Coastal Groundwater Quality Identification of Ternate City

Vrita Tri Aryuni, Ramdani Salam, and Rahim Achmad

Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Khairun, Ternate, Indonesia

Keywords: Coastal, Groundwater, Quality

Abstract: The south-east of Ternate City, North Maluku, is one of the densely populated areas which have a higher

risk with domestic pollution, especially in the coastal area. The objective of the research is to determine the

quality of coastal groundwater of Ternate City. Samples were taken from dug wells and it was measured

using multi water quality parameters, for nitrate and chloride were tested in the laboratory. Data were

compared with drinking water quality standards from the Health Ministry (Permenkes). The average pH of

groundwater was 8,15 indicates it’s slightly alkaline type. The temperature of groundwater varies between

28,7 – 31,1˚C. The salinity varies between 0,0294 -0,130 ppt, indicates as freshwater. Total Dissolved

Solids varies between 0,367

/L – 1,650

/L, while turbidity varies between 0,848 – 8,100 NTU and

electrical conductivity (EC) varies from 0,572

– 2,590

. Nitrate concentration varies between

6,493 – 4,824, and 5,152

in average, while chloride concentration varies between 29,689

and

709,694

. Chloride mean concentration in the groundwater was 146,731

and the standard deviation

was 214,765. The distribution of chloride and salinity increased as closer to the coastal line. The

physicochemical characteristics (i.e., nitrate, chloride, salinity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity,

and temperature).

1 INTRODUCTION

The decreasing of groundwater quality could happen

as the seawater moves forward to the land,

especially in deep aquifers where the seawater

mixed with groundwater because of the increasing

of seawater level, land subsidence and constant

groundwater uptake (Marintoh et.al., 2015;

Ardaneswari et.al, 2016). Over uptake of the

groundwater might cause the empty space of the

land getting bigger inside the aquifers, thus seawater

level getting higher compared to the groundwater.

Seawater contains an element of salt, such as

chloride (Cl) could leak to the groundwater and

caused groundwater pollution (Marintoh et.al., 2015)

Alluvial and shallow aquifer areas were very

vulnerable to nitrate pollution compared with deep

and depressed aquifer (Voudouris et.al., 2004;

Eldridge,2002 in Kite_powell, A and Harding,

2006). In Ternate island, coastal area was where the

most population lives. Its slope and groundwater

supply were factors that promote the site selection.

Most of the area was quite flat compared to the

middle or top slope which hilly and deep

groundwater source. More and more residents lives

and doing their activities on the coastal areas, make

the higher its demands of groundwater, while the

number of domestic waste was higher. This

condition has made domestic waste contamination

higher, and the seawater intrusion increases if the

carrying capacity of the environment exceeded with

the higher of groundwater consumption in the areas.

A large sum of chloride could cause salty taste,

corrosion in hot water pipes. As a disinfectant, chlor

could bound with organic material as halogen

hydrocarbon (Cl-HC), which cause cancer

(Soemirat, 1994). The main source of nitrate

pollution came from organic and inorganic fertilizer,

animal waste, domestic waste, septic tank system

and industry (Mikkelsen, 1992 in Voudouris et.al.,

2004). Nitrate is carcinogenic and could cause

intestine cancer (Ida, 2009 in Kurniawan, 2017;

WHO, 1996 in Voudouris et.al., 2004) A large sum

of nitrate could cause glucose index (GI) problems,

diarrhea with blood, convulsion and could lead to

death. In chronical level could cause a headache,

mentally disorder dan depression (Soemirat, 1994).

Salinity defined as total ion within water body

that describes total solids after all the carbonates

converted as oxide, bromide, and ionide replaced by

chloride and organic matter has been oxidized

Aryuni, V., Salam, R. and Achmad, R.

Coastal Groundwater Quality Identiﬁcation of Ternate City.

DOI: 10.5220/0008896800250029

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Teaching and Learning (ICTL 2018), pages 25-29

ISBN: 978-989-758-439-8

(Effendi, 2003 in Ardaneswari et.al, 2016). Water

type classified into four different type based on

salinity, which are freshwater (<1.000

), brackish

(1.000-3.000

), salty (3.000-35.000

) and very

salty (>35.000

) (Ardaneswari et.al., 2016).

Electricity conductivity (EC) defined as the

electrical conductivity ability which affects by

ionized solute material and connects ion moves in

the solution, thus could use to understanding the

leachate distribution ((Lopes et.al., 2012; Reyes-

Lopes et.al., 2008). Resistivity linearly with EC, as

the bigger its EC, the bigger its TDS (Meilasari and

Pandabesie, 2013).

2 METHOD

Area of studies is part of the coastal area in the

south-east of Ternate City, North Maluku (Figure 1).

This area is one of the densely populated which have

higher risked with domestic pollution. Fifty-two

wells were selected from the area to collect samples

of pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen,

turbidity, salinity, total dissolved solids, and

temperature, while nine of them were added with

nitrate and chloride parameters.

