State of Emergency in Perak 1948-1960:

The Socioeconomic and Political Impacts of the Northern Perak

Society

Puan Puteh Binti Meh

Universiti Sains Malaysia

Keywords: Emergency, Socioeconomy, Politics.

Abstract: The writing aims to examine the emergency state in Perak and its impact on the socioeconomic and

political developments in Northern Perak from 1948 to 1960. The historical study also examines the

emergency declaration by the British government as well as the actions taken by the British government in

dealing with communist issues. The analysis is also related to the extent of emergency state declaration in

1948 to 1960 due to the communist rebellion or threats by other left wings parties in Malaya during that

period. The researcher uses historical methodology through a quantitative approach. In order to prove the

questionnaire, the researcher has analyzed official documents such as Malayan Federation Annual Report,

State of Perak Government Report, memoirs and interviews with respondents involved during the state of

emergency period. Secondary sources such as library researches are also used to enhance the results of this

study. Through this study, it is found that the communists are not as cruel as the previous writers describes

and the state of emergency declaration made by the British government is not solely due

to the communist

rebellion but also as a result of the threats from other left wing parties.

1 INTRODUCTION

This study isw conducted to study and investigate

the state of emergency in Perak and its impact on the

socio-economic and political situation of the North

Perak population from 1948 to 1960. Northern Perak

consisting of three districts; Hulu Perak District,

Kerian District, and Larut Matang and Selama

District. According to Kamus Dewan Fourth

Edition, the state of emergency can be defined as an

alarming or inconvenience situation that usually

occurs suddenly or unexpectedly like danger, lack of

food etc. It also means the phenomenon that permits

or legalize extraordinary action to overcome the

problems.

However, the state of emergency concept has

been assessed in various perspectives by scholars

according to their field of expertise. According to

Tun Mohamad Salleh Abas, a state emergency is an

unsafe and dangerous situation that threatens the

economic stability, political climate and social

system of the country. This unsafe situation is

usually caused by political disputes between certain

parties. In the context of this study, the state of

emergency was a condition when the Communist

Party of Malaya (PKM) violated and launched a

rebellion to dominate Malaya. The state of

emergency also means an urgent, alarming or critical

difficulty caused by crisis such as food shortages,

emergencies, disasters, conflicts, and wars. In this

study, the emergency declared in Malaya was a

response by the British government in dealing with

this communist crisis.

PKM who failed to run as a legitimate political

party changed their strategy by torturing and

sabotaging the Malayan population aimed at

destroying the economy and crippling the relations

system in Malaya around 1947. The PKM's violence

was prolonged to the killing of three Kuomintang

leaders in Johor on June 12, 1948 and the killing of

two European rubber plantation managers including

a farm assistant in Sungai Siput, Perak on June 16,

1948. On the evening of 16 June 1948, Sir Edward

Gent, who was the British High Commissioner in

Malaya declared the Law of the State of

Emergencies in Ipoh and Sungai Siput in Perak as

well as Kluang, Muar, Kulai, and Plentong areas in

Johor. On June 17, 1948, the law was declared

Binti Meh, P.

State of Emergency in Perak 1948-1960: The Socioeconomic and Political Impacts of the Northern Perak Society.

DOI: 10.5220/0008890505610569

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research (ICMR 2018) - , pages 561-569

ISBN: 978-989-758-437-4

561

throughout the state of Perak and Johor. On June 18,

1948, the law was declared to all areas in Malaya.

PKM was officially banned on July 23, 1948. The

expansion of this law gives more force to the police

and the army to arrest and detain suspected persons

who involved in the subversive activities. In order to

curb and weaken the communist activities, the

British government introduced several plans under

the Emergency Regulations in May 1948.

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Northern Perak has become the object of the

research area because the state of Perak is an area

that the state of emergency was first declared by the

British in Malaya. The declaration was carried out

because of the assassination of two managers and an

European plantation assistant in Sungai Siput, Perak.

