Female Entrepreneurship Development Model in Poor Households in

Desa Paluh Manan, Kecamatan Hamparan Perak

Dina Arfianti Siregar

and Cut Nizma

Accounting Major, Politeknik Negeri Medan, Medan - Indonesia

Keywords: Entrepreneurship Development Model, MSME Women

Abstract: The purpose of this research was to build a model for developing entrepreneurship for women in poor

households Desa Paluh Manan, Kecamatan Hamparan Perak. The basis for building the model is the

potential of the women and the economic potential of the region concerned. This type of research is

qualitative descriptive analysis. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, questionnaires

and focus group discussion. The number of informants were 10 people who are related to this research.. The

results of the research showed that there were several characteristics of poor women, namely low levels of

education, lack of skills, low capital owned to start a business, weak marketing ability, not having an

organization to help their business, weak human resources. In contrary, the Hamparan Perak area also has

many potentials such as the characteristics of women who have a strong desire to work and earn income, the

availability of natural resources, infrastructure, and tourism objects.Based on these two factors, this research

offers a model for developing entrepreneurship among poor women in Desa Paluh Manan, Kecamatan

Hamparan Perak.

1 INTRODUCTION

Gender issues in the world of entrepreneurship are

still valid today. But what we need to know is that

the issue is no longer about the gap between male

and female entrepreneurs. What is currently

developing is related to the equality of both in

business.

What are the characteristics of women who play

a role in building a business? According to Global

Entrepreneurship Monitoring, women with a

positive perception of their abilities and skills

dominate this type of woman. In other words,

women who have a confident character are those

who are able to guard their success. The desire to be

able to actualize themselves and play a role in

society is a big motivation for women who want to

be involved in the world of entrepreneurship (Niels

Bosma, 2016).

Hani et al. (2012) in a leading journal in the field

of economics and business, provide evidence that of

the 46 million MSME in Indonesia, 60% of the

owners are women. Although most of the women

who do business are still at the level of MSME, this

fact indicates that women have moved more

proactively than the shadow of society.

However, in fact there are many phenomena that

cause confusion for women in business. First, nature

as a woman herself. Social and cultural norms,

whether explicit or not, encourage women to get

married and become mothers at a certain age. After

that, women will also have new responsibilities,

namely as housewives.

The number of female entrepreneurs in Indonesia

has increased significantly. At present, the number

of female entrepreneurs in Indonesia is 14.3 million

people. This number increased by 1.6 million from

the previous number which only amounted to 12.7

million people. In addition to the number of business

actors, the level of women's participation in the

employment sector also increased from

previousyears."48.87 percent of women's

participation rose to 55.04 percent, this is an

increase in women's participation in employment,"

said Minister of Manpower, Muhammad Hanif

Dhakiri.

Poverty occurs because the ability of the

community of economic actors is not the same, so

there are people who cannot participate in the

Siregar, D. and Nizma, C.

Female Entrepreneurship Development Model in Poor Households in Desa Paluh Manan, Kecamatan Hamparan Perak.

DOI: 10.5220/0009499506990705

In Proceedings of the 1st Unimed International Conference on Economics Education and Social Science (UNICEES 2018), pages 699-705

ISBN: 978-989-758-432-9

699

development process or enjoy the results of

development. Poverty is a development problem

characterized by unemployment, backwardness, and

deterioration. The poor are weak in their ability to

do business and have limited access to socio-

economic activities (Undang-Undang, 2000)

Poverty is the main problem of development that

is complex and multi-dimensional. The problem of

poverty is not only economic dimension, but also

social, cultural, political, and even ideological

(Soetrisno, 1997) suggests that the core of the

problem of poverty lies in the deprivation trap.

Deprivation trap consists of five disadvantages that

surround the lives of poor families, namely (1)

poverty itself; (2) physical weakness; (3) alienation;

(4) vulnerability, and (5) helplessness..

The number of poor people in North Sumatra in

March 2018 was 1,324,98 people (9.22%),

decreased just 0.06 percent compared to the poor

population in September 2017, which amounted to

1,404,48 people (9.28%). The poor population in

urban areas in March 2018 was 9.80 percent, an

increase compared to September 2017 which was

9.69 percent. On the contrary, poor people in rural

areas, namely from 10.86 percent in September 2017

fell to 10.66 percent in March 2018. In March 2018,

the North Sumatra poverty line in total amounted to

Rp.411,345, - per capita per month. For urban areas,

the poverty line is Rp.425,693, - and for rural areas

is Rp.396,033, - per capita per month (BPS, 2018).

