high and statistically significant at p <

.05.

3.4 Structural Equation Modeling

(SEM) Analysis

An analysis was also conducted to fit the target

structural models to the sample data. The final

structural model is found fit to the data with PPP-

value around 0.50. The presentation of the model

with standardized parameter estimates is shown in

Figure 2. Consistent with a hypothesized model,

religiosity was found to be a significant direct

predictor of intention and hedonism. Hedonism was

not seen to be a significant direct predictor of

intention.

Figure 3. Fitted-SEM Model

Note: sin = sinful acts, rec = recommended acts, eib =

engaging bodily in a worship of God, rel = Islamic

religiosity, hed = hedonism, int = intention to use Korean

cosmetic products

The results of the Structural Equation Modeling

analyses of the direct effects and also measurement

model are presented in Table 2. The measurement

model is only used for the construct of Islamic

religiosity; the other is only used the observed

indicator to represent the variable that measured.

Table 2: The results of SEM Analysis

*significant

Data in Table 2 show that the three dimensions of

Islamic religiosity (sinful acts, recommended acts,

and engaging bodily worship of God) were suitable

dimensions to measure the religiosity of Indonesian

Muslim women. This is because the three

dimensions are generated from Quran and Hadis as

the guidance of Muslim society.

Variable Est.

Posteri

or SD

P-value

95% C. I.

Lower

2.5%

Upper

2.5%

Islamic

Religiosity BY

Sinful Acts 0.280 0.022 0.000* 0.245 0.327

Recommended

Acts

0.714 0.018 0.000* 0.675 0.753

Engaging Bodily

Worship of God

0.951 0.013 0.000* 0.922 0.976

Intention ON

Islamic

Religiosity

-0.123 0.031 0.000* -0.177 -0.051

Hedonism ON

Islamic

Religiosity

0.160 0.031 0.000* 0.090 0.219

Intention ON

Hedonism 0.040 0.032 0.120 -0.027 0.106

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

1214

The data further show that Islamic religiosity

negatively affected the intention of Indonesian

Muslim women in using Korean cosmetic products.

This means that the higher the religiosity, the lower

the intention to use the Korean cosmetic products.

As for the influence of Islamic religiosity on hedonic

orientation, the data show that there was a positive

correlation between the two variables. This means

that the higher the Islamic religiosity, the higher the

hedonic orientation. Finally, the data show that

hedonic orientation is not significantly affected the

intention of Indonesian Muslim women in using

Korean cosmetic products.

4 DISCUSSION

The results of this study indicate that product

quality, natural ingredients, product brand, and

reasonable price are considered as the main reasons

for Indonesian Muslim women preferred to use

Korean cosmetics products. This finding is

consistent the with a previous study by Hong and

Kim (2013) who found that Korean beauty products

become popular among Asian countries, including

Singapore, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Indonesia,

and Japan.

Based on the results of SEM analysis, the three

dimensions of Islamic religiosity, namely sinful acts,

recommended acts, and engaging bodily worship of

God are suitable and appropriate dimensions for

Indonesian Muslim women. This could be because

Indonesia is the most populous Muslim country in

the world. Given this fact, it is essential for Islamic

Higher Institutions, especially UINs, to nurture

Islamic values among students to be religious

persons as reflected in their behaviors. This study is

in line with the findings of a previous study done by

Abdel-Khalek (2006) in Kuwait where he used the

question of: ‘‘What is your level of religiosity?’’

with 2,210 undergraduate Muslims. He found that

females scored significantly higher religiosity means

than their male counterparts, the same as the current

study sample characteristics.

Surprisingly, the findings of this study indicate

that Indonesian Muslim women with a higher level

of religiosity tend to have a higher hedonic

orientation to use Korean cosmetic products. One

possible reason for this could be a personal belief of

Islamic teaching which says that Allah is beautiful

and He likes beauty. The Qur’an contains only a few

short passages concerning clothing, perfume, and

other body adornments. Approximately half of these

focus on the afterlife. Verse 35:33, for example,

describes Paradise as “gardens of perpetual bliss”

where believers will be “adorned with bracelets of

gold and pearls, and... raiment of silk.” (Akou, 2010)

These findings supported previous studies done by

Wan et al. (2001) who found that people judge the

first impression by physical appearance. For this

reason, people are willing to spend a lot of money on

cosmetic products as they believe it can enhance

their self-concept and make them feel, look, and

smell good. This study is also significant as it

attempts to extend the hedonic construct by

developing a female hedonic orientation scale to

administer in Indonesian female sample.

Previous findings show that the specific

religiosity can be incorporated into TPB (Graafland,

2017) where in this study a new theory was found

that Islamic religiosity was successfully modeled

into TPB but to be first mediated by hedonism. In

addition to Islamic religiosity is the latest concept of

religiosity (Graafland, 2017; Olufadi, 2016), this

research shows that Islamic religiosity is a

theoretical model that is very suitable for research

on a sample of Muslim women in Indonesia.

