Social Problems in Shahnon Ahmad’s Novels

Sutan Baginda (1989) and TIVI (1995)

Siti Meriam Binti Yaacob

Literature Section, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Keywords: Shahnon Ahmad, Sutan Baginda, Tivi, life reality, social problems.

Abstract: Shahnon Ahmad has long been synonymous to the literature world that he no longer requires any introduction

to the people of such literature circle. His pieces of thoughts are always awaited by many. His words are

captivating and may touch many souls. The issues raised are not illusions but real ones. Everything is implicit

and embedded in the writing containing worrisome life tragedies. Shahnon’s works invite readers to reflect

deeply into the selves and think of their life paths. Among works which attract readers to delve into deep

thinking are the novels Sutan Baginda and TIVI. Even though these novels have been discussed quite

frequently, this paper aims at elaborating them focusing on the issue of social problems. The issue is believed

to be still relevant in today’s world—needless to say within the era of borderless world. Incest, promiscuity,

scandal and politics are issues popular in the public. These prove that Shahnon Ahmad plays not only with

life imagination but also with that reality. This paper uses the content analysis method. This analysis shows

that Shahnon Ahmad writes by referring to events occurring in society.

1 INTRODUCTION

Shahnon Ahmad is an active writer who keeps

producing works even though his health is

challenged. Reaching the age of 70s, his creative

ability still portrays sharpness in thinking and his

spirit to write has never faded. Even though he may

no longer fulfil certain invitations related to the

literature field, he has never failed to closely follow

the development of literature. It is proud to learn from

Shahnon Ahmad who has always welcomed guests

despite his deteriorating health condition.

Shahnon Ahmad has started writing since 1950’s

and his keen interest has been into highlighting

various societal issues. At the early stage of writing,

especially within the 1960’s, Shahnon Ahmad wrote

a lot on poverty. According to Yusuf Hasan (Yusuf

Hasan, 1995), the works of novel Shahnon Ahmad

beginning 1965 until 1985 revolved around the

themes of leadership and poverty. His novels portray

that leadership quality is important in dealing with

poverty related issues. Mana Sikana (Mana Sikana,

2004, p. 695) also shares the same opinion. To him,

“Shahnon Ahmad is famous with the subject

pertaining to the Malays’ poverty and his sensitivity

towards the country’s politics. These two subjects

have been individual subject matters to Shahnon

Ahmad and he is deemed to have developed his own

identity and individualism as a writer”. Besides

poverty and politics, Shahnon Ahmad also portrays

other pertinent issues in his writings. It is

meaningfully impactful that he owns the ability to

explore the souls of the characters in illustrating

sadness, happiness, anxiety and even eagerness.

Nevertheless, his works mostly focus on the

societal issues. They are either to solely document the

issue, to remind and to give opinion, or to criticise.

Whether the highlight is on oppression, politics,

social or any other issues, Shahnon Ahmad always

raises it from the occurrences happening within the

society. Of this matter, Mana Sikana (Mana Sikana,

2004) believes that Shahnon Ahmad “holds onto and

sustains the idea of realism”. Realism refers to one’s

expressions and tendency towards evident and

physical problems, which are both representational

and contextual; therefore, leading the texts to be

constructed in a way that is prone towards words of

reminder in promoting awareness towards

constructive aspects and formal qualities of such

physical and surrounding issues”. This belief goes in

line with the societal issues emphasised in his works.

It is undeniable that some parts of the narratives may

not reflect the real stories. However, they may be

670

Binti Yaacob, S.

Social Problems in Shahnon Ahmad’s Novels Sutan Baginda (1989) and TIVI (1995).

DOI: 10.5220/0008892206700675

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research (ICMR 2018) - , pages 670-675

ISBN: 978-989-758-437-4

proven to contain such elements when the mass media

reports and statistics are referred to. The issues of

poverty, oppression, distortion, social problem, vices,

politics and polygamy are among issues which always

take place in the society. Nonetheless, not all are

revealed. Only selected cases are exposed to the

public.

Besides the aforementioned issues, Shahnon also

gives focus on matters pertaining to death; either the

after-death life or the life heading towards death.

