Syura Practice in the Politics of the Partai Keadilan Sejahtera

Historical Cost in Islamic Accounting Perspective

J. M. Muslimin

and Al Farisi M. Dawud Arif Khan

and Moch. Buchori Muslim

Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta

Keywords: Syura, ittifaq, qarar and PKS.

Abstract: PKS's political practices are based on Islamic values, namely Alqur'an and Sunnah as it is stated by the Party.

Starting from cadre coaching, political recruitment, political communication, to the decision-making process

carried out through the concept of syura. According to the Party’s rules, the process of syura or deliberation in

the PKS is very strict, to do so requires faith, truth and correct knowledge and people who can be trusted,

because only with that ittifaq (agreement) and qarar (decision) is right, that is only done by around 66-99

people who are members of the Shura Assembly, are closed and limited (syura exclusive). And the decision

was taken in three models, namely ‘ijma (acclamation), closed voting and open voting. However, the syura

doesn’t sole the crucial problems. Thus, the internal faction remains. This type of research uses a qualitative

style, with a descriptive-analysis method, which is a study that describes a condition, object, thought or event

by using library data that is processed philosophically, theoretically and argumentatively.

1 INTRODUCTION

Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) expressly stated in

its constitution Islam as its principle Stated in the

Articles of Association (AD) of the PKS, Article 2

concerning Principles and Identity, states that PKS

has an identity as a da'wah party. This is a

reaffirmation of the party's Muqaddimah in the

fourth paragraph which states that the PKS is "a

political party that will be a vehicle of da'wah to

realize universal ideals and channel the political

aspirations of the Muslims and all levels of

Indonesian society.

PKS's political practices are based on Islamic

values, namely Alqur'an and Sunnah which are used

as basic principles in building and managing their

party institutions. Starting from cadre development,

political recruitment, political communication, to the

decision making process. The last thing mentioned,

PKS has a special mechanism that originates from

the Qur'an and Sunnah, which is done through syura.

The concept of syura or deliberation is the main

principle in Islamic political theory, about the life of

society and state. This principle is based on several

verses in Q.S. al-Shura: 38 (wa amruhum syura

bainahum), and their affairs were decided by

deliberation between them. And QS. Ali ‘Imran: 159

(wa syawirhum fi al-amr), and discuss with them in

this matter. In addition, this principle was always

practiced by the Prophet with his companions in a

number of public decisions, even though the Prophet

himself was a man who was awake from sin who

was always in the guidance of Allah.

But syura or musyawarah in Islam does not

provide details on how the deliberation should be

carried out, it will be adjusted to the socio-cultural

community that is constantly evolving and dynamic

political conditions. Because syura is not a static and

rigid form of political system, but it is a value that

grows from the faith embedded in the heart of the

heart. Therefore, the practice of syura in the political

history of Islam, especially in the Islamic

government of Khulafur Rasyidin, starting from Abu

Bakr, Umar bin Khattab, Uthman bin Affan, and Ali

ibn Abi Talib, in the process of success or affiliation

had different variations. From these differences, as a

research question, then what about the concepts and

practices of syura in the PKS political process?

This type of research uses a qualitative style,

with a descriptive-analysis method, which is a study

that describes a condition, object, thought or event

by using library data that is processed

philosophically, theoretically and argumentatively.

Muslimin, J., Khan, A. and Muslim, M.

Syura Practice in the Politics of the Partai Keadilan Sejahtera Historical Cost in Islamic Accounting Perspective.

DOI: 10.5220/0009922310251031

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 1025-1031

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

1025

Data sources used in this study are various

literatures that have relevance to the theme and topic

of research. This is taken from two data sources

consisting of primary and secondary data. The

research data is collected through library research.