Therefore other studies are expected to begin to shift

to the concept of Islamic religiosity instead of using

the concept of general religiosity which is actually

far from the social context in Indonesia. In this

study, the findings show that the behavior of using

Korean cosmetics is significantly influenced by

hedonism.

This was previously expressed by Teo and

Sidin (2014) who said that a consumer culture in

which consumers seek pleasure in having something

had become a picture of hedonism which has

become a common thing in people's lives today,

especially women who perceive that cosmetics is

one of the important things in it. But the findings in

this study show the opposite direction where

hedonism has a negative influence which means that

the higher the hedonism, the lower the chance of

becoming a Korean cosmetics user. This is certainly

an interesting thing, because in Indonesia and

especially Muslim women, hedonism is not only a

bad thing, hedonism seems softer than consumptive

behavior which is clearly negative. Hedonism can

sometimes be in the form of a desire to have

something, but it has not been ascertained whether it

is achieved or not, this happens when a wide cultural

difference in Indonesia shows that hedonism is not

only viewed equally in all cultures. Therefore

interesting findings such as the need to be explored

further by including other variables such as

personality types and peer attachments that can

answer these findings.

Factors Affecting Indonesian Muslim Women in using Korean Cosmetic Products

1215

This study overcomes the limitations expressed

by Cox and Glick (1986) which reveal that research

on aspects of intention and behavior that underlies

how a person uses a cosmetic product is still lacking,

so this research seems to be the answer to those

needs which have the advantage of being a sample

of Muslim women can make the latest contribution

that is increasingly interesting to the development of

research in this field. In addition, this study has

succeeded in describing the specific intentions and

behaviors of Korean cosmetics use using modified

theories of planned behavior that have been widely

used in describing other contexts such as online

purchases (George, 2004), readiness to use online

learning via mobile phones (Cheon, Lee, Crooks &

Song, 2012) and modeling of cheating behavior on

students (Mayhew, Hubbard, Finelli, Harding &

Carpenter, 2009).

The above three studies have in common, the

similarity in question is that items that describe the

dimensions of TPB to answer problems in a specific

context are prepared in advance by the researcher,

which is the main similarity in this study where to

measure the intention and behavior of using Korean

cosmetics this research also compiles TPB-based

measuring tools such as some of these studies.

Another similarity is that these studies have used

modeling with SEM in describing TPB so that it

needs to be replicated in this study because the

procedure is the right one.

This research also complements previous

findings regarding repurchase intention in Korean

cosmetic products carried out in Taiwan where in

the study it was mentioned that Southeast Asia had

become a potential market for the development of

Korean cosmetic products (Moslehpour et al., 2017)

which can be proven in this study considering the

number Korean cosmetic product users among

Muslim female students are quite numerous and are

spread in big cities in Indonesia. In line with these

findings, previous research has found that the

Korean Wave has benefited greatly from exports

specifically for Korean-made beauty products (Park,

2015) so that it can be seen that Indonesia is one of

the biggest contributors to this development.

5 CONCLUSION

To conclude, as a preliminary study, the findings of

this study have practical implications for both

Korean cosmetic producers and Indonesian Muslim

women as the product consumers. There are 5

significant influences are obtained from the

structural model which means that the hypothesized

model has captured the problems that have been

formulated in advance where the variable that has

the greatest influence is hedonism on the behavior of

using Korean cosmetic products. This study also has

indirectly produced various measuring instruments

that have tested their psychometric characteristics

well to be later used in future research. The next

section will discuss the interrelations between the

findings of this study and various previous studies

that discuss the same problem.

In this study, there are still many variables

related theoretically with TPB theoretic models that

are not analyzed, such as self-concept, personality

type, and social support. Even though this variable

becomes very important, especially the study of the

same problem, to do complete data processing where

the 'traditional' variable in the psychology field can

be included.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to thank the Center for Research and

Community Services (LP2M), Faculty of

Psychology, and Faculty of Sciences and

Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif

Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia for their support and

providing funds for this project. Our heartfelt

gratitude also goes to the local partners and

respondents involved in this study.

REFERENCES

Abdel-Khalek, A.M. (2006). Happiness, health, and

religiosity: Significant relations. Mental Health.

Religion and Culture, 9(1), 85–97.

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior.

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision

Processes, 50, 179-211.

Ajzen, I. (1985), “From intentions to actions: a theory of

planned behavior”, in Kuhl, J., and Beckman, J. (Eds),

Action- Control: From Cognition to Behavior,

Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 11-39.

Ajzen, I. (2005). Attitudes, personality, and behavior.

New York: Open. University Press.

Akou, H. M. (2010). Interpreting Islam through the

Internet: making sense of hijab. Cont Islam, 4, 331–

346

Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for

applied research (2

edition). New York, NY:

Guilford Press.