Perak is also a home to the important leaders of the

Communist Party of Malaya (PKM). Musa Ahmad

for example is a PKM leader from Pengkalan Bahru,

Ipoh. Similarly, Chin Ping was born in Kampung

Koh, Setiawan. Meanwhile, two important Malay

communist leaders, Abdul Rashid Maidin were born

in Mount Mesah, Gopeng and Abdullah C.D. who

was from Lambor Kiri, Parit.

To get the accurate information and facts, the

researcher used various research methodologies such

as written documentation, photographs and recorded

interviews. The written documentation consists of a

collection of letters from the Perak Secretariat Office

which can be referred to the Arkib Negara Malaysia

Perak Branch and the National Archives of

Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. In addition to the letter,

there are also plans, maps, parts of newspaper, and

photographs obtained from the writings of previous

researchers who are mostly historians and are

instructors at universities or government

departments.

There are also some writings that come from the

personal experiences (memoirs) such as Memoir

Ibrahim Chik: Dari Api ke Rejimen Ke-10 (2010)

written by Ibrahim Chik which gives meaningful

input for the researcher to complete this study. The

researcher also reviewed the book of Memoir

Mustapha Hussain: Kebangkitan Nasionalisme

Melayu Sebelum UMNO (1999) by Insun Sony

Mustapha and Abu Samah Mohd Kassim:

Perjuangan Kiri Kemerdekaan Zuriat Datuk

Bahaman (2008) by Mohamed Salleh Lamry. The

researcher also examined the work of Abdullah

C.D. entitled Memoir Abdullah C.D: Zaman

Pergerakan Sehingga 1948 (2005) and Memoir

Abdullah C.D: Perjuangan di Sempadan dan

Penamatan Terhormat (2005). In addition, the

researcher also studied the writings of Shamsiah

Fake, The Memoirs of Shamsiah Fakeh: From

AWAS to 10

Regiment (2009) and Rashid Maidin’s

writings, The Memoirs of Rashid Maidin: From

Armed Struggle to Peace (2005) for references.

Those who write about this state of emergency are

involved in various careers such as political leaders,

administrative officers and former security officers

who have saved many events from communist

threats during the emergency.

During the state of emergency, newspapers are

among the most popular media that can channel

information to the people. Press references were

made from early days after the defeat of Japan and

throughout the state of emergency period until 1960.

There were also numerous sources of press releases

obtained from various publications such as books

and magazines that publish emergency issues.

The source will not become complete if those

who directly involved with these emergency events

are not interviewed. The researcher met and

interviewed several residents in North Perak who

had experienced this communist threats. The

researcher’s findings included the fighters, the

ordinary people and the former communists

themselves. Among the respondents interviewed

were Yong Tim, a former teacher at Selama. He was

previously offered a ranked position in the PKM for

his influence but he rejected it because he was not

convinced with the PKM's crusade. Although their

number is small, the researcher has been able to

meet and listen to their experiences during the

emergency. Their experience is very meaningful for

theresearcher to further reinforce the evidence.

3 METHODOLOGY

The problem in this study is that the emergency

situation itself is taking too long, which was 12

years and 45 days. The state of emergency brings us

to the PKM's actions which had been the main

enemy of the Malayan government. Every question

of communism will be sensitive to the general public

and the government. This is seen as a form of

assessment that speaks about the enemy and its

understanding. There are various limitations and

constraints in the writing of this study. All files and

correspondence relating to PKM and the government

are still in existence with the classification of "Secret

Stages" despite the fact that the events have taken

ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

562

place long time ago and independence has been

declared in Malaya.

4 OBJEVTIVES

The main objective of this study is to analyze the

history of the state of emergency and its impact on

socio-economic and political affairs in North Perak,

particularly from 1948 to 1960. This comprehensive

study is an analysis of the activity of the Communist

Party of Malaya (PKM) which threatens the folks in

Northern Perak. The specific objectives of this study

are to:

1.3.1: Reviewing the extent of the event of the

state of emergency declaration caused by

the Communist Party of Malaya.

1.3.2 The British government's action in

preventing and addressing emergency

problems.

1.3.3 Emergency impact on the Northern Perak

community from socio-economic and

political aspects.