Those works of Shahnon resemble life stages which

include the final stage of life, the reminder of death,

the imagination of death and the wait for the onset of

death. To illustrate, such matters are contained in

several short stories in anthology Jeritan Pulau

(2011). Even before that, Shahnon produces few

short stories with the theme of death - “Lagu Kit-Kit”

and “Mayat”. However, these two short stories tell

the reactions of the family members when facing the

death of a family member. This is different from the

short stories in Jeritan Pulau, which attempts at

exploring the souls of those waiting for their family

member’s death onset. The short story “Kematian”

tells how the family is in high hope that the mother’s

life is ended, for they cannot bear seeing the suffering.

This is similar to the short story “Ipin” in which the

family is waiting for the eternal farewell. This clearly

shows that Shahnon Ahmad does not limit his

writings to certain issues only. He even successfully

explores the emotions of every character. The sketch

of anxiety in his works touches readers’ hearts and it

is able to make readers develop certain feelings of

happiness and sadness. Indeed, not all authors have

the ability to present the soul struggle in a character

the way Shahnon does. This ability is such a forte for

Shahnon Ahmad that it makes the storyline alive and

fresh. The same applies to some of his works

portraying the intimate issues between men and

women as contained in the novels Sutan Baginda and

Tivi. In relation with this, some literature activists

regard these two novels as polluted with pornography

elements.

The novels Sutan Baginda and TIVI are among

those which have gained popularity among the public

as they describe pretty hot scenes alongside with the

social issues that are challenging to the Malays. The

novel Sutan Baginda tells a political journey of its

first character, Sutan Baginda. He is an ambitious

politician who aims at holding the highest political

position. Therefore, he is willing to do anything for

the sake of getting what he wants. Even though he has

already had two wives, he still possesses a mistress.

His relationship with Fidah is well known and

approved by Fidah’s parents. However, this lady is

quite cunning and she is not ready to be Sutan

Baginda’s mistress forever. Instead, she works hand

in hand with Sutan Baginda’s enemy, Nirwan.

Fidah’s action is worrisome to Sutan Baginda. He is

confident that Fidah will reveal all his evil plans to let

down Nirwan. This anxiety and disappointment

make him experience an emotional disturbance. The

novel ends in a state in which Sutan Baginda becomes

insane.

The novel TIVI, on the other hand, describes the

character Chah who works in a factory, and starts

living freely. Her dressings begin to change and so

does her social lifestyle. She brings home a television

and a video player for her family entertainment. The

family, who was once very obedient towards the

command of Allah has lost focus when they indulge

in the various rapturous television programmes.

Chah has also unashamedly brought home her

boyfriend and sleep over together in her room. The

climax of the novel is when Chah brings home a video

player and a pornographic compact disc. The

existence of these entertainment tools has invited

negative consequences when incest and rape happen.

The television brought back by Chah has totally

changed the lifestyle of the family till Mat Isa and

Chah have no longer felt guilty of committing sins.

This novel ends with the death of Chah’s family

member being struck by lightning. Even so, Chah

who is the main culprit is safe. Maybe the author

wants to develop a sense of repentance in Chah’s soul

and make her return to God.

Even though the novels Sutan Baginda and TIVI

both portray social issue, there are other issues, too,

shown in Sutan Baginda. Sutan Baginda reflects

Shahnon Ahmad’s observations and anxiety towards

the social phenomenon hitting the country. The moral

decay and vices illustrated by Shahnon is not a mere

empty talk. It is an alarming societal issue. As

highlighted by Shahnon Ahmad in both the novels,

the phenomenon implicates the Malays who are

synonymous to the Muslim. Indeed, Shahnon Ahmad

is neither imagining nor fantasising. What has been

sketched by Shahnon Ahmad is a tragedy impacting

young girls, parents and many others. In fact, today it

is getting more serious. Baby dumping cases are

increasing and inverse relationships are getting their

place in the society. This proves how Shahnon

Ahmad writes with his caring thinking towards the

society. Hence, he may be regarded as a writer who

contributes towards the society’s development. If the

works are meticulously analysed, they are full with

sarcasm, satire and total exposure towards the

phenomenon hitting the country. This is because

Social Problems in Shahnon Ahmad’s Novels Sutan Baginda (1989) and TIVI (1995)

671

Shahnon Ahmad has his own stand towards literary

works as he says:

“At its principle, literature is an effective and fine

medium to deliver human stories, conflicts and

values through its various genres. The efforts to

develop human characters through literature are

admitted to be effective as its fine teaching

elements match human’s perceptions. However,

if not beware, this literature medium may lead to

character decay if the literary works portray

values which are against the Islamic values”

(

Shahnon Ahmad, 1991, p. 13).