Various efforts and policies for poverty

alleviation have been carried out by the central and

regional governments in Indonesia, but still there are

households that are in poverty condition. At present

chronic poverty ranges from 5-7% and 10-15% of

the other population experiences transient poverty,

namely in and out of poor status. (Moeis, 2008)

On the other hand, it turns out that most of the

poor in Indonesia are women, and no less than 6

million of them are the heads of poor households

with an average income below Rp 10,000 per day.

To maintain the survival of themselves and their

families, in general they work in the informal sector

(especially trade and services), the agricultural

sector as farm laborers and factory workers. They

face difficulties in gaining access to economic

resources, especially financial resources. This is

partly due to the reason that they are considered

inadequate to get funding, lack of guarantees, remote

locations, and not infrequently these conditions are

related to gender issues (Zulminarni, 2004).

The issue of women's poverty is becoming

increasingly complicated, because women's poverty

is not only caused by limited access to economic

resources. Here there are structural problems with

non-singular causes and constraints, tend to vary

according to social, economic and political

conditions in their environment. Gender inequality

in various aspects of life also worsens the condition

of poverty in women.

The facts show that the burden of poor women is

greater, found by Birdshall & McGreevey, 1983

(Nainggolan, 2016). This is due to the dual role they

have to run, on the one hand as the housekeeper and

the other side as the family breadwinner. As a

housekeeper, women have an obligation to take care

of children, prepare food for all family members,

take water, look for firewood, clean the house, and

manage household finances, where all these

activities are considered not a "job", so they never

calculated as a result of "production" in a household.

As workers who make a living for their families,

often the income earned by women is considered

only as an "addition" to the husband's income.

Small and informal businesses are business

sectors that have proven to play a strategic or

important role in overcoming the effects and impacts

of the economic crisis that once hit Indonesia in

1997. On the other hand, the small and informal

business sector has also been able to contribute to

the growth of the Indonesian economy all the time.

The strategic position of the small and informal

business sector is also because this sector has several

advantages over large / medium enterprises. The

advantages of this sector include the ability to

absorb labor and use local resources, and their

business is relatively flexible. Therefore the role of

entrepreneurs will be very beneficial in an effort to

be able to alleviate poverty and change lives for the

better.

The formulation of the problem in this

studyare:What is the potential of women and the

potential of the regions where women in these poor

households live,

What are the obstacles faced by women in poor

households in Desa Paluh and

how is the entrepreneurship development model

that can be applied as a solution to women's

problems in poor households in Desa Paluh Manan,

Hamparan Perak Sub-district?

2 THEORICAL FRAMEWORK

Accordingto (Suryana, 2014)entrepreneurs are

people who have the soul to dare to take risks to

open businesses on various occasions. Having the

courage to take risks means being mentally

independent and daring to start a business, without

being overwhelmed by fear or anxiety even in

uncertain conditions.

According to (Alma, 2011), entrepreneurs are

people who break down the existing economic

UNICEES 2018 - Unimed International Conference on Economics Education and Social Science

700

system by introducing new goods and services, by

creating new forms of organization or processing

new raw materials. Success in entrepreneurship is

not obtained suddenly or instantly and by chance,

but with full planning, vision, mission, hard work,

and having courage responsibly.

Empowerment of women according to Prijono

(1996), empowerment is a process for the

community to be empowered, encourage or motivate

individuals to have the ability or empowerment to

determine their life choices and empowerment must

be aimed at groups or layers of society who left

behind.

Women entrepreneurs can significantly

contribute in poverty reduction, mobilization of

entrepreneurial initiatives, autonomy, and in

accelerating the achievement of wider socio-

economic objectives (Al-Sadi et al., 2011).

However, the contribution of women entrepreneurs

depends on their performance, which in turn is

affected by the underlying facilitators and barriers,

understaing of which is a key to nurturing a balance

economy and the growth in a long run.

In general, the poor can be divided into two:

chronic poor and transient poor. Chronic poor are

poor people who earn far below the poverty line and

usually do not have sufficient access to economic

resources, while transient poor are the poor near the

poverty line. If there is a slight improvement in the

economy, the condition of the population in this

transient poor category can increase and its status

changes to a non-poor population.