2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

2.1 The Concept of Syura in Partai

Keadilan Sejahtera

The principle of deliberation applied by PKS comes

from the concept of syura. In the syura system, the

basis and main source of decision-making is the

teachings of Islam (Alqur'an and Sunnah) and the

opinions of scholars or experts (‘ijma). This is as

stated by former Chairman of the Shura Council

(KMS) PKS Hilmi Aminuddin, that in Islam

carrying out the principle of syura is very important

(Aminuddin, 2012). Therefore constitutional work in

the PKS which is in the process of implementation is

based on the principles of syura as commanded by

Allah, as follows: First, Shidq al-Iman (true faith).

PKS believes that the initial principle that must be

possessed by cadres before doing syura is to be

supported by shidq al-iman, namely true and solid

faith that is not contaminated by various conceptions

of life on earth. The principle of shidq al-iman is the

main foundation for both legislators and their

implementers, so that with a solid foundation of faith

the Shura Assembly as the highest institution of the

party or ranks of tanfidziyyin (implementing policies)

will all be in a line of worship.

Second, Shidq al-Niyyah (Right intention). After

having the right faith, shidqul niyyah is needed,

namely the intention of syura which is right and

strong where all must be because Allah lillahi ta'ala,

to reach Allah's pleasure alone. Third, Shidqu

al-‘Ilmi (true knowledge). Where in doing syura

must be with the right and broad knowledge,

because al-mustasyar mu'amad or people who do

and deliver syura must be proper and guaranteed to

be trusted. Therefore, the accuracy of the knowledge

of the things proposed and criticized must be based

on the shidqul ilmi approach so as not to make it up

and not an issue, let alone the slander that causes

mafsadah. Fourth, Shidq al-Mumarasah (foundation

of truth). Namely that in the implementation of syura

must be based on truth in practicing and

implementing the decisions of syura.

Fifth, Iltizam bi al-Hudud (discipline regarding

restrictions). The principle of syura about discipline

against boundaries, both fitri and syar'i. Syura talks

must always prioritize the principle that la ya’nihi or

which is not useful for da'wah, worshipers, jihad,

and worship will not be included in the scope of

syura. Sixth, Al-Amanah (trustworthy). Given that

syura is mudawalah, namely discussion and

presenting the arguments and burhan (arguments),

the mandate becomes important for syura. Seventh,

Mas'uliyah. That is, what is being discussed,

expressed, formulated, and decided in its entirety is

our blessing first before God, Muslims and

humanity.

When viewed from the principles that are stated,

in the process of deliberation in the PKS it must be

the person who has the right qualities of faith,

knowledge and morality. Not all cadres or party

members can be part of the syura process, because in

fact not all cadres and PKS members have the right

qualities of faith, knowledge and knowledge and the

people who do it can be trusted. Although there is no

standard or measurement tool to determine the level

of faith, knowledge and morals of party members,

but through the process of party cadre level can be

gradually identified. That is the way to classify

cadres who are beginners, young, middle, mature,

skilled and full. For this reason, one of the

institutions to become a member of the Shura

Assembly is to become a cadre in the expert

category and over 30 years of age, while the

minimum age to become a Shura Council Chair is

over 40 years. The percentage of the number of

cadres in the level of cadre in the expert category is

very small compared to the cadres in the youth,

middle and adult categories. In other words, the

deliberation process in the PKS is limited, which is

only carried out by around 66-99 members of the

Shura Assembly in a closed manner.

Besides that, syura according to the PKS there

are two types: syura in ‘amaliyah and practically. 1.

In‘amaliyah related to aspects of ra'yi (opinion),

thoughts or proposals; contains advice (advice); and

be happy (argumentation). Whereas practically,

syura contains advice, it is easy in the sense of an

activity to complement, give, support, and also help

each other to produce decisions that are close to the

truth so that they are expected to reach the pleasure

of Allah. In addition, technically according to Hilmi,

syura must produce ittifaq or agreement, both in the

form of acclamation and aghlabiyah muthlaqah

(voting). The Ittifaq (agreement) must appear

institutionally as qarar (decision) of the congregation.