Holding on to such principle that we may see teaching

elements in Shahnon’s works, his intention is to let

readers learn the lessons in coping with the social

problem.

This article will highlight Shahnon Ahmad’s

anxiety towards the social problem among the

youngsters. Shahnon Ahmad has indirectly blamed

the parents. To him, parents are the closest to the

youngsters; therefore, their activities should always

be monitored. The attitude of letting it be is only

similar to encouraging the adolescent to practise

vices.

2 PROMISCUITY

Promiscuity in this context refers to the free social

intercourse between male and female which is beyond

the ethical or moral limit. In the novel Sutan Baginda,

this promiscuity is reflected through the character of

Fidah who is a widow with a child. She is a ‘rock’

singer who at times appears very seducing. Her

seducing performances expose herself to a dark life.

She becomes a mistress to Sutan Baginda, the first

character of the novel, Sutan Baginda. Being a

rockstar and a mistress is sadly within her parents’

knowledge. Fidah has never kept any secret from her

parents. To illustrate:

When Utan comes, there must be a problem. And

F begins her treatment with massage and stroke

and further follows what Utan wants. And Utan’s

desire does not differ from other men’s desires. F

is all aware of that. Daddy and mummy have

never objected. F has always been open with

them. They encourage; in fact, mummy herself

suggests that F become Sutan’s third wife. Daddy

discourages F to remarry yet until the previous

impacts have faded…But let F take daddy’s

advice first (

Shahnon Ahmad, 1989, p. 43-44).

The above illustration clearly shows that Fidah’s

or F’s actions are deemed acceptable by her parents.

Both of them are aware of immoral behaviour of their

child yet they only let it be. No objection simply

means allowing the vices to happen and this makes no

space for guilt to take place. ‘Daddy discourages F to

remarry’ reflects how he allows Fidah to become a

mistress rather than a wife. He may mean that Fidah

does not necessarily have to be tied to someone and

may live under whosoever’s influence. This scenario

shows that parents also encourage vices to be

exercised by their children. In this case, it is apparent

that Shahnon Ahmad also blames the parents in

contributing to the practice of vices. To Shahnon,

limited religious education among parents is the

factor of adolescents’ promiscuity. This leads to vices

and other social problems which are challenging to be

coped by parents and the authorities. Social problems

would only get worse if parents follow Fidah’s

parents’ stand. Hence, Shahnon Ahmad recommends

that parents should become more concerned towards

children’s social lifestyle and monitor their activities

if they do not want their children to get involved in

social problems which would only affect their future.

The issue of promiscuity is also narrated by

Shahnon Ahmad through his novel TIVI. Promiscuity

in this novel also involves a woman; Chah. What

differentiates Chah from Fidah is that Chah is a

village lady who experiences a culture shock when

she moves to work in an urban area, Sungai Petani.

She begins to have a boyfriend and spends most of

her time with him;

But that guy does not stay long because he said he

has an important task in Kuala Lumpur. Jeha is

not surprised as everything has been told by

Chah. During weekends, that guy will take Chah

anywhere to enjoy sightseeing, at times they don’t

come home at night. On weekends, normally

Chah is taken far. (

Shahnon Ahmad, 1995, p.

17)

This excerpt describes how Chah is always with

his boyfriend. What is surprising is that this activity

is known by her mother but she does not take any

necessary action. “Jeha is not surprised” means that

she is aware of Chah’s activity yet she only lets it be

which simply equals to encouraging vices to happen.

This excerpt illustrates the low morality of a mother

since she is willing to witness her child to be taken

anywhere by a non-muhrim man up to the extent

which they do not return home at night. In line with

the mother’s acceptance, it is nothing shameful for

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Chah to expose her promiscuity with the man in front

of her mother.

The hands-off attitude has made Chah

disrespectful towards her parents. Not only does she

bring home a porn CD to be watched together with

her family but also without feeling shameful, guilty

and sinful, she sleeps over with her boyfriend in her

own room. The acceptance of the porn CD by Mat Isa

and his wife, Jeha clearly shows that they allow all

the vices exercised by Chah. The acceptance also

leads Mat Isa and Chah to practically apply what they

have watched. This episode explains that if Chah does

not involve herself in such promiscuity, she could

hardly get implicated by such immoral activities. She

would not wear those indecent clothes, go out with a

man and get introduced to porn CD. Strictly said,

everything begins from too much of promiscuity.