According to Jhingan (2012), there are three

main characteristics of developing countries which

are the causes and at the same time interrelated

consequences of poverty. First, inadequate education

infrastructure which causes high illiterate population

and lacks skills and expertise. The second

characteristic is that health facilities and

consumption patterns are bad so that only a small

proportion of the population can become productive

workers, and third is the population concentrated in

the agricultural and mining sectors with production

methods that are outdated.

Stearns (2012) represented that entrepreneurial

success has long been considered to differ by gender

of the business owner. Previous studies of female

business owners have focused on personal

characteristics, such as motivation and experience,

as predictors of business success. Findings from the

constructed model propose to shed light on how

these critical factors interrelate and to provide

insight into the strength of the relationship each has

with the other critical factors. Responses to a

specifically developed survey of 228 randomly

selected women business owners from the

membership of Korean Female Entrepreneurs

Association. Measures of entrepreneurial motivation

were derived from the responses and tested using a

structural equation model. Business performance

was measured by estimates of improvement of sales

and profitability provided by the subjects. Each of

the three measures of entrepreneurial motivation

were found to affect the successes of the businesses

as did the critical success factors of family support

andknowledge, communication skills, knowledge of

business, product competency, business capability,

and availability of resources.

Poverty alleviation by developing MSME has

good potential. The MSME sector has a large

contribution to employment, which absorbs more

than 99.45% of the workers. Nevertheless its

contribution to GDP is still around 30%. Efforts to

advance the MSME sector will certainly improve the

welfare of the workers involved. The development

of MSME will be able to absorb more existing

workers so that it can reduce unemployment.

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, on

February 26, 2005, declared 2005 as the Year of

Micro Credit (Tahun Kredit Mikro). The effort to

flush out microcredit for small and micro businesses

is part of an effort to alleviate poverty. The funds for

providing microcredit are obtained from part of the

BBM compensation fund. There is great hope for the

success of this program, given the growth of MSME

that absorb the majority of the workforce in

Indonesia is believed to have a significant impact on

poverty alleviation efforts. Meanwhile, the impact of

the increase in fuel prices seems to be increasingly

evident. From the preliminary data, the poverty rate

rose by 2%, therefore the realization of the

distribution of BBM compensation funds to hold

back so many people who became poor became

important, although there were still many doubts

about their abilities. Many programs have been

promised by the government to connect BBM

compensation funds ranging from providing

education, health assistance to providing micro

credit for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

(MSME) (Retnadi, 2007)

The existence of women entrepreneurs in

economic activities today has shown a broad

spectrum and role in the midst of society, because it

is not only able to contribute to increasing family

income but also to increasing economic activity and

national income. This can be seen from the

proportion of women in MSME at 40% (Tamim,

2008).

On the other hand, with the advancement of

technology it also has a positive impact on women

workers where with the advancement of technology

there have been changes in characteristics in certain

fields of work which usually only can be done by

men now that can be entered and worked by women.

Female Entrepreneurship Development Model in Poor Households in Desa Paluh Manan, Kecamatan Hamparan Perak

701

Thus women have an increased opportunity to enter

the world of work and participate in various aspects

of the economy, of course, while still paying

attention to the characteristics of women as creatures

of God who are given greater responsibility to

support the welfare and success of the family. This

shows the strategic position of women in improving

the welfare of their families (Ratnawati, 2011).

One of the characteristics of women which is at

the same time the superiority that needs to be

continuously developed, especially for efforts to

increase the income of the poor and district / city

minimum wage (UMK), is patience and

thoroughness in doing work. This character

encourages the wider range of economic activities

that can be carried out by women and may be less

attractive to men. And for SME themselves,

accuracy in financial management is very important

to be able to drive the success of this business

considering that capital issues are a considerable

obstacle in developing this business (Nainggolan,

2016).

Gikonyo et al. (2006), conducted a study of

young women with cases of women in rural areas of

Malaysia, and using economic, social,

psychological, business management and gender

approaches found that scaling-up models could be

used to encourage economic improvement in rural

women. This is driven by the fact that traditionally

women have been involved in micro-scale business

carried out individually and with their husbands. So

it is reasonable to make this micro business as a

basis for the development of female entrepreneurs in

the context of family economic sustainability.

Jati (2012) conducted research under the title of

Analisis Motivasi Wirausaha Perempuan di Kota

Malang. The results of the study show that

achievement, affiliation, anantomy and dominant

variables are factors that influence a person's interest

in conducting entrepreneurial activities.

