Estimation of Battery Capacity using Voltammetry Method of Lead

Acid and Nickel Cadmium Battery based LMNN at Jember Electric

Substation

Lori Kusuma Dewi and Bambang Sri Kaloko

Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universityof Jember, Jl. Kalimantan 37, Jember, Indonesia 68121

Keywords: Lead Acid Battery, Neural Network, Nickel Cadmium Battery, Voltammetry cyclic.

Abstract: The reliable battery holds a very important role. Therefore, this refers to study the characterization of lead

acid batteries and nickel cadmium, this is a secondary battery of the most developed and the lead acid

batteries are widely used in the automotive field. The lead acid and nickel cadmium battery capacity is

determined by the amount of electrical charge that is obtained from the battery and the amount depends on

the active ingredient contained in the plate. To determine the characterization and capacity lead acid battery

and nickel cadmium battery are suitable for use, this study used two methods. With voltammetry analysis

and development the lead acid battery model design based on neural network method. In the

electrochemical field the voltammetry cyclic is a condition when the current is measured during a sweep

potential from the beginning to the end potential and then back again. It is also called sweeping or scanning

and can be reversed after the reduction takes. So the anodic and cathodic current can be measured. Then the

design of the model development lead acid battery based on neural network in this study using inputs

specifically the voltage as input, and the current as target. So the accuracy testing of the forecasting system

using neural network algorithm will be better and more efficient than the experiment data manually.

1 INTRODUCTION

This Lead acid batteries are composed of lead

dioxide as the cathode, a metal sponge as the anode

lead and sulfuric acid as the electrolyte. Each cell has

a voltage of 2 volts. Advantages of the use of lead

acid batteries which are robust, inexpensive, reliable,

tolerant of excess charging, low internal impedance.

While the lack of a battery of this type which are

very heavy, have low energy efficiency of about 70

%, dangerous overheating during charging, have a

lower cycle time is 300-500 cycles, and materials are

harmful to the environment (Al-Atas, H. M., 2015).

Then nickel cadmium battery This type of battery

has a cell voltage of 1.2 Volt per cell with twice the

energy density of lead acid batteries. As a cathode,

this battery uses nickel hydroxide Ni(OH)

and

cadmium Cd as anode possessed by alkaline

potassium hydroxide as its electrolyte. Nickel

cadmium batteries have a resistance. Which is very

small and allows for the charge and discharge with a

high level (Husain, I., 2003). Meanwhile, according

to SK520 PLN nickel cadmium batteries or Ni-Cd is

alkali battery with a capacity of 1.2 volts per cell and

is often used in PT. PLN as a DC provider of

protection systems, SCADA and PLC (KEPDIR

0520-2 K DIR, 2014)

With these descriptions, the authors will discuss

about Development Voltammetry Based

LavenbergMarquadtNeural Network (LMNN)

Method. The purpose of this research is to determine

the capacity of a lead acid battery and nickel

cadmium battery and also to know how to increase

the capacity of lead acid batteries with a constant

voltage, so we could get more efficient lead acid

battery.

2 EXPERIMENTAL

The lead acid batteries will be measured and

appliedby using Pulse Voltammetry cyclic method.

In this voltammetry measurement, the working

electrode use a pure Pb sheet. In order to remove the

oxide layer of the Pb electrode, Voltammetry cycles.

were carried out for several times. It was

directly used as the negative electrode. As the

Dewi, L. and Kaloko, B.

Estimation of Battery Capacity using Voltammetry Method of Lead Acid and Nickel Cadmium Battery based LMNN at Jember Electric Substation.

DOI: 10.5220/0009012204030408

In Proceedings of the 7th Engineering International Conference on Education, Concept and Application on Green Technology (EIC 2018), pages 403-408

ISBN: 978-989-758-411-4

403

positive electrode, were carried out to form the PbO

layer. The counter electrode was a piece of the Pb or

PbO

electrode cut from the practical battery (Ikeda,

S., et al. 2003). Cyclic Voltammetry was carried out

in H

solutions using a conventional potentiostat

and a function for negative electrodes positive

electrodes. Nickel-Cadmium or NiCd batteries will

be measured and applied to the voltammetry method

using a potentiostat. In this voltammetry

measurement, the working electrode uses a 2 x 2 cm

nickel sheet and a 2 x 2 cm Cadmium. In order to

remove the oxide layer from the Ni electrode, the

KOH voltammetry cycle is performed several times.

It is directly used as a negative electrode. For a

positive electrode, it is performed to form a Cd(OH)

layer. The counter electrode is a piece of Ni or

Cd(OH)

electrode cut from a practical battery.

