Utilization of Social Capital by “Dukuh” and Existence of Floating

Market: Study on Lok Baintan Floating Market Banjar Regency,

South Kalimantan

Noor Rahmini

1,2

, M. Pudjihardjo

, Arif Hoetoro

and Asfi Manzilati

Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Indonesia

Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia

Keywords: Social Capital, Competitiveness, Lok Baintan Floating Market

Abstract: This article discusses the use of social capital owned by 'Dukuh' as it is called for farmers who also act as

first-level traders in Lok Baintan Floating Market in improving the Existence of Lok Baintan Floating Market.

Lok Baintan Floating Market as part of the traditional market in Indonesia still exists today, and even tends

to increase its existence as evidenced by the increasing number of visitors coming to this market and seen

from the increasing number of traders. This condition is different from traditional market conditions in general

and several other floating markets. One of the factors that have been ignored and is thought to influence the

existence of floating markets is social capital. The dimensions of social capital analyzed are networks, norms,

and beliefs within the scope of bonding and bridging social capital, as social capital that has been present

since the beginning of the formation of this market. This research is intended to find out and understand the

use of social capital by "dukuh" so that it still exists, even though the risks they face such as the possibility of

“jukung” are reversed due to heavy river currents and uncertainty about the benefits obtained. The existence

of 'dukuh' as an indicator of the existence of a floating market. In the process of collecting and exploring data

and information, qualitative research methods are chosen in the form of phenomenology approaches.

Phenomenology studies to look closely at individual interpretations of their experience and try to understand

the meaning of experience from their perspective. In addition, there were also observations and in-depth

interviews with the informants. The findings of this study indicate that “Dukuh" tends to be more dominant

in utilizing social capital bonding than its bridging social capital in maintaining its existence in the Lok

Baintan Floating Market. this indicates that traders in Lok Baintan Floating Market rely more on their

relationships within their communities if they face problems compared to their relationships with outside

communities such as thickening trust, strengthening networks and maintaining the traditional culture of the

"papadaan" concept. So that policies need to be directed to encourage relationships in the community to be

maintained through events that involve active involvement of the community.

1 INTRODUCTION

Rural communities rely on the agricultural sector as

their main source of livelihood. Traditional markets

as one of the main places to market their agricultural

products (Angmor, 2012). For farmers, traditional

markets are an easy and inexpensive place in terms of

transaction costs to sell their crops. For the buying

community, the traditional market is a strategic and

inexpensive location to get living necessities. The

existence of the market becomes a mediator for

economic activities both for farmers and the buying

community. Therefore, the role of traditional markets

becomes very vital for rural communities (Syahyuti,

2008).

In South Kalimantan, the role of traditional

markets is replaced by floating markets, especially in

areas that are flowed by rivers. Unique trading

activities make the role of the floating market not only

as a traditional market but also as a tourist attraction.

Floating Market became a South Kalimantan tourism

icon.

The beginning of the emergence of floating

markets is in almost all waters of the river, but what

survives to date is only 2, namely the Muara Kuin

678

Rahmini, N., Pudjihardjo, M., Hoetoro, A. and Manzilati, A.

Utilization of Social Capital by “Dukuh” and Existence of Floating Market: Study on Lok Baintan Floating Market Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan.

DOI: 10.5220/0009494506780684

In Proceedings of the 1st Unimed International Conference on Economics Education and Social Science (UNICEES 2018), pages 678-684

ISBN: 978-989-758-432-9

floating market and the Floating Lok Baintan Market.

The government in order to preserve Banjar's

distinctive culture, namely river culture, has led to the

Siring tendean floating market which is active every

Saturday and Sunday in downtown Banjarmasin. But

because of its emergence based on the interests of the

government, this market is not the center of attention

of researchers.

Muara Kuin Floating Market experienced a

decline in existence seen from the decline in the

number of tourist visits and the number of traders who

trade in this Market. While the Lok Baintan Floating

market has increased in terms of the number of tourist

visits, as well as the number of traders who trade. The

above is evidenced by data from the Department of

Culture and Tourism of Banjar Regency, South

Kalimantan (2017) that in the period of 2015-2016

there was an increase in the number of visitors both

domestic and foreign to Lok Baintan by 42% from

25,935 people to 44,830 people. A significant

increase implies that there is an economic stretch in

South Kalimantan, especially around the Lok Baintan

area.

