Impact of Environmental Factors of Water on Zooplankton Diversity

and Dynamic in Yacoub El Mansour Reservoir, Morocco

Ahlam Chakir* and Aicha Saadi

Laboratoire d’Hydrobiologie, Ecotoxicologie et Assainissement (LHEA)

Département de Biologie Faculté des Sciences Semlalia B.P. 2390 | 40000 Marrakech

Keywords: Copepods, Cladocerans, Zooplankton, Reservoir lake.

Abstract: The spatio-temporal distribution of crustacean zooplankton in relation to environmental factors was studied

in the Yacoub El Mansour reservoir in a semi-arid climate in the province of El Haouz, in Oued N'fis, located

at 65 km south of Marrakech (Morocco). The samples are taken during two annual cycles 2012 and 2013. In

this study, 6 species of crustacean zooplankton divided into 2 groups: copepods and cladocerans were

identified. Daphnia lumholtzi is the most dominant species, accounting for 58.26% of the total zooplankton.

The analysis of the results obtained at the studied reservoir shows a low zooplankton specific richness and a

great spatial heterogeneity. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to estimate the influence of

environmental factors on the studied crustacean evolution. Thus, in the studied reservoir lake, hydrodynamics

of the ecosystem, trophic relationships and environmental factors are generally responsible for the spatial and

temporal distribution of these zooplankton species.

1. INTRODUCTION

The biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems is threatened

by hydrological dysfunctions, anthropogenic

pollution, habitat fragmentation, overexploitation of

some aquatic species, invasive organisms and by

climate change (Underwood et al. 2006). Databases

on "macroscopic diversity" such as birds, mammals

or higher vegetation have been produced. However,

data on "microscopic diversity", particularly those of

microfauna and algal microflora, are still fragmented,

especially in freshwater ecosystems. Moreover, in

recently watered reservoirs, the significant amount of

organic matter from the flooded immersion could

stimulate bacterial production and lead to a high

amount of heterotrophic and mixotrophic organisms.

This could be a source of crustacean zooplankton’s

food (Paterson 1997). Zooplankton plays a critical

role in aquatic food chains. It is an important source

of food for planktivorous fish and invertebrates. Also

it intensely grazes algae, bacteria, protozoa and others

invertebrates (Balvay 1990). Zooplankton

community responds rapidly to environmental

change because most species have very short-lived

generations. The study of these organisms remains a

necessity for developing effective strategies

for hydraulic and trophic resources management. In

Morocco, few hydrobiological studies have been

carried out on the zooplankton in reservoirs lakes sash

as: Lalla Takerkoust reservoir (Tifnouti 1993),

Hassan I reservoir (Benzekri 1992), El Kansra

reservoir (Fqih Berrada et al. 2000), The Mansour

Eddahbi reservoir (Sadani 2005) and on the level of

Zima and Sedd-El-Messjoun (Saadi 1994,

2002). This study of zooplankton was never carried

out in the Yacoub El Mansour reservoir, which

prompted us to study the interrelations of crustacean

zooplankton with the different physical and chemical

parameters of a recently watered reservoir under

semi-arid climate.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Study Area

The Yacoub EL Mansour dam is located in N'fis’

river, 65 km south of Marrakesh city. It is about 20

km upstream Lalla Takerkoust dam and 1.5 km north

of Wigand village. Thanks to its reserve of 70 million

m3, the dam improves the regulation capacity of

N’fis’ river in Lalla Takerkoust dam. Also it

Chakir, A. and Saadi, A.

Impact of Environmental Factors of Water on Zooplankton Diversity and Dynamic in Yacoub El Mansour Reservoir, Morocco.

DOI: 10.5220/0009774403750382

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of Computer Science and Renewable Energies (ICCSRE 2018), pages 375-382

ISBN: 978-989-758-431-2

375

decreases water loss downstream. The dam is built

using concrete compacted with a ruler. It is 70 m

height with a crest length of 233 m. This dam help

increase the water volume of N'fis inputs, this volume

being 68-85 million cubic meters per year (Fig.1)

Figure 1: Geographical location on the Yacoub El Mansour dam at the Tensift El Haouz basin (Morocco.