1.3.4 Evaluating the extent of the 1948-1960

state of emergency declaration that brought

peace and eliminated the influence of

communists.

5 STUDY ISSUE

This study is to collect, study and analyze important

information based on historical sources to find

answers to the following questions:

1.5.1: Does the state of emergency happen in

Perak generally and specifically in

Northern Perak a communist crime or

other elements or a mixture of both?

1.5.2: How does the local government and the

colonial government acts affect the

presence of the communist ideology in

Perak and subsequently in North Perak

actively around 1948 to 1960?

1.5.3: To what extent does the communist issue

influence local administration and the

enforcement of the State of Emergency

Law in Malaya and its effect on the folks

of Northern Perak?

1.5.4: Why is the communist’s issue considered

to be a lead to the open negotiations for

Malaya's independence from the British

as well as the impact on the folks of

Northern Perak?

6 LITERATURE REVIEW

Most of the writings on the state of emergency

occurrences in Malaya are highlighted by foreign

writers or researchers who write based on their view

on the state of emergency. However, over the last

few years, there has been a work that has been

worked out by local historians who see the state of

emergency from various perspectives, whether from

the British government side or the left wing leader

side who are directly involved in the emergency. A

lot of perspectives are taken into account by the

authors and writers to produce their writing. These

include academics, former journalists, former

military officers, former police officers, and

memoirs of former PKM members such as Ching

Peng, Shamsiah Fakeh, Rashid Maidin and Abdullah

C.D. The memoirs of the ex-left wing parties were

also used as a source of research.

Victor Purcell in his article, Malaya: Communist

or Free? wrote about the early occurrence of the

state of emergency. His research is about the

background of the establishment of the international

network of communist ideologies that affects the

existence and development of PKM in Malaya. His

book also revolves around policies and propagandas

by PKM to pursue their crusade to conquer Malaya.

It also explains the emergency situations and the

actions taken by the British government to deal with

it. According to Purcell, it is very difficult to locate

those who are pro-communist or sympathetic to the

communist crusade. Inspection from house to house

or determination of an area was safe or not causing

people to suffer and it was difficult for authorities to

handle it. However, this book does not specifically

discuss the state of emergency of the area in which

the researcher is studying.

R.Clutterbuck work, The Long-long War:

Emergency in Malaya 1948-1960 also describes the

development of the establishment, the activities and

tactics of the attacks carried out by PKM in causing

the emergency situations in Malaya. Violence

committed by the PKM is increasingly extreme

when Sir Henry Gurney, a British High

Commissioner was killed at Fraser Hill. Following

the PKM's actions, the British made plans to curb

PKM members through the cooperation of police

and military forces, and the establishment of the

Federal Level War Council, State Stage War

Council and District-level War Council. The Briggs

plan also discusses the British efforts to tackle and

eliminate PKM's subversive influence and activity.

Anthony Short in his study entitled The

Communist Insurrection in Malaya, 1948-1960 also

State of Emergency in Perak 1948-1960: The Socioeconomic and Political Impacts of the Northern Perak Society

563

stated the role played by PKM until the state of

emergency declaration by Sir Edward Gent was

enforced throughout Malaya on 18 July 1948. He

also explained the activities carried out by PKM

after they step back into the jungle and guerrilla war

strategy that are often done to attack the British

special security forces. The book also mentions the

government's move to deal with PKM's actions such

as the Re-Placement Plan and the Neurological War

by Gerald Templer. Gerald Templer was the British

High Commissioner who replaced Sir Edward Gent

who was killed in an air crash. However, this book

only talks about emergency in general throughout

Malaya.

Aloysius Chin, in his work titled The Communist

Party of Malaya: The Inside Story deals with the

history of the beginning and end of the PKM's

crusade in Malaya with a description that reveals the

tactics the communists used during the state of

emergency and subsequently in their attempt to

overthrow the government. The role and experience

of Aloysius as a writer who served as the Royal

Malaysian Police Special Branch officer and his

direct involvement in the operation against

communist guerrillas makes this book a

comprehensive study of reference. The history of the

communist crusade and the state of emergency

period in Malaya 1948-1960 was carefully crafted

although not specifically in the research site.

