Identification of Tourism Development Area in Manado Gulf based

on Community Participation

Felly Ferol Warouw

, Herry Sumual

, Shirly Susanne Lumeno

, Treesje Katrina Londa

Viktory Nicodemus Joufree Rotty

and Piet Hein Pusung

Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Negeri Manad, Tondano, Indonesia

Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Manad, Tomohon, Indonesia

Fakultas Manajemen, Pemerintahan IPDN Tampusu, Indonesia

treesjelonda@unima.ac.id, viktoryrotty@unima.ac.id, phpusung@ipdn.ac.id

Keywords: Community participation, Tourism development, Sustainable tourism

Abstract: Tourism has proven to give significant contribution in supporting development. To be sustainable, the

development of tourism areas should be managed professionally based on the principles of sustainable

development. The sustainability of the development of tourism areas must be developed in accordance with

the principle of community empowerment. Community empowerment through increased development in the

tourism sector becomes one of alternative solutions to maintain the sustainability of tourism. This study aims

to identify areas of tourism development based on community participation. The location of research

conducted on the development of tourism in the coast of the bay of Manado. The level of community

participation in tourism development in the coast of Manado bay is measured in the form of quantitative

research in the form of questionnaires to the public. The results of the study show that there is a growing

sequence of community participation: Information Stage, Consultation, Cooperation, Control and Adaptation.

The results of community participation identification that fulfill the five criteria are then identified as a tourism

area. The results of the identification of 3 tourism sites in Manado bay bayes studied (Malalayang,

Reclamation Area and Bunaken) found 2 sites that have met the criteria of participation-based tourism

development, namely malalayang beach and bunaken. The findings are expected to facilitate policy makers

to provide interventions for the development of community-based sustainable tourism.

1 INTRODUCTION

Manado city with a long coast line more than 17 km

of coastal tourism. Manado coastal area have a

potential and attractive view with coral reefs. Not to

mention the beautiful sunset views overlooking

towards the Pacific ocean in every afternoon to make

the coastal city of Manado as a potential area for the

development of tourism. This potential is supported

by vision "Manado City Of Ecotourism" by the

government of the city of Manado. In addition there

is the type of coastal water ecosystems are important

in the ecosystem Manado City is famous for it’s coral

reef dive spots that can be found within close together

and easily accessible. Bunaken marine park which is

part of the administrative area and right in front of the

city of Manado is a marine park that was named the

most beautiful marine park in the world. This marine

park store with a collection rich biodiversity of coral

species is among the most complete in the world and

are at the core of the world's coral triangle. This

condition is supported by the potential of offshore

fisheries are also promising to be developed as part of

sport fishing. Besides the local community also has a

variety of cultural allure of interest include diverse

culinary potential. Referring to the above potential, of

the development of tourism in the city of Manado has

a very prospective future. This activity directly if

managed with the right strategies will improve the

welfare of the surrounding community as well will be

a part of the preservation of natural resources and the

environment which is the strategic issues of global

development .

One of the key factors in the development of

tourism is community involvement in tourism

development process itself. Community participation

is voluntary and should take place continuously.

Participation in question is the participation of the

Ferol Warouw, F., Sumual, H., Susanne Lumeno, S., Katrina Londa, T., Nicodemus Joufree Rotty, V. and Hein Pusung, P.

Identiﬁcation of Tourism Development Area in Manado Gulf based on Community Participation.

DOI: 10.5220/0009008702130216

In Proceedings of the 7th Engineering International Conference on Education, Concept and Application on Green Technology (EIC 2018), pages 213-216

ISBN: 978-989-758-411-4

213

public view as the subject of any rule of construction

rather than as objects of development. The

involvement of the community as a whole is done

through the development of a mindset that sees

society as the subject of regulation by the diversity of

behavior. Through the process of engaging public

participation from the planning stage, utilization, and

control of the utilization of space will appear a system

of evaluation of development activities that have been

carried out development and become an input for

further development process.

