Narration of the Heaven Gates in Manuscript of Hadits Duqa

Samidi Khalim

, Nur Hasaniyah

Peneliti Khazanah Keagamaan Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Agama Semarang

Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

Keywords: Manuscript, Philology, The chapters of Heaven.

Abstract: This paper is summary of philological research which describes the narration of the heaven gates based on

the Manuscript of the Hadith Duqa. Philology in itself was linked to texts. It had to do with both,

interpreting the text of Hadith Duqa and preserving the original text in a world were transmission was based

on manual copying. Hadith Duqa is Javanesse manuscript with Pegonese script that very vulnerable and the

content (text) is fading, hard to read. Besides that, the characters and language in the script are also difficult

to understand by today's generation. Hadith Duqa scripts need to be preserved their contents before the

script begins to get damaged due to age and environment. Therefore one of the steps to save the manuscript

is by doing the transfer of media or digitalization and study of its contents (text). The Manuscript of Hadit

Duqa contains various Islamic teachings related to eschatology (the last day), but the focus of the study is

only on the narratives of the gates of heaven. Based on the Manuscripts of Hadith Duqa, there are eight

doors of heaven: the door of the Prophet, the door of prayer, the door of the zakat, the door of amar makruf

nahi munkar, the door overcomes the lust, the door jihad fi sabilillah, the door of hajj and umroh, and the

door of obedience to parents.

1 INTRODUCTION

The condition of the Hadith Duqa (HD) manuscript

is very concerning, the paper has been break with

age, writing or texts began to fade and hard to read.

The manuscript must be saved by media transfer or

digitizing and study the content. The Hadith Duqa

manuscript is written in Pegon script and Javanese

that less familiar to today’s generations (Behrend,

1993; Rachman, 2017; Saraswati, 2016). HD scripts

need to be preserved to preserve their contents

before the script begins to get damaged due to age

and environment. Through philological research in

various stages, the contents of the manuscript can be

saved. The manuscript will be edited or translated

and translated, so the manuscript can be read and

understood. While in content, the text of HD is very

important to understand, because it contains many

teachings of Islam, such as telling about Dajjal,

describe of end the world, the day of resurrection to

the story of the ferocity of hell and happiness in

heaven. All of described in Hadith Duqa Manuscript

tell in Java Language and social conditions of Java

community, special character of Javanese society.

This is the reason why research on this manuscript

of Duqa had to be done.

This manuscript contains a variety of Islamic

teachings related to eschatology (the end of the day).

The Great Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) explains

that eschatology is a theology of the end of time like

the end of the world, the resurrection of all humans,

the existence of heaven and hell and so on (KBBI,

2005: 308). Experts define eschatology as a doctrine

of the end, discussing beliefs related to the final

incarnations of human life such as death, doomsday,

end of world, resurrection, final judgment, heaven

and hell and so on (Sibawaihi, 2004: 13; Oetari et

al., 2016). Based on these two meanings, it can be

said that eschatology is a teaching relating to human

beliefs about life after death or the afterlife.

Narrated in the HD manuscript there are eight

doors in heaven which includes the sequence from

the first door to the last door and its designation. The

heaven doors have levels according to human status

on earth and charity. Then, it is also explained the

names of the eight heavens and the conditions in

them which include the material forming the heaven,

its features and the distance between the eight doors.

564

Khalim, S. and Hasaniyah, N.

Narration of the Heaven Gates in Manuscript of Hadits Duqa.

DOI: 10.5220/0009911905640568

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 564-568

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

Narrative of the afterlife, life after death is very

interesting discussion, because it tells of events that

have never happened in the world and will happen in

the end times (Christomy, 2007). For Muslims

believe in the final day is obligatory, for being one

of the six pillars of faith. The end of the age has

already been explained in the Qur'an and hadith. The

belief in the coming of the ending which is followed

by the afterlife is a fundamental tenet of Islam, one

of the six pillars of faith. Allah SWT in the last day

will do the calculation of the deeds of human deeds

justly and carefully, for his servants who believe and

do good deeds and always obey His command and

stay away from his prohibition, then they will be

rewarded with the pleasure of heaven, while

unbelievers will be tortured in hell. Therefore the

truly faithful Muslims will do obedience to Allah

SWT as much as possible, in order to later get he

reward of heaven by His side. So through the study

of philology Manuscript of Hadith Duqa will be

presented how the doors to enter the paradise.

2 METHOD

The firts step in philology research is identification

of manuscript, edit of text, transliteration, and then

analysis of the content. But in this paper not all steps

in philology research are shown, only identification

of the manuscript and content analisys.