Ho Hui Ling, an academician at the University of

Malaya in his writings Darurat 1948-1960:

Keadaan Sosial di Malaya focuses specifically on

emergency events in Malaya from a social point of

view. The focus of his writings was on the aspect of

population life, racial relations, education, and basic

amenities. He clearly explained the difficulties and

hardships faced by the people at that time. Residents

are constantly threatened and in a state of danger

regardless of time and their background.

Nevertheless, the hardships and trauma experienced

by residents in Northern Perak during the emergency

were not clearly stated and not comprehensive. In

another excerpt of his Darurat di Malaya 1948-

1960: Satu Tinjauan Terhadap Masalah dan

Langkah Kerajaan Memenangi Sokongan Penduduk

di Kawasan Penempatan Semula, (2004) highlighted

the problems faced and the way the government won

the people's support in the resettlement area, also

generally in Malaya.

Khoo Kay Kim, and Adnan Hj. Nawang, in their

book titled Darurat 1948-1960, gathered several

papers written by local historians using the main

source and library research to give a precise and just

perspective of the state of emergency in Malaya. The

period of chaos that has taken place were well

elaborated by writers such as Prof. Khoo Kay Kim

himself, Baharom Mansor and Abu Bakar Majid,

Sulaiman Hj Abdul Samad and Mej. M.A. Fawzi

Basri. The written product about the state of

emergency can provide the researcher with crucial

information to produce a quality writing.

Wong Siew Kuon, in his writings on Masalah-

masalah Setinggan Cina di Daerah Ulu Langat,

Selangor Pada Masa Darurat 1948-1960, was very

clear about the events that led to the outbreak of

PKM's armed rebellion and the Chinese squatter

problems in Hulu Langat during the state of

emergency. Although his thesis was directed to the

events in Hulu Langat, but he also described the

same situation at the research site in North Perak. In

his writing, there are two factors that lead to the

occurrence of emergency events which were the

external factors and internal factors. He also pointed

out the problems faced by the Chinese squatters

without specifying the privileges enjoyed by them.

Mahmud Embong, in his masterpiece titled

Empat Belas Hari Bintang Tiga di Malaya, talks

about the existence and establishment of the PKM

which has to do with the Japanese colonization in

Malaya. After Japan surrendered, there was a two-

week political vacuum in Malaya before the British

ruled again. During that period, the PKM carried out

various so-called cruelty to avenge the offenders or

the Japanese conquerors especially to the Malays.

PKM created its own courts in imposing punishment

on offenders. Every punishment that was done such

as torture, murder, termination and so on is only in

accordance with the laws of the PKM court. Their

actions led to the serious conflict and racial riots

between the Malay and Chinese in Johor and Perak.

Although the PKM did not succeed in their efforts to

spread the communist ideology, their actions

affected the socio-economic situation of the folks in

Malaya. Although this book tells the general story of

the occurrence of the state of emergency in Perak,

the information contained in this book provides

some information to researcher.

Memoir Seorang Pejuang, was the writing by

Major (Retired) Mohd Khalid bin Abdul Hamid in

collaboration with the Angkatan Tentera Darat to

capture his experience during the state of

emergency. He was a former Royal Malay Regiment

Officer that went through the Second World War,

Japanese colonization, the state of emergency period

and the independence era. The important events he

experienced were thoroughly narrated. He was also

an army officer standing beside Tunku Abdul

Rahman Putra al-Haj while chanting the

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564

independence of Malaya. His experience became the

researcher’s guide in producing the writing of this

study.

Darurat di Terengganu, 1948-1960: Beberapa

Aspek Sosial dan Ekonomi, have recorded a number

of historical events about the state of Terengganu

during the 1948-1960 state of emergency period. In

this book, Osman Mamat discussed the social and

economic problems faced by people and

governments during the state of emergency period.

The author also stated steps and efforts done by the

government to curb communist activities in

Terengganu. All economic and social data during the

state of emergency period are specified specifically.