So that, as the highest institution, ittifaq Majelis

Shura must be an official decision which is then

translated into planning by implementing agencies,

then implemented by all party members.

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The spirit of syura or deliberation in the PKS is a

spirit that is driven by hope in the Grace of Allah,

and will come down to those who obey Allah. This

is based on Q.S. At-Taubat: 71, that the obedience of

the believer and the faith that help each other cut

down in da'wah and worship will produce the mercy

of Allah. Therefore, the essence of the process of

syura (if observed above explanation) is taqarrub to

Allah, so that Allah sends down His mercy so that

the heart becomes soft and easy to reach agreement

because it is easy to see the arguments that

encourage truth and make decisions right. According

to Hilmi, the orientation of syura in PKS is not

worldly orientation or position, either as a party,

public office or state position, but because of the

religious beliefs‘inda Allahi khairun waabqa. Allah

has promised something far better and lasting than

what we received from the world in the form of

property, wealth, position, knowledge, facilities and

others. On the other hand if syura is run with a

"rough heart" will give rise to "rough sentences" as

well and debates that tend to split unity, so that syura

will be broken and all divorced. Therefore, in the

process of deliberation in the PKS continued Hilmi,

a conflict arose due to wrong attitudes and actions,

so immediately forgive and ask forgiveness from

Allah.

Efforts to implement syura and its principles in

the PKS are based on several wisdoms that are

mentioned by Hilmi sourced from the Qur'an and

discussed by many scholars in his books. As for

some himah of syura proposed by Hilmi are as

follows:

1) Imtitsalam li amrillah, namely carrying out

syura as well as carrying out the orders of prayer,

zakat, jihad, sedeqah and others;

2) Iqtida'an bi rasulillah, ie imitating how the

Messenger of Allah in managing the form of

household life, social life, and nation and state by

always putting forward syura, even though the

prophet is known to be a human being who is always

guided by divine revelation;

3) Taqwiyah li wihdatish shaaf, which is

strengthening the unity of ranks, with the wider

involvement of syura, both formally in the shura

assemblies, will strengthen the line of da'wah and

congregation;

4) Taqwiyah li ruhi al-mas'uliyah, with the

involvement of syura will further increase the sense

of responsibility of each cadre towards the da'wah

struggle;

5) Tanwiyah li mashaadiril ra'yii, namely the

diversity of sources of opinion, thoughts and sources

of proposals so that they are closer to the truth;

6) Ishaman lil khatha'where syura prevents

immunity against possible errors because of the

attitude of tanashuh (mutual advice).

Former PKS President Muhammad Anis Matta,

in an oration when commemorating the PKS militia

in Semarang, the point is that although PKS

principally uses syura in its political

decision-making process, in some political

procedures it also carries out democratic (liberal)

rules. This is because the PKS views in several

respects that syura, which is based on religious

norms has a peculiarity that cannot be equated with

democracy. Because in the decision-making process,

in addition to recognizing the importance of Islamic

values as a guide in the decision-making process,

PKS also understands the meaning of deliberation as

a way to maintain a sense of togetherness and

provide space for participation (Gole, 1995; Adams,

1983; Zoubir, 1998). Although the party has a

tendency to consider the views and evaluations of

experts as the main source in deciding policy, in the

implementation of decision making it does not

eliminate the aspirations of the cadres.

In addition, deliberations understood by the PKS

functioned as a bridge between the need to

accommodate the voices of cadres and carry out

Islamic values in party policy making. In addition,

commitment to deliberation is not only in line with

the spirit to carry out the Statutes / Articles of

Association, but also as a form of effort to avoid

personal leadership, even though the potential for

such direction is quite large.

Mardani Ali Sera, Member of the Shura

Assembly (2010-2020), the Chairperson of the PKS

Youth Division (2016-2020) revealed that the

situation of the Shura Council Consultation during

Hilmi Aminuddin's leadership (for example) always

ran dynamically and intensely. Where every member

of the Syura Assembly is given a wide opportunity

to express his views or contribute his thoughts.