Laura and Sri (2009)conducted research under

the title of Implementasi Model Pengembangan

Entrepreneur Perempuan Muda Pada Rumah Tangga

Miskin di Sumatera Barat. The results of the study

show that the model of developing young female

entrepreneurs in poor households in West Sumatra is

a scaling model where young women have a high

motivation to start their own businesses, especially

in the fields of trade and agriculture.

Hayati (2007) conducted a study with the title of

Studi Terhadap Pemberdayaan Perempuan Dalam

Pengembangan Usaha Kecil Menengah (UKM) di

Kabupaten Garut. The results of the study show that

batik entrepreneurship that is synonymous with

women's entrepreneurship is still a challenge

because besides its development, it has not yet

satisfied the traditional social and cultural influences

of the people that are still very thick. One of the

cases that occurred in the development of

entrepreneurship in Garutan batik which was not

free from the influence of the social, economic and

cultural factors of the Priangan people. This is

reinforced by the image of people who are more

familiar with batik and easier to get batik from

Central Java.

Marwanti and Astuti (2012) conducted a study

entitled Model Pemberdayaan Perempuan Miskin

Melalui Pengembangan Kewirausahaan Keluarga

Menuju Ekonomi Kreatif di Kabupaten

Karanganyar. Data was collected through

observation, interviews, focus group discussions,

and documentation studies. The analysis technique

uses interactive analysis and gender analysis from

Sara Longwee. The results of the study indicate a

model called Pro Poor Capacity Improvement

(CPIM) which involves several components such as

the potential of poor women, barriers, opportunities,

family intervention, and freedom.

Singh and Belwal (2008) conducted a study

entitled Entrepreneurship and SMEs in Ethiopia:

Evaluating the role, prospects and problems faced by

women in this emergent sector. Data was collected

through extensive review of the existing literature,

incorporated a ground survey and focused interviews

with groups of female entrepreneurs for assessing

the factors related to entrepreneurship. The data

pertaining to these issues were collected using 90

personally administered “schedules” in eight areas in

Addis Ababa on the basis of stratified sampling. The

results of the study indicate that there are problems

in the areas of securing finances for establishing and

running SMEs, lack of entrepreneurial and

management competence and exposure, problems in

finding the markets and distribution networks;

limited opportunities for promotion and

participation; limited amount of government and

institutional support; absence of technological know-

how and integration mechanism; and rampant

corruption in an undisguised or disguised form, as

major bottlenecks.

3 RESEARCH METHOD

This research is a qualitative descriptive study

through a phenomenological approach.

Phenomenology studies are studies that specialize in

phenomena and realities that appear to examine the

explanations therein. Research is carried out in

Paluh Manan, Deli Serdang Sub-district.

Data was collected by conducting in-depth

interviews, observations, documentation, and focus

group discussion. The number of informants in this

UNICEES 2018 - Unimed International Conference on Economics Education and Social Science

702

study was 10 people consist of Ketua Kehormatan

Asosiasi Business Development Service Provider

Indonesia (ABDSPI) Regional Sumut, praktisi

UMKM, Kepala Seksi Produktivitas dan Pemasaran

pada Dinas Koperasi dan UMKM Kabupaten Deli

Serdang, Kepala Desa Paluh Manan and women in

desa Paluh Manan.

The variable used in this study were individual

characteristic, geographic characteristic and

economical potential characteristic. Data analized by

using interactive data analysis which consist of three

steps namely data reduction, data display, and

conclution.

4 ANALYSIS

Desa Paluh Manan is located in Hamparan Perak

Sub-district, Deli Serdang District, with a number of

heads of families as many as 157 families with

occupational backgrounds as fishermen, self-

employed, or not working / unemployed with 97 as

many. In general, women's education in poor

households is still relatively low, with most of them

having elementary and junior high school education.

The majority of the people living here are Banjar

and Javanese, with livelihoods as fishermen, fish

farming in ponds and also oil palm plantations.

Besides, many roof and stick craftsmen were found

which were made from nipah leaves. Using small

canoes, people pass by in the river to look for nipah

leaves that grow around the banks of the river. These

nipah leaves will be used by women / mothers in

poor households to cover them and sell them to

agents who come to collect the sticks, and the leaves

can be used to make roofs. From the work, their

average income per week is Rp. 150,000.00 or a

month of Rp. 600,000.

Paluh Manan is one of 20 villages in Hamparan

Perak Sub-district, Deli Serdang District. When

crossing Paluh Manan, the roads have been paved in

concrete, unlike before where there were still

cobbled streets, broken holes. Occasionally, the

cultivation of shrimp, crab or tilapia ponds is also

cultivated, as well as laying nipah plants along the

river flow. The products of the community's

aquaculture have arrived abroad. Shrimp and soft

shell crabs are the mainstay of products in this

village from year to year.