Regardless of whether Chah or Fidah, both

represent the life of a morally declined woman. The

behaviour of these two ladies is no longer a taboo in

our society today, in fact it is getting worse. If the

characters, Chah and Fidah are illustrated to be in sins

due to adultery, today’s adolescent involvement in

decadent activities is even worrisome. The ladies

implicated in this social problem do not only commit

adultery, but also murder. They murder or dump their

babies born from their immoral activities without any

sense of love. They are determined to do it because

they do not want to get ashamed by the society. This

is apparent when referred to the current scenario

which the reports of such cases appear very

frequently. The statistics from the Bukit Aman Police

headquarters show that throughout 2010 there were

approximately 65 baby dumping cases reported in the

country. Within a five-year duration, it is estimated

that 472 baby dumping cases are reported (Syahmi

Syahiran, 2010, p. 34). This statistic illustrates the

decline in morality among our adolescents. This

reflects how they are careless in leading life. They

carelessly have fun until they commit adultery and

later murder their own children born out of wedlock

due to the shame towards the society. This statistic

does not include the number of aborted pregnancies.

If such cases are counted, the number that appears

may reach four digits.

The statistic clearly tells that Shahnon Ahmad’s

works - Sutan Baginda and TIVI – are based on real

facts. He is proven to be a concerned author towards

his surrounding and society. Through these novels,

the author indirectly reprimands parents’ attitude

which gives too much freedom to their daughters until

they are courageous enough to behave beyond the

permissible values. If meticulously referred to,

Shahnon Ahmad only touches a bit of what actually

happens today. The novels Sutan Baginda and TIVI

only revolve around adultery and incest while our

adolescents today have gone beyond those. Not only

do they commit adultery, they even dump and kill

their children. Today’s youngsters have doubled the

sins in comparison with those expressed by Shahnon

10 years ago. Shahnon Ahmad’s worries have now

taken their places. Shahnon Ahmad’s message has

met its period; uncontrolled promiscuity would only

lead to guilt and sin.

Even though it is not clearly stated that adultery

would lead to murder, he has indirectly warned about

the punishments towards those who commit sins.

Chah does not die in the novel TIVI, however she is

given the lesson and awareness; her father has raped

Hasanah and she has received her punishments. She

dies even before she manages to repent. Her mother,

Jeha, also succumbs to lightning struck; and Chah is

given a space to repent and to return to God.

Apparently, Shahnon Ahmad attempts to provide

lessons to readers not to involve in vice activities.

Promiscuity, according to Shahnon Ahmad is the

main reason of other social illnesses.

3 SCANDAL

Kamus Dewan (Kamus Dewan, 2004, p. 1509)

defines scandal as “despicable matter or behaviour

(shameful, disgusting, despised, etc.) which normally

invites people’s anger”. Based on this definition, the

novel Sutan Baginda may be concluded to narrate this

issue especially when referring to the relationship

between Fidah and Sutan Baginda. Their relationship

is deemed scandalous as they are not legally married.

It is also categorised as a scandal because Sutan

Baginda, the second man of the country, is having a

forbidden relationship with a lady, while he is not

supposed to. Sutan Baginda has ashamed himself, the

organisation and the country by making Fidah his

mistress. Adding to that, he always uses the

translation of the Quran verses and the hadeeth in his

political talks. Sutan Baginda is called as ‘ustaz’ by

his fans for his articulative ability. He is very

confident with his self image, “Tasawwur Sutan is

now clear and firm. And the people have started to be

amazed with that tasawwur. Life and death are all for

Allah, for from Him we come and to Him we end our

life” (Shahnon Ahmad, 1989, p. 69). His character

shown to public is totally different from what he

actually does with Fidah. It is merely a drama acted

for self interest and satisfaction.

The behaviour of Sutan Baginda portrayed by

Shahnon Ahmad is not an issue intentionally created

Social Problems in Shahnon Ahmad’s Novels Sutan Baginda (1989) and TIVI (1995)

673

by the author. The scandal of political leaders is an

issue which always happens yet is not reported except

for certain cases. It is not publicised in order to protect

the dignity of such leaders and their family.