Although this book only revolves around the state of

Terengganu, it still provided information about the

general situation of the state of emergency period

that took place in Malaya.

Chin Peng, a secretary of PKM, has produced a

personal note book titled My Side of Story. He said

PKM's involvement in the state of emergency

situations was sabotaged and enlarged by the British.

This is because during the Japanese colonization in

Malaya, PKM merged with the British to defeat

Japan. After Japan lost, the British felt PKM was a

big threat to the British position and was banned and

stamped as terrorists and had to be eliminated to the

grassroots. In his writing, Chin Peng stated that

some of the PKM's powerful people had been killed

by the British. Although it is only publicly stated,

this book became a good reference and comparison

to make this writing more scientific.

Detik Sejarah Rundingan Baling, highlighting

the state of emergency history that rose the Baling

Negotiations and the dialogues during the Baling

Negotiations, which were held for four sessions on

28 and 29 December 1955. In this Wan Hamzah

Awang's writings, he has successfully contacted

various parties that directly involved in meeting at

Baling. Some interesting new information about

events during the state of emergency period has been

carefully described. This information is a bit as

helpful to the researcher in producing scientific

writing related to the title.

Komrad Bertopeng: Suatu Kajian Mengenai

Barisan Bersatu Komunis di Malaya 1945-1948

written by Cheah Boon Khend is about the history of

the origins of the PKM rebellion in June 1948 and

the history of PKM with further elaboration of some

of its leaders through the study and research of the

involved figures. This paper revolves around how

they work, why they work with communists, their

personal backgrounds and the conflicts and

cooperation between organizations.

Darurat di Kelantan 1948-1960: Pengalaman

dan Iktibar the writings of Abdullah Zakaria

Ghazali, Ho Hui Ling and Mahmud Embong have

clearly stated the emergency state in Kelantan

according to the chapters written by different

authors. Ho Hui Ling wrote about the Communist

Activity in Kelantan, Mahmud Embong wrote about

the Gua Musang: Communist-Zone likes the Soviet

Republic,1948, while Abdullah Zakaria Ghazali

wrote about Handling the Rebellion of Communist in

Kelantan. This book has clearly explained the

actions of the communists towards local people as

well as the way British hanndling the communist

problem especially in Kelantan. This book has

opened the minds of researcher about the communist

rebellion in Malaya even though the incident did not

occurred in the research site.

Perang Dunia Kedua: Peranan Gerila Melayu

Force 136 , is a book written by Wan Hashim Wan

Teh. This book gives a lot of information about the

movements of Gerila Melayu Force 136 which was

established to offset the existence of MPAJA armed

forces consisting of Chinese people. The military

power is directed to the Chinese and this situation

was very dangerous. Despite the pre-emergency

situation, researchers found a lot of information on

why the state of emergency was declared in Malaya.

The movement of the security forces was widely

found in the writings of Mohd Reduan Hj Asli

entitled the Pemberontakan Bersenjata Komunis di

Malaysia. This book is about the first and second

rebellion, and also communist rebellion in Sarawak.

Although the second rebellion and rebellion in

Sarawak are examined in detail but what is being

discussed in this book helps the the researcher in

refining the study.

Ramlah Adam, in her book entitled Burhanuddin

Al-Helmy: Satu Kemelut Politik is about the

struggle of Dr. Burhanuddin in nationalism and

politics of Malaya. He was a well- known figure in

politics and moves contemporarily with Dato 'Onn

Ja'afar, Ahmad Boestamam and Ishak Haji

Mohamad. This book also features his upheaval as a

Malay nationalist activist and his frequent arrest by

the British and the Alliance government.

Memoir Mustapha Hussain: Kebangkitan

Nasionalisme Melayu Sebelum UMNO, is a

scientific writing that is really close to the

researcher's place of study which is in North Perak

especially in Matang district. Mustapha Hussain is a

Malay warrior who is so determined to help

hundreds of Malay soldiers, their families and

volunteer police officers who were threatened by

war. He worked as a lecturer at Sekolah Pertanian

State of Emergency in Perak 1948-1960: The Socioeconomic and Political Impacts of the Northern Perak Society

565

Malaya, Serdang, Selangor, and had worked hard to

help the Malays and oppose the colonizers until he

was imprisoned by the British in 1945-1946.