In addition, there are many tourist objects in

Hamparan Perak such as Siba Island and Lope-Lope

Island, which is a potential collaboration for women

in Desa Paluh Manan in marketing dinner plate

pottery. For this matter, certainly cooperation with

related partners is needed so that the distribution of

pottery production can be carried out well. It is

expected that the existence of tourist areas will be

able to encourage the growth and development of

small businesses around the area, so that it will be

able to encourage economic activities of the

community around the tourist area.

The social and economic activities of a region

cannot be separated from the existing infrastructure

conditions in the area. The majority of women's

residential areas in RTM in Desa Paluh Manan are

less than 6 (six) km from the sub-district. In the past

two years there have been several clean water

facilities in the form of bore wells, toilets and

electricity, although there are still people who use

river water to meet their clean water needs.

The market has an important role in economic

activity, the existence of the market will greatly

determine the economic movement of people in an

area. When viewed from the nearest market location,

women in RTM live close to the market where the

distance is less than 1 (one) km, but this market has

not operated every day, but only on Wednesday,

different from the market in the sub-district, which

operates every day , and usually the people of Paluh

Manan will go to the market center in the sub-

district if they need goods with certain specifications

and certain quantities.

The existence of schools is very important to

improve the skills and abilities of people's thinking,

in the RTM domicile area school facilities are

available, especially at the elementary and junior

secondary levels. To continue to a higher level they

must leave their area because high school level is in

the sub-district.

5 RESULTS

From the analysis that has been stated previously, it

can be seen the individual characteristics of the

female community namely that based on age,

women in Desa Paluh Manan are women of

childbearing age who are eager for independence in

working with low educational backgrounds, namely

elementary and junior high schools. So far, they

have worked to help fulfill their family's needs by

earning very little and categorized poor income,

which is an average of Rp. 600,000 per week.

Women in Desa Paluh Manan have a strong

motivation to be able to earn more income and really

expect training that can improve skills in their

business fields, such as self-motivation training,

hard skill training that improves skills, and

Female Entrepreneurship Development Model in Poor Households in Desa Paluh Manan, Kecamatan Hamparan Perak

703

assistance from good institutions universities and

governments that will monitor and provide input for

the development of their businesses.

Desa Paluh Manan also has geographical

potential where this village is a village in the coastal

area with the availability of natural resources as raw

material for the products produced. Besides, the

availability of infrastructure is also adequate as

market access for the products produced.

The obstacles in this case are lack of business

capital, weak marketing, weak skills from the side of

human resources, the absence of a forum or network

that helps businesses, there is still a lack of attention

from the government and institutions related to the

sustainability of the business being run. For this

reason, there is a need for attention from related

parties to improve the situation of women there. For

this reason, an entrepreneurial development model is

offered which involves relevant parties who will

help solve existing problems.

6 CONCLUSIONS

The conclusions that can be given from this study

are:

a. The potential of women in poor households in

Desa Paluh Manan is women of productive age

and have the motivation to progress, be

independent and have a strong desire to

improve the family economy, also have an

entrepreneurial attitude that will support

business success. Besides, Desa Paluh Manan

has regional potential, namely the availability of

natural resources, the sufficient existing

infrastructure which is suitable to encourage

economic activities of the community, as well

as the socio-cultural conditions of the people

who always encourage citizens to progress and

improve the family economy.

b. The obstacles that Desa Paluh Manan has are

the lack of marketing, having low skills, lack of

capital, non-formal education or training to

improve skills, not yet having a forum that helps

work together in marketing products and

capital.

c. Based on the potential of women, the potential

of the region and the constraints they have, an

entrepreneurial model that is expected to be

implemented by women entrepreneurs is

developed: (1) through socialization, education,

training and mentoring activities such as

motivational training to raise awareness the

importance of developing family

entrepreneurship toward a creative economy,

developing creativity through capacity building

so that the products produced are attractive to

buyers and according to market tastes and

taking into account market potential , micro

credit institutions such as through strengthening

networks between poor women entrepreneurs

and local entrepreneurs as media learning by

doing (2) Establishment of special organizations

as a forum that will help in terms of capital,

production and marketing such as cooperatives,

joint business groups on the basis of common

types of businesses, BUMDes, and joint

markets. (3) Expansion by using the adopted

father system (Sistem Bapak Angkat) by

involving as many local entrepreneurs as

possible so as to strengthen business capital and

markets for women entrepreneurs.