Regardless of the situations, this paper stresses how

Shahnon Ahmad is so intelligent that he combines the

social issues with creativity that everything appears

so real.

In this novel, Shahnon Ahmad also penalises

Sutan Baginda who makes fun of the Quran and the

hadeeth for his own sake, and who is not responsible

over his behaviour in treating women. He becomes

insane after all his plans fail and when Fidah turns to

Nirwan. Sutan Baginda becomes insane as he thinks

much about the possibilities when all his secrets are

in Nirwan’s and Fidah’s hands. The punishment onto

Sutan Baginda is appropriate in line with Shahnon’s

principles which are against people who are

hypocrite, selfish, into adultery and making fun of

Allah’s name. What Sutan Baginda receives is a

reminder to those who possess his characteristics in

achieving political success or places in the society.

Again, the promiscuity is seen to be the reason for

what has happened to Sutan Baginda. If he knows

how to limit himself and builds up his faith, such

difficulty would not hit him. Hence, it could be

concluded that free promiscuity could highly lead to

scandals among the politicians and the policy makers.

4 INCEST

Incest is a tragedy that is disgusting and

embarrassing. Those who commit it are like animals

which are not able to distinguish between a family

member and other people. They are people with

mental illnesses who follow their lust as they desire,

making them similar to animals which do not have

any mind. It reflects humans’ attitude that centres

their attention only on their desires that they no longer

recognise sins and rewards. To Shahnon Ahmad, this

matter is of utmost importance to be delivered to the

society, for it is really taking place in our country.

Even though some may regard it to be a peripheral

case, Shahnon Ahmad deems it as an important issue

to highlight. According to Shahnon Ahmad, incest

phenomenon is due to several reasons. The first

reason is free promiscuity. For example, in the novel

TIVI, the promiscuity has led Chah to obtain porn CD

that is widely available in the black market.

Promiscuity allows Chah to experience unlimited

pleasure. Besides, it is the parents’ roles that is

essential. Shahnon Ahmad believes that the parents’

uncaring attitude towards their children’s behaviour

is deteriorating their morality. This is proven through

Chah’s despised behaviour when he is with his

boyfriend:

Wherever they both are, when Chah feels like

offering her lips, she just does it. It is extremely

easy. Her boyfriend simply devours the lips. In

the bus, near the well behind the house, and even

while watching TV with Mat Isa and the family,

Chah just offers her lips when she feels like to,

and the boyfriend devours them as if there’s

nothing. ´ (

Shahnon Ahmad, 1995, p. 81)

This excerpt demonstrates how Chah’s parents act

indifferently toward Chah’s and her boyfriend’s

behaviour. It also shows how freely Chah may act and

how she is impolite and disrespectful wherever she is.

This behaviour explains the promiscuity and this does

not even affect the family. This too much freedom has

led to even worse problems. This is also the reason

behind Mat Isa’s disgusting behaviour that he makes

sex with Chah when he watches the porn CD.

Not only does Mat Isa exercise incest with Chah

but also rapes his own daughter, Hasanah. It is

apparent that the CD he watches has controlled all his

thoughts that he no longer thinks of his daughter’s

future. Hasanah, a virgin lady, is raped without guilt

and empathy. To this prolific author, incest is

alarming as there are a lot of porn CDs available in

the market. Indirectly, Shahnon Ahmad urges that the

selling of porn CDs should be cut off and those who

are involved in copyright and distributing the CDs

should be punished strongly. CDs or any forms of

media that leave negative consequences will only

increase the cases of incest and rape.

As an author who is concerned about his society,

Shahnon does not let this person with an animal heart

live long. In line with his bad lust and wicked actions,

Mat Isa’s life in TIVI has been ended tragically. Mat

Isa died at the place where he is struck by lightning,

and Hasanah died too. She died after being struck by

a fallen tree due to a lightning strike. What happens

to Mat Isa functions as a reminder to readers that

committing forbidden behaviour in Islam has surely

suitable punishments in exchange. The illustration

given by Shahnon throughout the novel TIVI is

actually not much different from what is currently

happening in our country. Incest is no longer a

peripheral case even though it is not related to porn

CDs. The newspaper Berita Harian on 20 June 2011

reports that a father was put to jail and was fined

RM2,500 while his daughter was fined RM 2,000 by

Syariah High Court, Kota Bharu, after admitting to

live together till granted three children (Berita Harian,

2011). This news is extremely embarrassing. It

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674

demonstrates the low morality level among the

society. Indeed, the works of Shahnon Ahmad in the

novel TIVI is a resemblance of parts of the society

livings which are not rational. Therefore, Shahnon

Ahmad cannot be regarded as extreme when he

thoroughly describes the incest activity in his novel.