Traders as market participants have become one

of the important indicators of this market's survival to

date. If no one trades in this market, then there is no

activity in the Baintan floating market. Search results

of researchers, traders in this market are categorized

as 2 things, namely

1. The first level trader who works as a farmer

who in the Banjar language is referred to as

"Dukuh".

2. Second-level traders are referred to as

collectors or miners.

This research foccus on "dukuh" is because dukuh

has the choice to sell their crops not at Lok Baintan

floating market but in other nearby traditional

markets. The reason behind this is an important thing

to explore. By exploring the background of hamlet,

this market still exists, with so much risk being borne,

that is, the risk of backing is reversed because of

heavy flows, erratic income and working hours

activities which are started before the prayer becomes

important to study.

The consistency of the dukuh in this market has

become an indication of the presence of social capital

in the midst of traders. As stated by Acil Hj. Bustan,

there is a feeling of being lost if just spending a day

is not present in the market:

Dimapa caranya, diusahaakan agar bisa tetap

bajualan hari-hari disini (how to do it, so that we can

continue to trade every day here). This means that

market players not only rely on the purpose of

transacting only for motives of profit for sellers and

low prices for buyers. There is trust that is built

between market participants through repeated

transactions which are a sign of strong bonding

(bonding) and bridging relationships (bridging)

between communities have been formed through the

culture adopted. Therefore this study seeks to reveal

in detail how "dukuh" utilizes social capital (bonding

and linking) that already exists in the market at Lok

Baintan Floating Market.

2 THEORICAL FRAMEWORK

a. Social Capital and Economy Development

The definition of social capital that is widely accepted

is part of social life such as networks, norms, and

beliefs that encourage participants to act together

more effectively to achieve common goals (Coleman,

J, 2000). Whereas according to Mohsenzadeh (2011)

explains social capital is a characteristic of a society

or group which includes: information, ideas, trust and

cooperation that increase the organizing capacity to

find solutions to community problems.

More deeply, there are three main attributes of

social capital, namely beliefs, norms and networks.

Fukuyama (2002) defines trust, namely cooperative

norms such as honesty and willingness to help which

can be divided between limited groups of society and

not with other communities or with others in the same

society. Trust allows traders to have the opportunity

to build a reputation for reliability, making

transactions cheaper and more stable. A good

reputation fosters trust and will eventually

disseminate information quickly and cheaply

(Murshid, 2011).

Networks can be created through friendship or

friendship relationships that provide alternative

channels for information flow in an organization

(Fukuyama, 2002). Communities can make and use

networks to improve the quality of life in their cities.

Networks help to get information, ideas, influences,

and resources so they can achieve goals (Woolcock &

Narayan, 2000).

McDonald (2015) defines social norms as an

expectation of appropriate behavior that occurs in a

group context. Medium Putnam (2000) explains

norms consisting of understandings, values,

expectations and goals that are believed and carried

out jointly by a group of people. Norms can be

derived from religion, moral guidelines, and secular

standards as well as professional codes of ethics.

Based on the connection relationship between

actors located at different levels, social capital has

been presented as a bond (bonding), bridging

(bridging), and linking (linking). Putnam (2000) in

Heenan (2010) draws the distinction between

Utilization of Social Capital by “Dukuh” and Existence of Floating Market: Study on Lok Baintan Floating Market Banjar Regency, South

Kalimantan

679

bonding and bridging social capital. Bonding social

capital is based almost entirely on bonds of solidarity

between groups that are the same as people and aims

to help people get something. Relationships in the

family can be considered as examples of social capital

ties. Whereas Bridging social capital refers to

horizontal trust and reciprocal relationships between

diverse individuals. This means that bridging social

capital is inherently more valuable than social capital

bonds because it has the potential to generate broad

benefits.

According to Chou (2006) social capital exists at

three levels. First, micro-level social capital is in the

network of individuals or households. Micro level

social capital consists of 'bonding' and 'bridging'

social capital. According to this first model, that

social capital bonding at the micro level plays a key

role in the accumulation of human capital. Second,

the analysis of social capital at the meso level extends

the concept of social capital to include vertical and

horizontal associations and behavior among other

entities, such as companies. Third, social capital at the

macro level includes the most formal institutional

relationships and structures, such as political regimes,

legal rules, court systems, and civil and political

freedoms.