Cyclic voltammetry is carried out in Electrolytes of

Potassium Hydroxide or KOH using conventional

potentiostat and function for negative electrode of

positive electrode.

Figure 1: Voltammetry cell.

Then, the data of measurement will be applied in

to neural network method. Design of the model

development lead acid battery based on neural

network in this study using current and voltage. So

the accuracy testing of the forecasting system using

neural network algorithm will be better and more

efficient than the experiment data manually.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Voltammetry Cyclic is technical analysis used in

qualitative analysis of electrochemical reactions. This

technique is able to provide information on the

oxidation reduction process of thermodynamics and

kinetics of electron transfer which occurs on the

surface of the electrode. (Kaloko, B. S., et al.,

2016), (Kaloko, B. S., et al., 2011). This potential

voltammetry in the technique given in a cycle

between two values, the potential difference at the

start of a potential increase in the maximum and then

being down linearly with a slope of the same value

back to the initial potential. In this study used Lead

Acid batteries or battery lead acid will be tested using

the method voltammetry. This battery has two

electrodes, namely sized PbO

and Pb 2 x 3 cm

which serves as the cathode and the anode. In

voltammetry there are three independent test

electrodes, electrode, electrode pliable, and

determinants of the electrode. On testing this using

Pb as a working electrode which is the measured

electrode, and electrode as a determinant of PbO

namely electrodes that have fixed. And for battery

nickel cadmium NiCd battery or scars that will be

tested using the method voltammetry. This battery

has two electrodes, namely and Ni which serves as

the cathode and the anode. In voltammetry there are

three independent test electrodes, electrode, electrode

pliable, and determinants of the electrode. This test

using Pb as a work electrode which is measurable,

and the Cd as the electrode an electrode which has a

fixed value.

Voltammetry cyclic is a technique used to obtain

qualitative information about the electrochemical

reaction. Voltammetry cyclic is a method to measure

the potential waveforms potential electrochemical

potential is used in electrochemical analysis is a form

of linear waves, the potential continues to change as

linear functions at that time. The results of

measurements of the cyclic voltammetry can be used

to determine the thermodynamic properties of redox

processes, kinetic properties of the electron transfer

reaction and adsorption reactions (Ikeda, S., et al.

2003).

Voltammetry cell consists of an electrode, an

electrode and a reference electrode is a complement,

soaked in the cell where the three voltammetry

contains the sample solution. Beyond the potential

(V) is applied between the electrodes, the working

and the reference electrode to produce current. In this

study used as the working electrode PbO

and Pb in

comparison with electrode H

as electrolyte. In

this experiment does not use the complementary

electrodes because electrode PbO

and Pb easily

react. So the measurement electrodes PbO

and Pb

using cyclic voltammetry with the method

potentiostat shows a graph like Figure 2.

EIC 2018 - The 7th Engineering International Conference (EIC), Engineering International Conference on Education, Concept and

Application on Green Technology

404

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: Measurement of (a) Lead acid and (b) NiCd with

cyclic voltammetry..

After experimenting with using the method

voltammetry it will be known to the data flow and

voltage which is owned by the battery Of data that

has been retrieved is then converted on testing LM-

NN or Lavenberg Marquardt Neural Network

(Potocnik, P., 2012). By using the neural network

toolbox on MATLAB software, artificial neural

network structures created as in Figure 2 that has two

inputs and one output with two layers. The first layer

is hidden layer neurons of fruit with 20 and the

second layer is the layer with a single output neuron.

On this structure using the input (I) in the form of

voltage and battery capacity, while for the target (T)

using the results of the multiplication capacity with

voltage so that it becomes total energy in batteries.

Then on the Neuron, Neurons in this section consists

of two parts. The first part is a part of the process of

the incorporation of the entire input or inputs from

neurons in the image symbolized by the Sigma (∑),

then the second part is a part of activation neurons

that later in this section information is thrown to the

output to be certain information or still thrown into

other networks for value input from a network.

Mathematically, the workings of the system

formulated by the formula (Kusumadewi, S., 2003).







∑





∙



(1)

Where in

is Summation weights and input to the

unit i anda

is value activation of unit j, w

j,i

is the

weights of the units to the unit iand j, then g is

function activation and a

is the value of the

activation of the unit i as Figure 3.

Figure 3: Design of Neural Network Structure

Where in

is Summation weights and input to the

unit i anda

is value activation of unit j, w

j,i

is the

weights of the units to the unit iand j, then g is

function activation and a

is the value of the

activation of the unit i as Figure 3.