To identification of the manuscript, so we have

to know who is the owner. The manuscript of Hadith

Duqa is author's own has been stored for 5 years

ago, but has not been reviewed. This manuscript is

made of striped folio paper, has no paper stamp, and

the text is written in black ink. The physical

condition of this manuscript requires extra care,

because the paper is fragile, the ink used to write the

text through the paper so there is some text that is

hard to read. In addition there are several pages that

have been torn and missing.

The manuscript of Hadits Duqa had a length of

36,5 cm and a width of 23 cm, consisting of six tails,

55 sheets (110 pages), and the number of lines per

page was 40. There was no front or back cover. The

language used in the script is the Javanese language,

written in Pegon script, no number in writing.

There are illustrations in the first page of the

manuscript, middle and end pages do not have

illustrations. At the end of the text is written:

“Tamat. Wallahu a’lam bissowwab, wal insana

mahallul khata’ wa nisyan, sẻdaya sẻderek kang

sami ningali punika hadis masih panjang. Margi

dilajẻngipun masih kurang cakẻb punika nama,

dados wulan Rajab tanggal sẻpisan dinane sẻlasa

kẻliwon tahun H Tahun pitu 7 - 1253 ingkang gadah

iki hadis dajal lan hadis duqa’ setiting punika Hajji

Ismail Mijẻn inggẻh punika tamat. Wallahu a’lam”.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In the text HD discusses the whole of heaven and its

contents. Jannah (heaven) is a pleasure that God

promises to the devout and pious people of the world

to Allah SWT. The literal meaning of "Jannah" is the

cover, the veil and concealment. Then the word

"Jannah" is defined as a shady tree. The word is used

to refer to a garden in which many trees are shady

(Islam, 2001: 225; Jones, 1983). The discussion of

Jannah is very important for Muslims. Jannah or

heaven as the ultimate terminal of eternal human

life, in return Allah Almighty for submission and

obedience while living in the world. Reading the

heavenly nature and the great pleasures in it is very

interesting to examine, then through this script of

this Duqa Hadith we will get narration how to reach

it. There are many ways to get the pleasure of

heaven.

Talking about the nature of heaven and the great

pleasures in it is very interesting, then through this

script Hadith Duqa will get narration how to achieve

it. In the text of the Hadith Duqa mentioned there are

many ways to reach the pleasure of heaven. There

are eight doors in heaven, each door is reserved for

different classes depending on the level of the deeds

of worship while in the world (Sugahara, 2007;

Wieringa, 2016). The doors of heaven are prepared

by Allah in the hereafter, in return for those who

have faith and piety. Every door of heaven has

certain criteria to show who is entitled to enter from

the first door to the eighth door. This is as described

in the Hadith Duqa Manuscript as follows.

Pira-pira lawange suwarga angandika Ibnu

Abas keduwe suwarga iku wulung lawang saking

emas kang den tẻretes kelawan Suca kang tinulis

ingatase lawang kang awwal apa lafazh lailaha

illallah muhammadun rasulullah. utawi bab awwal

iku lawange para Nabi lan para utusan kabeh lan

para syahid-syahid lan para wong kang luman

(Hadith Duqa, P. 2).

Based on the Manuscript of Hadith Duqa (HD)

the gates of heaven are namely:

Narration of the Heaven Gates in Manuscript of Hadits Duqa

565

3.1 The Door of Prophet and the

Messenger of Allah

The first chapter discusses the door of Prophets, the

messengers of Allah, the sahid and the generous

people. This heavenly door is the most special door

and for the special people. Humans who reach the

highest levels in the degree of humanity that God

wants to enter heaven through that door. This first

door has a carving on it that reads lafad "la ilaha

illallah muhammadur rasulullah".

The Prophet is the highest rank in the degree in

the eyes of Allah, the glorious man promised

heaven. The chosen man who brings the word of

God to be delivered to mankind as a guidance of the

way of truth to those who follow and misguidance to

those who oppose it. Allah has given glory to the

Prophets of the world and given the privilege of

heaven. The privilege God gave to the sahid and the

generous people to enter through the main door with

the Prophet. The martyrs and the philanthropy have

the honour and glory to enter paradise with the

classes of prophets and apostles. This is explained in

the HD script.

“kang tinulis ingatase lawang kang awwal apa

lafazh lailaha illallah muhammadun rasulullah.

utawi bab awwal iku lawange para Nabi lan para

utusan kabeh lan para syahid-syahid lan para wong

kang luman” (Hadith Duqa, P. 2).