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

b. The Important Role of Bonding Social Capital

in the Economy Activity

According to Cecchi & Molinas (2006) social capital

plays a role in development through three main lines:

First, at the micro level, informal social networks of

relatives and neighbors are fertile land to build mutual

insurance mechanisms and form a survival strategy.

Second, social capital can improve the ability of the

poor, especially in underdeveloped areas where

market institutions have failed and the role of the state

is limited. The bond of social capital and social

capital bridges to encourage information diffusion

and trust, enforce contracts, and create informal credit

networks, or access to formal credit. In particular,

social capital can be considered a key asset for the

development of small businesses. And third, social

capital can help poor people improve their living

conditions through collective action, enabling people

to advocate and lobby activities. At the macro level,

social capital can play an indirect role in reducing

poverty and inequality through a positive influence on

economic growth.

Chou (2006) further proposed three models of the

impact of social capital on macroeconomic

performance, namely: (i) assisting in the

accumulation of human capital, (ii) influencing

financial development through its impact on

collective trust and social norms, and (iii) facilitating

collaboration and network between companies that

results in the creation and diffusion of technology and

innovation business.

The impact of social capital on growth is divided

into three, namely: first, at the micro level the bonds

of social capital help to accurately formulate human

resources. The second model, the impact of social

capital bridges influences financial development

through its impact on collective trust and social

norms. The last model, meso level in the form of

"connecting" social capital arises from networks and

collaborative activities of companies, which then

results in the efficient formation and diffusion of

business and technological innovation (Chou, 2006).

3 RESEARCH METHOD

This study uses qualitative research for several

considerations. First, this study wants to understand

in-depth social interactions, the meaning behind data,

unclear research problems, understanding people's

feelings, developing theories and ensuring the

correctness of data in the field (Fatchan, 2013).

Second, this research attempts to examine a truth

naturally and this requires evidence based on

"natural" truth in a subjective context. "Natural"

meant here is that researchers can recognize subjects,

feel what they experience in everyday life. Third, the

perceptions of individuals in Floating Market (related

government institutions, traders, suppliers and

buyers, including tourists) about floating markets will

Use of social

capital by

“dukuh”

Modal social

bonding

Modal social

bridging

Social Capital: The

Trust for Norms

Network

The existence of

a floating

market

UNICEES 2018 - Unimed International Conference on Economics Education and Social Science

680

be different and influenced by several factors, and

these differences will be easier explained through

qualitative methods (Fatchan, 2013).

The qualitative method used is the

phenomenology method. This is because phenomenal

research aims to provide an understanding of the

response to the existence of individual human beings

or groups or communities, as well as experiences that

are understood in interacting as a whole and

thoroughly (Fatchan, 2013). To describe the

phenomena occuring amongst traders’ interaction in

Lok Baintan floating market, the researcher used

Phenomenological approach. Pietersen (2002) and

Anderson (2007) stated that phenomenological

studies is not encouraged by previously formed

theoretical construction and the hypothesis, but by the

willingness to describe a specific phenomena’.

The research took place in Lok Baintan floating

market in Lok Baintan village in the District of

Sungai Tabuk, Banjar Regency, and South

Kalimantan Province. Lok Baintan village is one of

21 villages located in the District of Sungai Tabuk

(District of Sungai Tabuk in Numbers, 2014).

Early observation showed that there were 200 to

300 traders in Lok Baintan, who were mostly women.

They were flocking the market during the fruit season

in October to December because they came to trade

their harvest in the market.

Lok Baintan floating market is now different from

it was the early time of its appearance. In the last few

years, it gained special attention from the local

government for the provision of several access both

in transportation and communication. This then

became the researchers’ particular interest to see the

effect to bonding social capital amongst the traders.

The informants participated in this study is the

sources who directly involve in the activity of Lok

Baintan floating market and who could provide

information on the phenomena being research such as

wholesalers, retailers and consumers.

The technique used to select the informants were

snowballing technique to find informants continually

from one informant to the other within the district and

the village. Informant consisted of the figure of the

society, religious figures to obtain rich, complete and

in-depth data. Snowball technique was stopped when

data saturation occurred

4 ANALYSIS

Commodity items traded at Lok Baintan Floating

Market are dominated by agricultural products from

surrounding villages. Therefore farmers in this case

act as the main suppliers in this market. Farmers who

sell their crops directly in this market are called

dukuh.