REFERENCES

Al-Sadi, R., Belwal, R. & Al-Badi, R. (2011). Woman

Entrepreneurship In The Al-Batinah Region Of

Oman: An Identification Of The Barriers. Journal Of

International Women's Studies, 12, 58-75.

Alma, B. (2011). Kewirausahaan, Cetakan Ketujuh Belas,

Bandung, Alfabeta.

Bps 2018. Penduduk Miskin Sumatera Utara Maret 2018

Sebanyak 1.324,98 Ribu Orang (9,22%).

Gikonyo, W., Zainalaludin, Z. & Masud, J. (2006).

Empowering Young Women Through Micro-

Enterprise Scaling-Up: A Case Of Malaysian Rural

Women. Youth Employment Summit.

Hani, U., Rachmania, I. N., Setyaningsih, S. & Putri, R. C.

(2012). Patterns Of Indonesian Women

Entrepreneurship. Procedia Economics And Finance,

4, 274-285.

Hayati, A. (2007). Studi Terhadap Pemberdayaan

Perempuan Dalam Pengembangan Usaha Kecil

Menengah (Ukm) Di Kabupaten Garut. Abstrak.

Jati, W. (2012). Analisis Motivasi Wirausaha Perempuan

(Wirausahawati) Di Kota Malang. Jurnal Humanity,

Jhingan, M. L. (2012). The Economics Of Development

And Planning. 40th Ed. Delhi: Vrinda Publications

(P) Ltd.

Laura, S. & Sri, M. (2009). Implementasi Model

Pengembangan Entrepreneur Perempuan Muda Pada

Rumah Tangga Miskin Di Sumatera Barat.

Marwanti, S. & Astuti, I. D. (2012). Model Pemberdayaan

Perempuan Miskin Melalui Pengembangan

UNICEES 2018 - Unimed International Conference on Economics Education and Social Science

704

Kewirausahaan Keluarga Menuju Ekonomi Kreatif

Di Kabupaten Karanganyar. Sepa: Vol. 9 No. 1, 9,

134-144.

Moeis, S. (2006). Perkembangan Kelompok Dalam

Masyarakat Multikultural. Jurnal Pengetahuan

Sosial. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Bandung.

Nainggolan, D. Y. (2016). Pemberdayaan Dan

Pengembangan Wirausaha Perempuan Muda Pada

Rumah Tangga Miskin Di Kecamatan Medan Deli

Kota Medan. Perspektif, 6.

Niels Bosma, T. S., Siri Terjesen, Penny Kew (2016).

Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring: Special Topic

Report Social Entrepreneurship.

Prijono, O. 1996. Pemberdayaan Konsep, Kebijakan Dan

Implementasi.

Ratnawati, S. (2011). Model Pemberdayaan Perempuan

Miskin Pedesaan Melalui Pengembangan

Kewirausahaan. Jurnal Kewirausahaan, 5, 1-10.

Retnadi, S. H. D. (2007). Micro Credit Challenge Cara

Efektif Mengatasi Kemiskinan Dan Pengangguran,

Jakarta, Elex Media Komputindo.

Singh, G. & Belwal, R. (2008). Entrepreneurship And

Smes In Ethiopia: Evaluating The Role, Prospects

And Problems Faced By Women In This Emergent

Sector. Gender In Management: An International

Journal, 23, 120-136.

Soetrisno, L. (1997). Kemiskinan, Perempuan Dan

Pemberdayaan. 1997. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.

Stearns, S. S. L. T. M. (2012). Critical Success Factors In

The Performance Of Female-Owned Businesses: A

Study Of Female Entrepreneurs In

Korea. International Journal Of Management Vol. 29 No.

1 Part 1.

Suryana (2014). Kewirausahaan Jakarta: Salemba Empat.

Undang-Undang (2000). Undang-Undang No. 25 Tentang

Propenas

Zulminarni, N. (2004).Lembaga Keuangan Mikro Dalam

Rangka Pemberdayaanperempuan Miskin.

Disampaikan Dalam Acara Workshop Berbagi

Pengetahuan Dan Sumberdaya Keuangan Mikro Di

Indonesia Yang Diselenggarakan Oleh Gema Pkm

Indonesia Dan Bwtp Di Jakarta,.

Female Entrepreneurship Development Model in Poor Households in Desa Paluh Manan, Kecamatan Hamparan Perak

705