People who die in the way of Allah SWT (fi

sabilillah) will get the privilege of entering heaven

through the first door. They are the martyrs who

have sacrificed their souls and bodies in order to

fight for the religion of Allah SWT, so that the

moment of death to pick up the glory at His side. In

addition to martyrs, generous people also get the

glory to be with the prophets and apostles into the

heavens. They are the people who sincerely neglect

their property in the way of Allah SWT as described

in the Qur'an (Q.S. al-Baqarah: 3).

3.2 The Door of Salah

The second heaven's chapter is talking about the

people who establish prayers. For Muslims Salah

(prayer) is mandatory worship, even as a medium

communicates with the Creator of the universe.

Prayer also becomes a medium of fostering a

harmonious relationship between a person and his

family, society, and even the human relationship

with nature around him. With the prayer of a

Muslim can be better and noble toward true

happiness. In addition, it can also guide people to

live in harmony with the will of God, so as to deliver

the spirit united with the Almighty. Absolute and

everlasting happiness will also be gained in the

afterlife, ie the return of heaven and meet with Allah

SWT. This is described in the following HD script.

“Utawi bab kapindo iku lawange wongkang

pada ṣalat kabeh kang pada bagusakẻn kabeh ing

wuḍune, lan pira-pira rukune ṣalat” (HD,P.2).

3.3 The Door of Zakat

The third door of heaven is the door of the people

who are zakat experts with a good heart towards all

people. Allah SWT rewards so greatly to the people

who give zakat. Zakat means to give some of his

wealth in Ramadhan that is finished fasting on the

last day until before the implementation of Eid

prayer.

Allah so loves those who zakat with a sincere

and well-behaved heart towards all people, until it

has been prepared for them the gates of heaven that

are wide open for those who are willing to pay zakat.

But God also hates those who do not want to pay

zakat when he is able to do it. Described HD

manuscript.

“Utawi bab kang kaping telune iku lawange

wongkang ahli zakat kabeh kẻlawan bagus atine

wong iku kabeh”. (HD, P. 2).

3.4 The Door of Amar Ma’ruf Nahi

Munkar

The fourth door concerns with those people who call

upon good (amar makruf) and prevents in evil (nahi

munkar). Useful human beings are beneficial to

others, one of which is to remind or prevent one's

brother in the ugliness or deed which is forbidden by

Allah SWT and invite together when doing good or

good deeds. Described in HD script: “Utawi bab

kang kaping pat iku lawange wongkang akon

kẻlawan kẻbagusan lan wongkang nyẻgah saking

pẻkara mungkar”. (HD,P. 2).

Inviting good and preventing munkar is the main

characteristic of believers. The Qur'an describes the

qualities of the faithful and the righteous, one of

them is to invite the good and to prevent munkar.

One's faith will be perfect with this amar ma'ruf nahi

munkar. Faith is the basis for every righteous deed,

by appealing to the good and preventing to munkar

is the trait that distinguishes oumat Islam with other

people.

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

566

3.5 The Door to Win against the Lust

The fifth chapter is reserved for those who are able

to control their lusts from sahwat, vile and unjust

acts. Man's lust is the greatest enemy to the believers

(mukmin). So Allah SWT gives assurance of heaven

for people who are able to defeat their lust when

living in the world. The reply of Allah SWT to the

people able to defeat his lust is described in the

Manuscript of Hadith Duqa as follows.

“Utawi bab kang kaping lima iku lawange

wongkang nugẻl ing napsune saking pira-pira

syahwat lan nyẻgah wong ing nẻpsu saking manut

hawa”. (HD, P. 2). Meaning: "The fifth chapter

explains that the gates of heaven are reserved for

those who are capable of breaking the sahwat and

not following their lusts".

3.6 The Door of Hajj and Umrah

The door Hajj and Umrah. Hajj as a duty or pillar of

Islam that must be undertaken by every Muslim is

discussed in chapter six. Hajj and Umrah are two

types of worship that have many similarities, but

also have many principal differences. Described in

HD script: “Utawi bab kaping nem iku lawange

wongkang pada ḥajji lan wongkang umrah kabeh.”

(HD, P. 2).

Hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam, obligatory for

capable people. Language, the word hajj meaning al-

qashdu, which means deliberate, or intentional doing

something grand. It is said hajja ilaina fulan means

fulan come to us, and the meaning of rajulun mahjuj

is the person in question (Sarwat, 2011: 22;

Rachman, Y.B., 2017).