Dukuh in its daily life has a direct relationship

with fellow hamlets, miners and household

consumers. This relationship creates bonding and

bridging relationships.

a. Farmers make use of "bonded" social capital

with the aim of increasing income through:

As is known, the market participants in Lok Baintan

Floating Market are homogeneous. Those involved in

the market have strong family relationships,

friendships and friendships (Rahmini, 2015). This

relationship characterizes strong bonding

relationships and becomes the basic foundation in

every interaction of market participants in Lok

Baintan Floating Market. Hamlet relations with other

merchants such as miners as relationships need each

other and complement. Hamlet if there are no miners,

then the crop must be carried alone to the city

(traditional land market). For the miners, the crops

purchased from hamlets will be sold back to

traditional markets in the city of Banjarmasin and its

surroundings. The products produced are products

that are of interest to consumers because they are still

fresh and halal. Penyambang gets a profit from this

sale and purchase activity.

The profit that can be obtained is not certain,

depending on the condition of the transaction.

Sometimes profits are enjoyed by miners, but

sometimes the benefits are more enjoyed by the

shaman. The two responded to this with a sense of

sincerity as revealed by Hj. Bustan:

“Ada haja rajaki masing-masing. Kada tapi

usah bahimat-himat. Dahanu tebanyak

kulihan, dahanu kada sabarapa. Nang penting

barang habis. Nang nukar senang.”

Sustenance has already been arranged. No need to

work too hard. Fortunately, what is obtained is

uncertain. the important thing is selling behavior. the

buyer is also happy.

The lower price offer is not only due to the

proximity of the location but also supported by social

capital bonding and also coloring the relationship

between the shaman and the miners. The combination

of both makes the prices offered by hamlets lower. At

one time the hamlet benefited from bonding relations

when other miners benefited from bonding

relationships. This is considered to be a form of help

between the two. Helping financially is not possible,

so assistance in bonding relationships is a form of

helping others.

Utilization of Social Capital by “Dukuh” and Existence of Floating Market: Study on Lok Baintan Floating Market Banjar Regency, South

Kalimantan

681

Strengthening the Network.

The existence of a long hamlet in the Floating Market

makes the network that occurs very strong. If there is

one member affected by the disaster, then as much as

possible the market participants try to help. Likewise,

when there is a buyer who wants to buy the item but

the desired item does not exist, the purchase is

directed to the seller (seller) to another seller. This

will not happen if there is no long-standing network,

so there is a high sense of empathy for community

members, namely the merchant community in Lok

Baintan Floating Market.

Prioritize capital assistance obtained from bonding

and bridging relationships rather than linking

relationships

Dukuh facing capital difficulties is more entrusting

capital issues in the relationship of 2 types of bonding

and bridging relationships compared to linking

relationships. For farmers, getting capital from

bonding and bridging relationships is not as

complicated as getting capital from a linking

relationship. This is also related to habit factors.

Erratic income factors make farmers need to think

more deeply if they get capital assistance from linking

relationships, unless the nature of the assistance

provided is not binding.

Capital assistance from bridging relationships

which are currently used by farmers more in

expanding capital such as loans from cooperatives,

Pokdarwis. Capital assistance obtained from bonding

relationships is still often used by farmers but this is

used limited to loans that are sudden in nature and

cannot be obtained through relationships other than

bonding.

Marketing Through Customer Relationships

Dukuh in the activity of selling their harvest habits in

large numbers (bungkalang). This is because

consumers are dominated by miners who buy on a

large scale. Relationship between dukuh and

customary miners apply subscription relationships.

Subscription relationships cause the two parties to

prioritize mutual trust in each transaction that occurs,

both barter, exchange and money.

There is a minus plus value from bonding

relationships in the relationship between the dukuh

and the miners. As stated by Hj. Bustan that the trust

is sometimes misused by the buyer. But apart from

that bonding relations make it easy for dukuh to

market their crops through trust and reciprocity

between the two. So is the bridging relationship,

making the dukuh know where consumers need their

crops.

b. Utilization of Bridging Social Capital

The findings of the researchers are known that the

bridging relationship that is established in Lok

Baintan Floating Market is trust and cooperation

between a group of equal people (community) and

has the same goal in terms of the common source of

raw materials, capital in formal and informal

relationships. This bridging relationship arises

because the relationship between actors is no longer

in a homogeneous community, but has been diverse

in communities. The perpetrators began to realize that

by making the container a place to accommodate their

aspirations if there were problems they would make

them more secure from various risks such as the

"Tambangan Balarut" cooperative, a farmer group,

Pokdarwis.