2.2 Sampling

The measurement spots are distributed among several

stations in the same area and on several depths in each

station. In our study we analyzed two axes of

variation: the spatial axis and the temporal axis,

during two annual cycles from January 2012 to

December 2013. With a monthly sampling interval, in

autumn and winter and fortnightly in summer and

spring. The different sampling stations are as follow:

 A dam station (S1): located at the bridge. At

this station, samples were taken at different

depths: Surface area, -1, -2.5, -5, -10, -15, -

19.5m, 1m of the bottom and the bottom

(Fig.1).

 Littoral stations: (S2) located at the entrance

of the Ouirgane River and (S3) located at the

entrance of the N’fis River (Fig.1).

The water samples at the dam station (S1) were taken

using a closed bottle of the Van Dorn type with a 2L

capacity, while those from the littoral stations were

taken directly from the surface, with a 2L volume

sampler as well. The zooplankton were collected

using a plankton net of 50 cm in diameter and 50 μm

in mesh, collected in jars and fixed with 5% formalin.

Because of their low numbers, the zooplankton

species studied are counted on all samples in a Dolfus

tank. The count is done under a binocular magnifying

glass and species determination is made using the

determination keys (Dussart 1969) for the Copepods

and (Amoros 1984) for the Cladocerans.

2.3 Statistical Analysis

We determined the importance of the various

correlations between the zooplankton and physico-

chemical variables by the canonical correspondence

analysis CCA (Ter Braak, 1986), using XLSTAT

software.

3. RESULTS

Six zooplankton species were identified during the

period of our study: 4 for Cladocerans and 2 for

Copepods. The seasonal variations of the density

(ind/L) of these zooplankton species at the different

stations studied are represented in Figure 2.

The variation in zooplankton density shows a

spatio-temporal fluctuation. The biannual cycle is

marked by a maximum number of species in early

autumn of the first year (2012) and in spring during

the second year (2013). At the level of the Yacoub El

Mansour reservoir, the low specific richness affects

all the groups and more particularly that of the

copepods, which are found throughout the sampling

period but with a low abundance of 17.88% compared

to the total zooplankton. This group is represented by

Tropocyclops prasinus (Fischer, 1860) species, with

5.70% (considering the percentage represented by

each species in relation to the total number of

individuals), which appear to be more numerous in

2013 with a maximum number of individuals (78

ind/L) in April and less present in 2012 (Fig.3).

ICCSRE 2018 - International Conference of Computer Science and Renewable Energies

376

Figure 2: Temporal variations of zooplankton density at the dam station S1 (a) and at the two littoral stations S2 (b) and S3

(c).

Figure 3: Temporal variation of the different species of cladocerans density (a) and copepods density (b) at the dam station

(S1).

Whereas Acanthocyclops einslei

(MirabdulLayev & defay, 2004) species (5.56%)

reaches its maximum density in January 2013, with

63 ind/l. Concerning the copepodite stages, they are

present almost throughout the study period and

present 48.37% of the copepods and 8.65% of the

whole crustacean zooplankton (Fig.3). Generally the

settlement is dominated by the Cladocerans

(82.11%). The maximum peak of their density is

reached in September and March respectively for the

Impact of Environmental Factors of Water on Zooplankton Diversity and Dynamic in Yacoub El Mansour Reservoir, Morocco

377

year 2012 and 2013. Whereas during the first

sampling campaigns, the density of the settlement is

very low or null and the individuals are replaced by

resting eggs in S1 station. At the dam station (S1), the

seasonal succession of the different species of this

group (Fig. 3) presented an annual cycle

characterized by the dominance of the species

Daphnia lumholtzi (Sars, 1885) (58.26%), which is a

perennial species in this lake and has a maximum

development in spring (729 ind/L). It is followed by

Ceriodaphnia dubia (Richard, 1894) with an

abundance of 14.97%. This species reaches its

maximum (557 ind/L) in September, while the two

species Daphnia pulex (Leydig, 1860) and Bosmina

longirostris (O.F. Muller, 1785) have a low

abundance of 6.04% and 2.84%, respectively;

Daphnia pulex density increases towards the end of

spring and autumn with a maximum of 73 ind/L.