Figure 4: The parameter Traininglm(Training Lavenberg

Marquardt) in the lead acid and NiCd battery

Then do training or training on artificial neural

network with the use of trainlm and give the

parameters of the Train such as in Figure 3 this

function so that the structure of the network become

increasingly better at recognizing, saving the dam

convey information. Each Training have different

results, thus the process of training done repeatedly

in order to get the best results.

Estimation of Battery Capacity using Voltammetry Method of Lead Acid and Nickel Cadmium Battery based LMNN at Jember Electric

Substation

405

Figure 5: Simulink Diagram NN Lead Acid and NiCd

Battery

Following the result of the test condition t (time)

of 20s and E (voltage) of 1.3 V, with a target of total

energy battery is 274.8096 Wh. In Figure 5 shows an

output energy of 276.809 Wh. Those values very

have approached target with error of 1.9994. This is

because the value of the Regression (R) generated

during the processing of 0.99915 only training and

the level of Validation of 1 as shown Figure 6. The

value obtained when the epoch reached 200 iterations

within 2 seconds.

The value of Regression determine the correlation

between the output and the target. If the value of the

Regression approaches 1 as Figure 6, it will indicate

the proximity of correlation Regression approach and

vice versa if the number 0, then it could be said the

output still far from the desired target. Validation is

used to measure the network generalization and to

stop the process of training. While the epoch is the

maximum number of iterations that were made

during the process of training.

The value that appears in the output is the result

of addition of the multiplication of each input value

weights or Weigh. To be able to know the

information the weighting of each Dendrite then can

be done by opening a section in the block layer 1 or

layer 2. In this structure, using a sigmoidal activation

function because the function is more easily applied

and have good results or close to target. There is a

wide range of functions for example, sigmoid

activation purelin, ramp, linear, and the step function.

After going through the activation of the function, the

value of the output of the hidden layer called layer 1

activation value added with value validation at layer

2 or output layer, consisting of the sum of the values

of the weights (w) and bias (b) using the sigmoid

activation function.

(a)

(

)

Figure 6: Plot Regression (a) Lead Acid Battery and (b)

NiCd Battery.

EIC 2018 - The 7th Engineering International Conference (EIC), Engineering International Conference on Education, Concept and

Application on Green Technology

406

Figure 7: Block Layer 1 and Layer 2 Lead Acid and NiCd

Battery.

Table 1:Voltammetry test data results and Neural Network

on Lead Acid Battery.

(Volt)

Voltammetry

I(µA)

Capacity

(Ah)

Energy

(Wh)

Energy

(Wh)

-0.5 -0.02228 -160.416 80.208 83.656

-0.4 -0.02022 -145.584 58.2336 61.788

-0.3 -0.01829 -131.688 39.5064 39.377

-0.2 -0.01651 -118.872 23.7744 22.011

-0.1 -0.01472 -105.984 10.5984 10.659

0 -0.01240 -89.28 0 0.058

0.1 -0.00928 -66.816 -6.6816 -6.11

0.2 -0.00333 -23.976 -4.7952 -4.822

0.3 0.00148 10.656 3.1968 3.172

0.4 0.00622 44.784 17.9136 18.372

0.5 0.00815 58.68 29.34 29.284

0.6 0.01657 119.304 71.5824 71.442

0.7 0.02328 167.616 117.3312 110.169

0.8 0.02502 180.144 144.1152 152.758

0.9 0.02662 191.664 172.4976 172.575

1 0.02781 200.232 200.232 200.885

1.1 0.02863 206.136 226.7496 228.541

1.2 0.02934 211.248 253.4976 248.676

1.3 0.02936 211.392 274.8096 276.809

1.4 0.02890 208.08 291.312 290.941

From table 1 above by giving potential from the

smallest to the largest value produces different

currents. On testing voltammetry and neural network

value flow reaches the point of maximum 0.02936

µA at the moment given the voltage of 1.3 volts.

When testing is done using LM-NN, the resulting

output value is not too far from the target or the value

of testing voltammetry. With the difference in

relative small like that then the error generated is also

getting a little bit. As for the calculation of the value

of the NN should be equal to the value of output

value calculation due to the NN is the value of the

calculation of the process of the formation of the

value of the output itself from the simulink diagram

as in Figure 5.

Table 2:

Voltammetry test data results and Neural Network

on NiCd Battery.