The participatory approach is expected to create

agreements and rules in society in order to realize

social justice in a program that is tailored to their

aspirations. It also increases the sense of community

(sense of belonging) to development programs in line

with their aspirations in the accommodation of the

development program, which in turn can manifest the

development of efficient and effective (Kimpraswil,

2002).

Participation in the development of system

development is needed (Tosun., 2000) because: (1) at

the planning stage, most people know what they need,

thereby directing the product plan optimal spatial and

proportional to a variety of activities, so as to avoid

speculation and excessive distribution for space

allocation certain activities, (2) the utilization stage,

people will keep the utilization of space in accordance

with the time allotment and allocation as well as

planned , so as to avoid conflict of space utilization,

(3) the control phase, people feel they have and be

responsible for maintaining the quality of space

comfortable and harmonious as well as useful for

future development (Ibrahim, 2004).

2 METHOD

The research method used is through the method of

approach to Regulatory Impact Analysis and Survey

(Quantitative) with typology community

participation (Arnstein, 1969 in Tritter, J. Q., &

McCallum, A. 2006).

Determination of the participation level category

based on the table above, can be calculated as

follows: There are 1 question variable with the choice

of answer questions there are 8 choices with their

respective scores ranging from 1 to 8. The order of

the scores is based on 8 steps of community

participation level from Sherry Arnstein. So that the

minimum score obtained for each individual (1 x 1) is

1, the maximum score obtained for each individual (1

x 8) is 8, so if the number of samples is 62, the

minimum score for the level of community

participation (62 x 1) can be known is 62 and the

maximum score (62 x 8) is 496.By knowing the

minimum and maximum scores, the interval interval

is also known, namely (496 - 62) / 8 = 54.25. So if the

typology of Arnstein is used, it can be seen that the

level of community participation is:

Table 1: Level of Participation.

Level (N) Score

Manipulation 62.00 - 116.25

Therapy 116.25 - 170.50

Informing 170.50 - 224.75

Consultation 224.75 - 279.00

Placation 279.00 - 333.25

Partnership 333.25 - 387.50

Delegated Power 387.50 - 441.75

Citizen Control 441.75 - 496.00

3 ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION

Bay of Manado is located in front of the city of

Manado is the capital of Sulawesi, North, Bay of

Manado ecoregion is an area which includes the 3

region within the scope of Bunaken National Marine

Park. Manado Bay is the location of the conservation

of Bunaken National Marine Park is set in 2010 in the

central region coral ( Newman, C., & LeDrew, E., 2005).

Figure 1. Map of Research Location (Source: Manado City

Spatial Plan 2011 - 2031).

The use of land in Manado City depicts a mixture

of urban and land use functions of the coastal sea and

the island in front of the city with views of the

mountains including several volcanoes such as Mount

Lokon and Mount Klabat. As a city located in the

Ring of Fire area of the sea and the gulf coast of

Manado It really a rich biodiversity. On the one hand

there is an industrial and trading activities while

EIC 2018 - The 7th Engineering International Conference (EIC), Engineering International Conference on Education, Concept and

Application on Green Technology

214

writhing on the economic side, on the other hand

there is the sea, as the frontier town itself. Mixing two

contrasting land use characteristics can be potential

for the development of the city of Manado is based on

ecotourism management (Ross, & Wall, 1999).

Manado bay coast is a haven for coral reef and

became a well-known dive sites in various parts of the

world (Kusen, & Tioho, 2009). The tourism industry

has a high multiplier effect, potentially attracting

investment, and prospective development in North

Sulawesi (Erdmann et al., 2003).

Manado city is the centre of the tourism industry

on the island of Sulawesi (Cater & Cater, 2007). The

tourism industry has been growing for a long time

since the potential Bunaken marine park that is a

favorite location for divers. Along with the

development of the global environment with the main

issues of global warming, coral reefs are the main

potential Bunaken marine park turned out to be one

of the potential that is able to cope with climate

change. The potential is then used as the basis for

implementing sustainable development by keeping a

coral reef in Bunaken marine national park from

being damaged and sustainable. In Manado City

location potentially ubiquitous tourist area can be

developed to prevent environmental degradation can

be utilized as a tourist attraction, one of the locations

are located in coastal areas and reclamation of the

object of study.