Mardani testified about the democratic attitude of

the Shura Assembly in many cases, where KMS only

served as a moderator in a trial and not as an

absolute determinant. The dynamics that occur in the

Assembly of Shura Assembly, sometimes there are

quite tough arguments, but not necessarily those who

are opposite are ostracized or removed. In other

words, active and free participation in the character

of deliberation is not only symbolic, but is carried

out according to the values of syura.

Syura Practice in the Politics of the Partai Keadilan Sejahtera Historical Cost in Islamic Accounting Perspective

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2.2 Shura Practices in PKS Policy

Taking

Syura's practice in the PKS can be seen in the

process of formulating policies and strategic steps of

the party through the Shura Assembly Consultation.

In this table, the KMS is the leader of the

deliberations, and the process is declared qorum if it

is attended by at least two thirds of the members of

the Shura Assembly. In the deliberation process, the

method of its acquisition was decided in three

models: (1) Model Ijma’ (acclamation). This method

is carried out based on the recommendation and

input the majority of the members of the Shura

Assembly and KMS to the participants of the

meeting, then be accepted and decided by the

deliberation forum. But if this effort is not achieved

then decision making is taken with the second model;

(2). Voting model. If in the voting process the same

number of votes is obtained, then a one-time voting

is held again. (3). Voting model. If this second

voting step still has not resulted in a decision, then

the party gives special rights to KMS to conduct the

voting process. This model is the last step used to

determine the final decision. The voting rights given

to KMS apply in situations where the number of

votes for a proposed policy is the same. So that in

certain situations the problems supported by KMS

must be the party's official decision.

Several cases show both ways: First, the process

of debating two camps in the Shura Assembly

Consultation forum on 1 July 2004, concerning the

determination of 2004 presidential and vice

presidential candidates. In this forum each cadre

stated his position and opinion, the meeting was

difficult because the situation formed two camps .

Each camp tried to convince other camps about the

candidate pairs that were supported. Because the

meeting did not result in a decision, a voting step

was taken, with the result that 70 percent of the

meeting participants supported the candidate Amien

Rais and Siswono Yudhohusodo, as many as 20

percent chose Wiranto and Solahudin Wahid, and 2.5

percent chose Hamzah Haz and Agum Gumelar,

while 7.5 percent of other meeting participants chose

to abstain. This dynamic resulted in the split of PKS

cadres into two camps, namely between the

strongholds of Wiranto supporters (led by PKS

Secretary-General Anies Matta and KMS Hilmi

Aminuddin) and the stronghold of Amien Rais (led

by PKS President Hidayat Nur Wahid). As a way out,

the deliberation forum finally voted, and PKS

officially brought Amien Rais as the 2004

presidential candidate.

Secondly, in other cases, for example, in the

selection process and the determination of candidacy

that will represent the party in the legislative

elections at the local level, such as the DPRD

(provincial / district / city), prospective candidates

for Governor and Deputy Governor, Regent and

Deputy Publication, as well as Mayor and Deputy

Mayor , will depend on input, aspirations or

evaluations from cadres at the regional level. Third,

cadre involvement also took place at the time of

naming the 2014 presidential candidates. According

to Mardani Ali Sera, in this process there were three

main stages that had been carried out: First, was the

determination of the mechanism and procedure for

determining the presidential candidate; Second,

determining the criteria for candidates; and third,

determine the names of the presidential candidates.

All of these processes were carried out by Team 20,

which was called the National Modeling Team

(TPN). The team consists of the Central Advisory

Council, the Executive Board of the Central Board,

several Chairmen of the DPP, and the Chair of the

Central Sharia Council.