Whereas Bosmina longirostris shows a maximum

peak in February with 71 ind/L. At the two littoral

stations S1 and S2 (Fig. 4) the species Daphnia

lumholtzi is most present also with a maximum in

January 2012 of 430 ind/L at S2 and 30 ind/L at S3 .

The influence of eleven physical and chemical

parameters (temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved

oxygen, total phosphorus, orthophosphates, nitrites,

nitrates, ammonium and chlorophyll a) on the

different zooplanktonic species studied, at the

Yacoub El Mansour reservoir, was assessed using

Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). The first

two axes of the CCA represent 45.12% and 30.78%

of the total inertia. The first factor axis (F1) has been

strongly associated with C.dubia (C.b) species,

conductivity (Cond) , dissolved oxygen (Do) and

nitrate (NO

), while the second factor axis (F2) is

strongly related to D.pulex (D.p) species, filling

volume (Fv) and Chlorophyll a (chl a). It is also noted

that, dissolved oxygen is negatively correlated with

temperature (Tem) and positively correlated with

, total phosphorus (Pt) and orthophosphates

(PO

) .The species such as Daphnia lumholtzi and

Bosmina longirostris were associated with high value

of dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus (Pt) and

orthophosphates (PO

), during the months of

February – April 2012, whereas species such as

Daphnia pulex, Acanthocyclops einslei and

Tropocyclops prasinus were associated with high

values for pH, nitrates and chl a. while, Ceriodaphnia

dubia species is associated with highest volume of

filling (Fv) and nitrites (NO

). In CCA ordination

diagram, Ceriodaphnia dubia, a cladoceran species,

occupies an aberrant position due to its occurrence

only in September 2012 when a substantial increase

in NO

levels was evident (Fig. 5).

4. DISCUSSION

The abundance and specific zooplankton richness in

the Yacoub El Mansour reservoir are low compared

to those found in other Moroccan dams; 8 crustaceans

zooplankton at the Lalla Takerkoust reservoir

(Tifnouti 1993) and 12 at the Hassan I reservoir

(Benzekri 1992). Indeed, the Yacoub El Mansour

reservoir was recently put into water. Also, the period

of study coincides with a period of frequent draining

especially during the year 2012. This generates a

short retention time in the reservoir (Benzha 2005).

The impact of draining on the zooplankton

populations was underlined by many authors

(Axelson 1961, Rodhe 1964, Pechlaner 1964). Brook

and Woodward (1956) found that high rates of water

turnover can involve quantitative and qualitative

variations of the plankton in the lakes. In general, the

low abundance of Cladocerans and Copepods is

associated with environmental conditions, caused by,

the hydrodynamics of the reservoir, such as the low

water volume, short residence time and morphometry

(Isumbisho 2006). Predation by planktivorous fish

and the poor availability of food sources, may also

lead to a reduction in the specific richness of the

reservoir (Achembach and Lampert 1997). According

to an earlier study on phytoplankton at Yacoub El

Mansour reservoir (Hammou 2014), the

phytoplankton population inventoried in the Yacoub

El Mansour reservoir is not very diversified, and

quantitatively only a few species play a decisive role

in this lake. This may also explain the low specific

richness of zooplankton communities at the reservoir.

It was found that at the Yacoub El Mansour reservoir,

the arid climate favored the existence of two periods

of abundance during the year: an autumn-spring

period favorable to the development of zooplankton

and a winter-summer period, characterized by a

significant decline of the number of species, their

densities and their distributions. During the rainy

season, water supplies from the reservoir upstream

and precipitation tend to cause small mixtures of

water bodies, nutrients are then available in the mass

of oxygenated water and are very rapidly assimilated

by the invertebrates which could lead to the

development of zooplankton. In addition, some fish

take advantage of exogenous inputs during the rainy

season. Whereas in the dry season some fish consume

endogenous material (mainly micro-crustaceans) and

consequently cause a decrease in the abundance of the

zooplankton population (Horeau et al. 1998).

Muylaert (2003) also corroborated the conclusion,

that zooplankton biomass generally reaches its peak

during rainfall in reservoirs. In spring, physical

ICCSRE 2018 - International Conference of Computer Science and Renewable Energies

378

factors (nutrient input, photoperiod and temperature

increase) increase the primary production

(phytoplankton). Which increase zooplankton density

(Tifnouti 1993).