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

1216

Cash, T. F., & Cash, D. W. (1982). Women’s use of

cosmetics: psychosocial correlates and consequences.

International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 4, 1-14

Cheon, J., Lee, S., Crooks, S. M., & Song, J. (2012). An

investigation of mobile learning readiness in higher

education based on the theory of planned behavior.

Computers & Education, 59, 1054-1064

Cox, C. L., & Glick, W. H. (1986). Resume evaluations

and cosmetics use: when more is not better. Sex Roles,

14(2), 51-58

Furr, R. M., & Bacharach, V. R. (2013). Psychometrics:

An introduction (2nd editions). Thousand Oaks, CA:

Sage.

George, J. F. (2004). The theory of planned behavior and

internet purchasing. Internet Research, 14(3), 198-212

Graafland, J. (2017). Religiosity, attitude, and the demand

for socially responsible products. J Bus Ethics, 144,

121-138

Hong, S., & Kim, C. H. (2013). Surfing the Korean wave:

A postcolonial critique of the mythologized

middlebrow consumer culture in Asia. Qualitative

Market Research: An International Journal, 16(1), 53-

Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for Fit

Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis:

Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives.

Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55

Khraim, H. S. (2011), “The influence of brand loyalty on

the cosmetic buying behavior of UAE female

consumers”, International Journal of Marketing

Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 123-133.

Łopaciuk, A. and Łoboda, M. (2013), Global beauty

industry trends in the 21st century, Paper presented at

the Management, Knowledge, and Learning

International Conference 2013, Zadar, Croatia.

Mayhew, M. J., Hubbard, S. M., Finelli, C. J., Harding, T.

S., & Carpenter, D. D. (2009). Using structural

equation modeling to validate the theory of planned

behavior as a model for predicting student cheating.

The Review of Higher Education, 32(4), 441-468

Messick, S. (1989). Validity. In: Linn, R.L. (Ed.),

Educational Measurement, 3rd ed. Macmillan, New

York, pp. 13–103.

Messick, S. (1995). The validity of psychological

assessment: Validation of inferences from persons’

responses and performances as scientific inquiry into

score meaning. American Psychologist, 50, 741–749.

Mitchel, M.L., & Jolly, J.M. (2010). Research design

explained. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.

Moslehpour, M., Wong, W-K., Pham, K. V., & Aulia, C.

K. (2017). Repurchase intention of Korean beauty

products among Taiwanese consumers. Asia Pacific

Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 29(3), 1-24

Muthén, B. (1984). A general structural equation model

with dichotomous, ordered categorical, and continuous

latent variable indicators. Psychometrika, 49, 115-132

Muthén, B. & Asparouhov, T. (2012). Bayesian SEM: A

more flexible representation of substantive theory.

Psychological Methods, 17, 313-335.

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2015). Mplus

user’s guide: Statistical analysis with latent variables

(7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.

Olufadi, Y. (2016). Muslim daily religiosity assessment

scale (MUDRAS): A new instrument for Muslim

religiosity research and practice. Journal of

Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2, 1941-1022.

Park, Y. S. (2015) Does the Rise of the Korean Wave

Lead to Cosmetics Export? Journal of Asian

Finance, Economics and Business, 2, 4, 13-20

Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2006). The first course

in structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Mahwah,

NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum

Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G.A. (2011). Introduction to

Psychometric Theory. New York, NY: Taylor &

Francis.

Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002).

Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for

generalized causal inference. Boston, MA: Houghton

Mifflin.

Teo, C. B. C., & Sidin, S. M. (2014) Development and

Validation of Female Hedonic Orientation Scale,

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 130, 390 –

399

Tika, M. (2013). Wardah: Kosmetik Halal, Aman, dan

Berkualitas untuk Kesempurnaan Kecantikan.

Retrieved from:

https://tikamustofa.wordpress.com/2013/10/12/wardah

-kosmetik-halal-aman-dan-berkualitas-untuk-

kesempurnaan-kecantikan/ on 7 July 2018.

Tiliouine, H., Cummins, R. A., & Davern, M. (2009).

Islamic religiosity, subjective well-being, and health.

Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 12, 55–74.

Wan, F., Youn, S., and Fang, T. (2001), “Passionate

Surfers in Image-Driven Consumer Culture: Fashion-

Conscious, Appearance-Savvy People and Their Way

of Life”, Advances in Consumer Research, 28, pp.

266-274.

Wang, J. & Wang, X. (2012). Structural Equation

Modeling: Applications Using Mplus, Chichester, UK:

John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Wulandari. (2016). Data Penjualan Kosmetik Korea di

Indonesia. Retrieved from:

http://mix.co.id/marcomm/news-trend/ramai-brand-

korea-bertarung-di-pasar kosmetik-siapa-menang, on

16 August 2016.

Factors Affecting Indonesian Muslim Women in using Korean Cosmetic Products

1217