This stage is an internal mechanism organized by

the party in the national selection process to

accommodate cadres' aspirations for who is worthy

of being promoted by PKS as president, regional

head or legislative member. At the stage of

determining the criteria for candidates, in the

meeting of the Shura Council set the criteria for an

ideal presidential candidate, including: a figure who

did not repeat the mistakes of the previous president,

dared to be close to the people not because of

imagery, dared to do the law, pro in eradicating

corruption, daring to clean the palace from things

which can injure the authority of the government,

and dare to realize political commitments and

promises. With these criteria, the party directly

requests the views of cadres and sympathizers by

providing a form organized by the entire DPW. In

this process, the party provides opportunities for

cadres to submit appropriate names for them to

become candidates for presidential candidates. Of

these results were born 22 names, including: Anis

Matta, Hidayat Nur Wahid, Ahmad Heryawan,

Tifatul Sembiring, Nur Mahmudi Ismail from the

internal party, and there are also names of figures

who feel from external parties such as Dahlan Iskan,

Jusuf Kalla, Mahfud MD, Chairul Tanjung, Prabowo

Subianto, and Hatta Rajasa. Furthermore, the names

are taken to the determination stage. At the stage of

determining the name of the candidate, the indirect

PKS is determined by one of the 22 names that

appear, but by conducting the Raya Election (Pemira)

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involving party cadres in 33 provinces and all

districts / cities.

The Pemira results held on November 29-30

gave birth to five names from internal parties,

namely Hidayat Nur Wahid received 50,567 votes

(18.34 percent), Anis Matta got 48,152 votes (17.46

percent), Ahmad Heryawan got 46,014 votes (16.69

percent), Tifatul Sembiring with 31,714 votes (11.50

percent), and Nur Mahmudi Ismail with 20,429

votes (7.41 percent). The five names were then taken

to the XI Shura Assembly Deliberation, to be

appointed as the 2014 presidential candidate.

In the process of determining the decision in the

Shura Assembly Consultation forum it was tough,

between the groups who submitted five names at

once, with those who submitted only three names,

and who proposed only one name to be decided and

tested in the public. Hidayat Nur Wahid said that

each of the groups had a strong argument, for the

first group reasoned that the proposal to decide five

names at once because the five figures could

accommodate diverse aspirations in PKS. The

second group proposed three big names, that there

were too many five names. While the third group

who submitted a single name, argued that it could

provide convenience for parties and cadres to focus

on characterizing. Based on the input and

considerations of the participants, the Shura

Assembly decided on three names, namely Hidayat

Nur Wahid, Anis Matta, and Ahmad Heryawan. The

three names were then tested publicly by the

Pencapresan Commission, which was formed

specifically by the Shura Assembly, to conduct

internal polls, and conduct internal surveys to find

out the public's response, so that the results became

the basis for the Shura Assembly to make a final

decision.

Although in the end the PKS could not propose

its own candidates, because the votes of the PKS in

the April 9 legislative elections did not meet the

presidential threshold of 20 percent of the DPR seats

and 25 percent of the national vote, where the PKS

only got 6 79 percent, as a result PKS must form a

coalition with the Gerindra party carrying the pair

Prabowo Subianto and Hatta Rajasa. From the

dynamics described above, showing two models of

decision making, the models will be applied

contextually based on the conditions faced by the

party. And from the case also shows how that PKS

manages the problem by deliberation in the syura

Forum.

In the matter of the presidential election above, it

can be said that the results of the deliberations went

well. The emergence of turmoil is relatively mutable.

This means that the mechanism of syura runs and

reaches the target.

2.3 The Case of Founding Fathers

Among the party's founders and activists, the name

Fahri Hamzah, Mahfudz Shiddiq and Anis Matta are

not foreign. They are heavy PKS activists. Even the

founders of the party who participated in sweating

since the beginning of the establishment of this

party.