Figure 4: Temporal variation of the different species of cladocerans density at the littoral stations S2 (a) and S3 (b).



Figure 5: CCA ordination diagram with zooplankton species and environmental variables in Yacoub El Mansour reservoir.

The zooplankton species shown are: Daphnia lumholtzi (D.l), Ceriodaphnia dubia (C.d), Daphnia pulex (D.p), Bosmina

longirostris (B.l). The environmental variables are: filling volume (Fv), total phosphorus (Pt), Orthophosphates (PO4), nitrites

(NO2), nitrates (NO3), ammonium (NH4), chlorophyll a (Chl), dissolved oxygen (Do), conductivity (Cond), Temperature

(Temp) and pH. The Months are :January 2012 or 2013 (J12 or 13), February (F), March (M), April (A), June (Jn), July(Jy),

August (At), September (S), October (O), November (N), December (D).

Impact of Environmental Factors of Water on Zooplankton Diversity and Dynamic in Yacoub El Mansour Reservoir, Morocco

379

Positive correlations between pH and conductivity

with some zooplanktonic species (Fig. 5) show that

alkaline pH and high conductivity also promote the

growth of some zooplankton in the dam reservoir.

This is in agreement with the conclusions of Byars

(1960), Hujare (2005) and Mustapha (2009). At the

dam station (S1), the density of the zooplankton

species is higher compared to the two littoral stations

S2 and S3, due to their relative stability and slower

flow velocity. Similar results were found by Tifnouti

(1993), at the Lalla Takerkoust reservoir. In the

summer according to the PEG model (Plankton

Ecology Group), small Cladocerans are replaced by

larger Cladocerans and adults Copepods (Sommer et

al. 1986, Lair and Ayadi 1989, Tifnouti 1993). In the

Yacoub El Mansour reservoir, during the summer,

there was an absence of most crustacean zooplankton

and a presence of a few individuals of Copepods and

Cladocerans, mainly the species B.longirostris, a

species of small size, which continues its

development by parthenogenesis until late spring.

The population passes through a sexual reproduction

around June, which ensures the appearance of a new

generation next winter. This type of development is

similar to that observed by Tifnouti (1993), at the

level of Lalla Takerkoust reservoir. At the Yacoub El

Mansour reservoir this species reaches its maximum

density in February, which is in agreement with the

results of Vijverberg (1980). Which, considers that

the development of the species in question is adapted

to the low temperatures of the environment. The study

of the vertical distribution of zooplankton shows that

the zooplankton is concentrated over the first 10

meters. The depletion of zooplankton, particularly at

young stages, in depth from -15 m, may be related to

the high suspended mater (Tifnouti 1993), or to low

availability of food. Juvenile stages preferentially

stay in warmer and more nutritious surface waters

(Hutchinson 1967, Kerfoot 1980).

5. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, zooplankton settlement in the Yacoub

El Mansour oligotrophic lake (Chakir and Saadi

2016), set in 2008 is characterized, by a very low

number of individuals per liter and a low specific

richness (4 Cladocerans and 2 Copepods). The spatial

and temporal variations of the various zooplankton

species follow a distribution pattern strongly

influenced by conditions. Which fluctuate according

to the season: water level, temperature, pH,

conductivity, dissolved oxygen, suspended matter,

total phosphorus, orthophosphates, nitrites, nitrates,

ammonium, and Chlorophyll a. Moreover, the floods

of the wet season favor the appearance of sporadic

species. Among all the factors studied, the

fluctuations in water level and temperature associated

with the semi-arid climate of the region, presenting a

period of great drought, would be tow of the main

causes of the temporal distribution of the species in

the Yacoub El Mansour reservoir. This study should

be completed taking into account the other

components of the trophic chain, in particular

Protozoa, Rotiferes, Phytoplankton and fish, in order

to integrate the "crustacean zooplankton" component

into the conceptual models that describe the effect of

the manipulations of trophic chains on water quality.

Generally, successive drainings should be taken into

account in the management of the tanks where fish

farming is required.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express our deepest thanks to Mds

Defaye D., for the determination of the species

Acanthocyclops einslei and Ms Lachir A., for their

invaluable assistance in the translation for this

manuscript.

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