The bridging social capital that is established

seeks to be utilized by the organization that

accommodates the individuals in it in achieving the

welfare of its members. The welfare of members will

deliver the standard of living of its members at a

better level of livelihood. The following is explained

how actors use bridging social capital in the

organizations they follow to achieve a better level of

progress. Actors take advantage of bridging social

capital in the form of:

Strong Commitment and Collective Action

Strong commitment of members is needed for the

development of the organization. This is also the case

for cooperatives built by members in 2012. The

commitment of its members to jointly promote

cooperatives for mutual progress is evidence of

members' collective action in an effort to improve

their economic level.

Members realize, they cannot only rely on one

type of relationship, but also require bridging social

capital relations that are able to connect them to a

higher level, namely the government and related

agencies. Only by utilizing social capital bonding that

they have not been able to solve a larger problem in

trading activities at the Lok Baintan Floating Market

more thoroughly because of the limitations of

bonding relationships. This is evidenced by the

findings of Chou (2013) that the impact of bridging

social capital influences financial development

through its impact on collective trust and social

norms.

UNICEES 2018 - Unimed International Conference on Economics Education and Social Science

682

Share the latest Knowledge

Traders who are members of formal and non-formal

organizations are gradually given the knowledge that

supports them in a better direction. In the

"Tambangan Balarut" cooperative members are

taught how to manage the income received. The goal

is that members who borrow from cooperatives are

able to pay loan installments in cooperatives. The

smooth payment of installments in cooperatives will

have an impact on larger absorbed funds, where other

members have the turn to get loans.

Regular monthly meeting of members does not

only attract monthly contributions to members but

also as a venue for sharing knowledge. Besides being

taught how to manage finances, members of the

cooperative share knowledge that is controlled by one

member. Like the knowledge of how to hook new

customers to keep repeating purchases. This is a

manifestation of the togetherness of members in

cooperatives in an effort to increase members' income

together.

Latest Price Information

In addition to some of the bridging relationship

advantages mentioned above. Members who are

members of the "Tambangan Balarut" cooperative get

information on prices and goods they want and

potential customers who want their merchandise. The

monthly routine meeting of the "Balarut Mining"

Cooperative is a place for members to exchange

information on the price of goods and where the

desired item is located.

The benefits of bridging relationships seem to be

very helpful for members who are members of formal

and informal organizations. Members who are

members of the organization at Lok Baintan survive

one of them due to income factors. This is also

reflected in Fischer's (2012) study of farmer

organizations in Kenya that positive income effects

keep group members alive and active, through

collective marketing price advantages. Apart from

prices, farmer groups function as an important

catalyst for the adoption of innovation through

increasing efficient information flows, where there

are conditions where collective action is useful, and

emerges through a potential benefit mechanism.

Figure 2: Utilization of Micro Social Capital by Dukuh in Lok Baintan Floating Market Area

5 RESULTS

Transactions “bepanduk” are the hallmark of buying

and selling at Lok Baintan, which is still used by

market participants. This transaction is one of the

forms of informal relationships that are established in

this market and is a solution for traders in facing

financial difficulties. The financial difficulties solved

by this informal relationship are in line with what

Evan (1996) stated that informal relations will not

directly improve welfare but without this relationship,

welfare will be very difficult to achieve.

Strong

commitment and

share the latest

knowledge

Competitiveness

of product prices is

Prioritizing capital

obtained from bonding

relationships

Latest price

information

bridging

Traders

(peyambang)

Increased

bondi

bonding

supply increases

Information on

price updates, the

existence and quality

of goods desired by

Subscription

relationships for risk of

uncertainty

Adequate capital at

the price of friendship

Trust in

educ

Dukuh

Utilization of Social Capital by “Dukuh” and Existence of Floating Market: Study on Lok Baintan Floating Market Banjar Regency, South

Kalimantan

683

Simply put, how farmers and traders in the Lok

Baintan Floating Market area utilize social capital at

the micro level can be seen in the Figure 2.

6 CONCLUSIONS

The use of social capital by Dukuh in improving the

existence of the Lok Baintan Floating Market is

summarized at the micro level including bonding and

bridging relationships. At the bonding level, Dukuh

utilizes social capital by utilizing social capital such

as thickening trust, strengthening networks and

nurturing traditional culture on the concept of

"papadaan". At the bridging level, through

commitment and collective action, share the latest

knowledge and the latest information.

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