While umrah worship is a glimpse similar to the

pilgrimage, but still Umrah is not a pilgrimage. If

detailed further, umrah is a small haj, where some

hajj rituals are done in the umrah worship. So it can

be said that the umrah worship is a reduced

pilgrimage. By Umrah term is visiting the Ka'bah to

perform the ritual of worship is to do thawaf and sa'i

(Sarwat, 2011: 24). Umrah does not have a certain

time like Hajj that can only be done at a certain time.

If done outside of Hajj time into Umrah. This Hajj

and Umrah worship is one of the criteria of Muslims

who enter Paradise from the sixth door, the door of

Hajji and Umrah.

3.7 Jihad fi Sabilillah

The seventh chapter is related to the concept of jihad

in the way of Allah. Jihad is one of the most highly

recommended attitudes in Islamic religion. The

meaning of jihad itself is trying earnestly, but its

meaning becomes more widespread so it can be

interpreted by fighting against the unbelievers or

against lust. Fighting in the time of the Messenger of

Allah was those who fought against the unbelievers

who opposed the religion of Islam by bringing

swords and troops to attack the infidels. Allah SWT

gives the reward of heaven for people who jihad fi

sabilillah, with the supply of this seventh door. This

is described in the following HD script.

“Utawi bab kaping pitu iku lawange wongkang

perang sabīlullah.” (HD, P. 2).

Meaning: "the seventh chapter of heaven doors is

the door for who fight in the way of Allah"

3.8 The Door of Muttaqin and Birul

Walidaini

The eighth door is the mutaqin people and devoted

to their parents. Muttaqin is a believer who is afraid

of Allah SWT, afraid of violating the prohibition and

fear of his wrath. The signs of the muttaqin are

described in the Qur'an of Surat al-Baqarah verse: 3-

4, namely: believing in the unseen, establishing the

prayers, spending his fortune in the way of Allah,

believing in the Qur'an and God's Books revealed

earlier. Not everyone can reach the level as a

muttaqin person, described in the HD script.

“Utawi bab kaping wolu iku lwange wongkang

mutaqīn kabeh kang wongakeh kang pada nyẻgah

ing pira-pira pẻningale kabeh saking pira-pira

ḥaram lan pada ngẻlekoni kabeh ing pira-pira

kẻbagusan saking wong bekti maring wong tuwa

rorone lan napung pira-pira sana’ lan liyane

mẻngkunu kabeh”(HD, P. 2).

Birul Walidaini (doing good to both parents) is

our duty as a child to be gentle and obey both

parents, because in truth we will not be able to repay

all the good that they give for the sake of their

children. A child can only do good to both parents

and will not be able to compensate for their kindness

to love and raise their child.

Based on the description of the gates of heaven

in the Hadith Duqa manuscript, it can be understood

logically by Javanese people. Eschatology is a

religious appreciation to permeate all nature and

unseen forces. Javanese eschatology based on the

Pantheism, the universe is numinous - inseparable

from God. Javanese culture at this point has same

concept of Islamic teachings that came from Persia,

the influence of Al-Hallaj's Sufism (Ana al-Haq).

Sufism Al-Hallaj which refers to the union of God

and creatures, permeates the joints of Javanese

culture and produces widely known teachings:

Narration of the Heaven Gates in Manuscript of Hadits Duqa

567

Manunggaling Kawula Gusti (The Unity of God and

man). The concept of Manunggaling Kawula-Gusti

is a typical narrative among Muslims on Java,

especially for Sufism. Thus it can be understood that

the teachings of Islam have melted with Javanese

culture and gave rise to their own peculiarities.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The manuscripts of the Duqa Hadith provide a

narrative about the gates of heaven that will be

inhabited by those who believe and be cautious

while living in the world. The narrative is derived

from the Qur'an and the hadith of Prophet

Muhammad, to give a picture that man lives not only

in the world, but there is eternal life. Heaven as the

terminal end of life of the faithful and pious can be

achieved in many ways. There are eight doors of

heaven provided by Allah Almighty, the heaven for

His Prophets and Messengers, the doors to those

who establish the prayers, the doors for the people

who make the charity, the doors for those who

establish the amar makruf nahi munkar, the door for

those who are able to defeat their lusts, the doors for

those who are jihad fi sabilillah, the door of the

pilgrims and the umroh, and the door for the

worshipers of their parents (birul walidain).

Based on Hadith Duqa manuscript can

understand about Javanese thinking, there are need

to be rectified based on Qur'an, hadith, and opinions

of the scholars. Therefore, it is still open for further

research to criticize the content of the manuscript.

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