However, lately their names faded, as if

swallowed by the earth. Furthermore, Fahri Hamzah

was stated by the decision of the Shura Council as a

person who had been dismissed from the

management and party membership. Strong

suspicion, this was triggered by the presence of

fahri's attitude, which was often controversial on

national issues, such as the existence of the

corruption eradication commission (KPK).

Fahri often disagrees about this. He even loudly

accused that the KPK was the center of case

engineering. Used as a tool by the KPK elite to

benefit short-term interests outside of the corruption

eradication agenda.

Another possibility, Fahri is considered as a

person who is allied with the "welfare elite" in the

PKS. This elite is opposed to the "justice" elite. The

"welfare" elite is considered as a more pragmatic

young group in politics. Meanwhile, the "justice"

elite is a more idealistic group. Anis matta slowly

but surely became knocked out. Likewise with

Mahfudz Shiddiq. Fahri's fate was more tragically

fired through the party's highest forum shura

council.

3 CONCLUSION

The dynamics of implementing Shura in the

Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) indicate:

1. Philosophically the interesting attraction

between the principles of justice law and order

cannot be resolved (Esposito, 1983). Justice as

a value that starts from individual rights is

always withdrawn and defeated by the

principle and purpose of order. Social order and

organization are values derived from

communal rights. Therefore, in this context,

communal rights defeat individual rights.

Individual and communal values cannot be

resolved synergistically but collisions between

the two. PKS Shura has not been able to

compare it.

Syura Practice in the Politics of the Partai Keadilan Sejahtera Historical Cost in Islamic Accounting Perspective

1029

2. The principle of consensus (Ijma') which is said

to be binding does not work, furthermore, this

means that a number of conditions set to

determine a particular individual as being

called eligible to become a member of the

Shura council have not succeeded in

guaranteeing the existence and realization of

qualitative ijma' and adhered to by the

community (Zoubir, 1998) . The ijma theory is

questioned again.

3. Tradition of Difference The concept of

mature shura should be able to do

institutionalization for differences. Vertically,

the difference can be connected. Horizontally

the differences can be knitted. Diagonally,

differences can be found at a meeting point.

The ideal Shura must be able to find a

mechanistic and systematic meeting point from

all the poles of difference. If you have not been

able to achieve this, then Shura is questioned as

a case conflict resolution system of the

founders.

Based on the above discussion, it can be

concluded that the concept of syura in the Sejati

Justice Party (PKS) originates from Islamic

teachings or laws, namely Alqur'an, Hadith and

opinions of scholars or experts (‘ijma). Syura or

deliberations in the PKS are held with very strict

principles, where to do it requires the quality of faith,

truth and correct knowledge, and the people who do

it can be trusted. PKS believes that only with that

quality can an appropriate ittifaq (agreement) and

qarar (decision) be taken. Because the spirit of

deliberation in the PKS is a spirit that is driven by

hope in the Grace of Allah.

In the decision making process (qarar) carried

out by the PKS it is limited and closed, because the

decision was taken through the syura forum

organized by the Shura Assembly institution. This

institution is only filled with several selected cadres

in the expert and full category, totaling 66 people to

99 people with general qualifications above 30 and

40 years. This condition is called syura exclusive.

But even so, in the practice of syura it was carried

out in a closed manner, but the party provided space

for the malejis syura to challenge arguments (burhan)

and discussion and to present the arguments

(mudawalah).

The way of taking the qarar is decided in three

models, namely ‘ijma (acclamation), collection of

suar and or through aghlabiyah muthlaqah (voting).

These three ways will be used constitutionally based

on the political conditions and problems facing the

party. However, even though qarar and ittifaq are

taken through strict rules, the PKS still provides

opportunities for cadres in general to participate in

the deliberation process, especially in determining

the pair of presidential candidates, to the regions or

legislative members, externally and to elect

members of the Assembly. Syura internally. This is

done by party cadres nationally through the General

Election or Pemira. This is to find out the response

and aspirations of party members before the decision

is truly determined.

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