Figure 1. Location of Study Area

Primary data collections were wells location and

physic-chemical groundwater quality. Primary data

collection technique was purposively based its

distance from the coastal line, while the other

parameters were taken randomly. Samples position

determined with GPS data, on-screen digitation and

ground check. Secondary data were taken from

government agency Dukcapil. The groundwater

temperatures, pH, salinity, turbidity, TDS, DO and

EC was in-situ measured from 52 wells. Nitrate and

chloride were laboratories analyzed from 9 samples.

The water samples from the water body were

collected from resident dug wells. The parameters

pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen,

turbidity, salinity, total dissolved solids, and

ICTL 2018 - The 1st International Conference on Teaching and Learning

temperature were measured at the sampling site using

multi water quality parameters, and other parameters

like nitrate and chloride were analyzed in the

laboratory. Data were compared to drinking water

standard from the health ministry (Permenkes) No.

492 the year 2010

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Fifty-two groundwater samples were collected from

dug wells were analyzed for its salinity, pH, total

dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC),

turbidity, and temperature with multiparameter

water sample were measured in situ, while nitrate

and chloride samples analyzed in the laboratory. The

average, maximum and minimum concentration are

presented in table 1.

Table 1: Analysis of Water Sample.

Parameters

average

maximum

minimum

Standard

deviation

variation

8,15

10,62

5,11

1,416

2,005

Temperature (˚C)

28,756

31,070

26,840

0,784

0,615

DO (

)

9,112

17,760

8,200

1,302

1,695

TDS (

)

0,367

1,650

0,233

10,196

0,39

Turbididty (NTU)

0,848

8,100

0,00

1,506

2,27

EC (

)

0,572

2,590

0,358

0,309

0,96

Salinity (ppt)

0,0294

0,130

0,020

0,160

0,00

Nitrate (

)

5,152

6,493

1,394

1,551

2,407

Chloride (

)

146,731

709,694

29,689

214,765

46,124

Based on Table 1, the average pH of

groundwater is 8,15 indicates it’s slightly alkaline

type. The standard limitation for drinking water was

6,5 – 8,5 so that it can be concluded in a good

condition. The temperature varies between 28,756 –

31,070˚C while dissolved oxygen (DO) varies

between 9,112

- 17,760

and 9,112

average. Dissolved oxygen indicates oxygen

dissolved in water. Higher DO indicated the higher

its oxygen on the water and it’s better for drinking

water.

Total dissolved solids varies between 0,367

–

1,650

, while turbidity varies between 0,848 –

8,100 NTU and electrical conductivity (EC) varies

from 0,572

– 2,590

. The TDS standard is

500

or 0,5

which showed that the TDS of the

water has exceeded the safety limit for drinking

water. The total dissolved solid showed the amount

of solid dissolved in the water, but in this case was

not from the chloride which was still in a safe

amount.

The salinity of the water varies between 0,0294

-0,130 ppt, indicates as freshwater. Low salinity

showed there was not intrusion from the

seawater. It was supported by the chloride data,

which hasn’t exceeded the safety limit for drinking

water. Chloride varies from 29,689 – 709,694

and 146,731

in average and the standard

deviation was 214,765. Chloride were in safety limit

for consumption as it does not exceed tolerance limit

250

(based on drinking water standard from

health ministry regulation No. 492 the year 2010),

except for East Makassar that was higher. The

higher the chloride might cause seawater intrusion

because of exploitation risk (Vouduris et.al, 2000 in

Vouduris, 2002). Chloride is one of important

parameter in water quality assessment. Chloride

could indicate a high degree of organic pollution as

the higher its concentration. The distribution of

chloride increased as it got closer to the coastal line

as presented in Figure 2.

Coastal Groundwater Quality Identiﬁcation of Ternate City

Nitrates varies 4,824 – 6,493

and 5,152

in average. Nitrate were in safety limit for

consumption as it does not exceed tolerance limit 50

based on drinking water standard from health

ministry regulation No. 492 the year 2010. Based on

drinking water standard from health ministry

regulation No. 492 the year 2010, groundwater

quality of study area was in good condition, as it has

not exceeded the maximum standard for nitrate,

chloride, pH, EC, and turbidity.

High chloride number might cause salty taste and

corrosion in the hot water supply system (Soemirat,

1994). This condition as the salt content, as it

showed in EC and TDS data which higher than the

other samples, which is 2,59 and 1,65 while its

salinity 0,13ppt. The salinity and EC tend to increase

as it getting closer to the sea, but there wasn’t any

correlation between distance and salinity nor EC as

it showed in figure 2.a and 2.b below.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: Distribution of salinity (a), and EC (b) to the

distance of wells to the sea.

The salinity and EC of the groundwater tend to be

lower as it gets further from the ocean, but there

wasn’t any correlation between its distance and

salinity nor EC as could be seen in Figure 2.

4 CONCLUSION

The physicochemical characteristics (i.e., nitrate,

chloride, salinity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),

turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature)

in the study area were within the acceptable limits

health ministry drinking water standard No. 492 the

year 2010. As the water quality of the area was still

in good condition, it could be recommended as one

of the water source for the community than the

government public water utilities.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was supported by research grants

PKUPT and support by the Environmental

Laboratory, Basic and Integrated Laboratory,

Khairun University to provide the device and water

quality testing.

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Coastal Groundwater Quality Identiﬁcation of Ternate City