The results of the analysis of the level of

participation in tourism development on the coast of

Manado City. To measure the participation of the

community at the stage of program implementation, a

rating scale refers to Sherry Arnstein's Community

Participation Ladder which consists of 8 stairs as

illustrated in table 1. Based on the level of

participation in the implementation phase, most of the

respondents attended active discussions in the

implementation of the program, as many as 14 people

(22.58%), then followed by respondents participating

in program implementation for the benefit of the

community as many as 13 people (20.97%) , the

respondent participates in the implementation of the

plan and gives effect to the implementation of the

program as many as 9 people (14.52%), and followed

by respondents who participated in the

implementation of the program but for the

government only 8 people and did not participate in

the implementation of the program. each (12.90%),

then participated in the implementation of the

program and shared responsibility with the

government as many as 6 people (9.68%) and the rest

with the same value. Participating in the

implementation of the program and having the

authority to make dominant decisions overall

implementation of the plan and participating in the

implementation of the program and having the power

to plan, implement and supervise the implementation

of the program. 2 people each (3.23%).

Table 1: Results of Analysis.

Scoring Scale Sample

(N)

% Level

(B)

NXB

Participate in the

implementation of

the program but

for government

purposes only.

8 12.90 2 16

Participate in the

implementation of

the program for the

benefit of the

community only.

13 20.97 3 39

Participate in

active discussions

in program

implementation.

14 22.58 4 56

Participate in the

implementation of

the plan and give

some influence on

the implementation

of the program.

9 14.52 5 45

Participate in

program

implementation

and share

responsibility with

the government.

6 9.68 6 36

Participate in

program

implementation

and have the

authority to make

dominant decisions

throughout the

implementation of

the plan.

2 3.23 7 14

Participate in the

implementation of

the program and

have the power to

plan, implement,

and supervise the

implementation of

the program.

2 3.23 8 16

Total 62 100 230

Source: Data research, 2017

Overall the findings of the participation stage that

developed as a result of the analysis of the mechanism

Identiﬁcation of Tourism Development Area in Manado Gulf based on Community Participation

215

of participation in accordance with the coastal region

of Manado Bay are illustrated in Table 2.

Table 2: Results Analysis in 3 Research Areas.

Level

Partisipation

(N)

Bunaken

Area

Reklamasi

Area

Malalayang

Area

Level

Conclusion

Informa-

tion,

Consulta-

tion,

Coopera-

tion,

Control

Informa-

tion,

Consulta-

tion,

Coopera-

tion

Informa-

tion,

Consulta-

tion,

Coopera-

tion

Control

The Highest

Level

Control Coopera-

tion

Control

Dominate

Level

Consulta-

tion

Informa-

tion

Coopera-

tion

Source: Data research, 2017

4 CONCLUSION

Thus if the total score obtained from the analysis is

230, then the level of community participation is

included in the level of Consultation. At the

consultation level (consultation) can be interpreted

that the government invites public opinion after

being given information to the public. Evidenced by

the involvement of community representatives in the

preparation of general plans for tourism

development in this case, it becomes the basis that

the community is ready to consult in the

development of tourism.

There has been a two-way dialogue between the

government and the people involved and the

community provides input and active discussion

through a two-way dialogue. Although there has

been a two-way dialogue, this method has a low

success rate because there is no guarantee that

community concerns and ideas will be considered.

The results of the idenfication of 3 tourism sites

in the researched manado bay (Malalayang,

Reclamation and Bunaken Area) found 2 locations

that had met the criteria for participation-based

tourism development, namely the Malalayang and

Bunaken beach areas. The findings are expected to

facilitate policy makers to provide interventions for

the development of sustainable community-based

tourism.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The results of research regarding the level of

community participation in tourism development in

coastal areas Manado Bay. The authors would like to

thank the community and the coastal communities in

North Sulawesi young intellectuals who had agreed to

be the respondents in this study include FGD

involved in order to formulate the results of the

research and its implications for the three pillars of

sustainable development, namely social, economic

and environmental.

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Application on Green Technology

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