(Volt)

Voltammetry

I (µA)

Capacity

(Ah)

Energy

(Wh)

Energy

NN (Wh)

-0.5 0.00616 44.352 -22.176 -22.176

-0.4 0.01454 104.688 -41.8752 -41.295

-0.3 0.01954 140.688 -42.2064 -39.902

-0.2 0.02175 156.6 -31.32 -32.076

-0.1 0.02231 160.632 -16.0632 -16.0632

0 0.02261 162.792 0 -1.421

0.1 0.02272 163.584 16.3584 16.3584

0.2 0.02175 156.6 31.32 31.32

0.3 0.02221 159.912 47.9736 47.9736

0.4 0.01894 136.368 54.5472 54.5472

0.5 0.01549 111.528 55.764 55.764

0.6 0.01208 86.976 52.1856 52.1856

0.7 0.01166 83.952 58.7664 58.7664

0.8 0.01086 78.192 62.5536 62.5536

0.9 0.00997 71.784 64.6056 64.6056

1 0.00908 65.376 65.376 64.844

1.1 0.00816 58.752 64.6272 64.336

1.2 0.00721 51.912 62.2944 62,366

1.3 0.00616 44.352 57.6576 57.668

1.4 0.00534 38.448 53.8272 53.8272

The calculation of the value of the lead acid

battery capacity that has been through a chemical

reaction can be found in the following ways. The

number of free charge generated by the active

ingredients on the negative electrode and consumed

by the positive electrode is called the battery

capacity. Capacity is measured in Ah (1 Ah = 3600

C, or Coulomb, where 1 C is the charge transferred in

1 s by 1 A flow on the unit charge MKS). The

theoretical capacity of the battery (in C) is where x is

the number of moles of the limiting reactants

associated with release of the complete battery, n is

the number of electrons generated by the reaction to

the release of the negative electrode, and F = Le0.

ThenL is the number of molecules or atoms in a mole

Estimation of Battery Capacity using Voltammetry Method of Lead Acid and Nickel Cadmium Battery based LMNN at Jember Electric

Substation

407

(known as Avogadro's constants), and e

is the

electron charge. F is the Faraday constants (Kaloko,

B. S., et al., 2016), (Kaloko, B. S., et al., 2011)

. The

values for the constants are  6.022  10



, 





1.601  10



 and   96412.2/ .The

calculation of the capacity in Ah:





 0.278 











(2)

Where is the mass of the reactant which mR limit

(in kg), and Mm is the molar mass of the limiting

reactant (in g/mol). The cells in the battery typically

connected in series and the battery capacity is

determined by the capacity of the smallest cell.

Therefore, QT = QT battery cell. Then discharge rate

the current situation where the battery is depleted.

The discharge rate is expressed as Q/h rate, where Q

is the rated battery capacity, and h is the discharge

time in hours. For rechargeable battery has a capacity

of QT Ah and are depleted is divided with the

formula Q t/T then:





/

(3)

Lead Acid Battery secondary battery is often

used. In the calculation of the lead acid battery

capacity battery has a larger capacity than nickel

cadmium batteries. In the calculation of the lead acid

battery, capacity of 397.993 Ah in one battery and

nickel cadmium batteries while the capacity of the

battery in Ah one 306.001. Jember Substation had

nickel cadmium battery witch the most widely in use

as protection systems 84 battery and 40 batteries for

SCADA. Then 20 Lead acid batteries just for PLC

(Power Line Carrier). In the calculation of the lead

acid battery capacity battery has a larger capacity

than nickel cadmium batteries. In the calculation, the

lead acid battery capacity Ah 397.993 in one of the

battery and the battery required battery voltage with

as many as 121.358 v. Whereas nickel cadmium

battery has a capacity of 306.001 Ah in one and

batteries that are needed as much as 8 batteries with

voltage V 2.099.

4 CONCLUSION

Results of the two methods yield differences are not

far away. From the results of the comparison of

simulated neural network with cyclic voltammetry

test methods, then there is a difference, and that

difference is the error that occurred. If the value of

the error is smaller than the resulting data better.

On the battery capacity calculation of lead acid

batteries have a larger capacity than nickel cadmium

batteries. In the calculation, the lead acid battery

capacity Ah 397.993 in one of the battery and the

battery required battery voltage with as many as

202.099 V. While the batteries are nickel cadmium

has a capacity of 306.001 Ah in one and batteries

that are needed as much as 84 battery with voltage

1.358 V.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was supported by grant of Higher

Education Program University of Jember. I would

like to express my thanks to everyone who helped

me faithfully to finish the job. I would also like to

thank the reviewers who gave very useful

suggestions which help me improve the quality of

research.

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EIC 2018 - The 7th Engineering International Conference (EIC), Engineering International Conference on Education, Concept and

Application on Green Technology

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