The news above is just a little part of the reported

cases. There are many more reports of incests and the

people who commit it have received their

punishments. What differs Shahnon Ahmad’s work

from the news is that the person who commits incest

gets his punishment right away when he is struck by

lightning. Meanwhile, the newspaper report tells that

it is after he has three children that he receives his

punishment. Regardless of the forms of punishment,

it is a reminder to everybody that God’s rewards and

punishments in both the world and the hereafter await

you always.

Rape cases towards own family members as what

has happened to Hasanah in the novel TIVI is also no

longer regarded small and peripheral; it is instead is

reported frequently in mass media. Utusan Malaysia

on 24 July 2012 reports an elderly man is prisoned for

20 years after raping his own disabled daughter in law

(Norliza Mohamad Zakaria, 2012). Utusan Malaysia

21 November 2003 also reports a business man

admitting to have raped two of his children and is to

be prisoned for 36 years (Utusan Malaysia, 2003).

Having discussed this, Shahnon Ahmad has again

demonstrated realities in his works; raping cases

happen even in one’s own family. This behaviour

portrays the father’s immoral and irresponsible

attitudes. A father, who is supposed to protect his

children, suddenly chooses to victimise them for his

own sake. This is such a depressing case and it is

appropriate that the person who commits this be

prisoned for 20 years. These examples warn people

not to practise such disgusting behaviour towards

whoever; either family members or other people.

5 CONCLUSIONS

All in all, Shahnon Ahmad’s main agenda is to warn

and reprimand the readers of his works. Children who

are not closely monitored by parents would have high

tendency to get involved in social problems. The

hands-off attitude may worsen things. Letting the

vices to occur in front of your eyes is such an

encourager to the children to do even more. Having

discussed this, Shahnon Ahmad apparently criticises

parents who fail to provide religious education to

their children. He also recommends that parents be

responsible towards their children’s development so

that they are not implicated in the social problem.

Issues like adultery, incest and rape portrayed in both

the novels are a reminder to parents not to neglect

their responsibilities in growing children. Both these

novels evidently put the blame on parents who only

choose to let their children do what they wish to do.

These irresponsibilities only lead to the increment of

social illnesses in the country.

Shahnon Ahmad, in his own unique way, has

attempted his efforts to contribute to the society,

especially in coping with the social issues. The events

illustrated in his novels are only a small portion of

what actually happens. However, if it is neglected, the

new generation would decline in many life aspects.

Both these novels manage to highlight the current

reality of the society and it is returned to the readers

to learn any lessons.

REFERENCES

Ahmad, Shahnon. 1989. Sutan Baginda. Dewan Bahasa dan

Pustaka. Kuala Lumpur.

Ahmad, Shahnon. 1991. Sastera Sebagai Seismograf

Kehidupan. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Kuala

Lumpur.

Ahmad, Shahnon. 1995. TIVI. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Kuala Lumpur.

Berita Harian 2011. “Lelaki, Anak Sumbang Mahram

Lahir 3 Anak”. 20 Jun.

Hasan, Yusuf. 1995. Penghayatan Fiksyen Melayu.

Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Kuala Lumpur.

Kamus Dewan, 2004. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan

Pustaka.

Sikana, Mana. 2004. Sastera Melayu Pascamodenisme.

Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Kuala Lumpur.

Syahiran, Syahmi. 2010. “Buang Bayi: Mampukah

Hukuman Menyelesaikan masalah?” Dewan

Masyarakat.

Utusan Malaysia. 2003. “Peniaga Mengaku Rogol Dua

Anak Dipenjara 36 tahun”. 21 November, Kuala

Lumpur.

Zakaria, Norliza Mohamad. 2012. “Warga Emas Dipenjara

20 Tahun”. Utusan Malaysia, 24 Julai. Kuala Lumpur.

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