Memoir Abdullah C.D.:Zaman Pergerakan

Sehingga 1948, is written by Abdullah C.D.

focusing on the struggle of anti-colonial which is

Communist Party of Malaya (PKM). He says a lot

about the Malay spirit of anti-colonialism that has

begun since the Second World War. He who was

born in Parit, Perak and grew up with stories of

Malay heroism like Dato 'Maharaja Lela and Dato'

Sagor has a high nationalism spirit against the

British colonialism in Malaya. Similarly, his

writings entitled Memoir Abdullah C.D.:Perjuangan

di Sempadan dan Penamatan Terhormat (2009) is

about the crusade of the 10

Regiment of the

Communist Party of Malaya (PKM) until the

independence of Malaya from British colonists on

August 31, 1957. In his work, Abdullah CD wrote

about his struggle and the 10

Regiment who

received cooperation from the Thai-Malaysia border

and they are mostly Malays and Muslims.

Memoir Ibrahim Chik.: Dari API ke Rejimen Ke-

10 is written by Ibrahim Chick about the struggle of

Malay youths who need to use firearms to fight

against the colonizer using guerrillas method in the

left wing national movement. He and his colleagues

who were mostly very patriotic and have religious

education from the cottage schools have sacrificed

their souls and body for their love of the land. They

have the blood of the fierce and brave Pahang

fighters such as Tok Bahaman, Tok Gajah and Mat

Kilau flowed in their bodies.

Mohamed Salleh Lamry in his book Abu Samah

Kassim: Pejuang Kiri Kemerdekaan Zuriat Datuk

Bahaman, tells us about the struggle for Malaya's

independence after World War II as well as the spirit

of Pahang's fighters in opposing the British

colonization. Abu Samah Mohd Kassim is the

grandchild of Datuk Bahaman. He also tells us about

the armed crusade of Abu Sayamah Kassim who had

been the main leader in the 10th Regiment, the

People's Army of Malaya and the Communist Party

of Malaya in a clear and detailed manner.

Shamsiah Fakeh in her writing entitled The

Memoirs of Shamsiah Fakeh: From Awas to 10

Regiment is about her struggle from the Awas

Women's Awakening Party (AWAS), and

subsequently joined the Insaf Youth Movement

(API) Party in an attempt to claim independence

from the British. When the party was banned by the

government, she had fought alongside the 10

Regiment of the Malayan Communist Party and

lived in the forest to fight for their agenda.

Rashid Maidin, in his book The Memoirs of

Rashid Maidin: From Armed Struggle to Peace is

about his experience in the Communist Party of

Malaya since the 1930s to free Malaya from British

colonization. He who had been under the British and

Japanese governments realized that the two colonists

were only taking advantage of Malaya's prosperity.

He joined the Malayan National Liberation Army's

Regiment (MNLA) with his best friend

Abdullah C.D. He was with Chin Peng and Chin

Tien in Baling Negotiations in 1955.

Perak: Dahulu dan Sekarang, which is edited by

Adnan Hj Nawang has 13 chapters. These

monographs help the researcher to explore deep into

the writings of the researcher’s study especially on

the writings of Hj Abdullah Lubis, " Perkembangan

Sejarah di Larut" and " Bijih Timah Dalam Sejarah

Perak" by Khoo Kay Kim. These two writings have

helped the researcher in producing this scientific

writing because the topic is related to the subject of

the study.

Based on the researcher’s initial research on the

books read, the past researchers have produced their

books in general about Malaya. Although there are

writers who write specifically about a certain place,

yet no written material is dedicated only to the

researcher’s research area. Therefore, the researcher

feels that there is a need to chronicle the state of

emergency period in North Perak for future

generations references and to add scientific materials

about the emergencies situation in Malaya.

7 FINDINGS

This study explains in greater detail the state of

emergency that took place from 1948 to 1960 and its

impact to the people of North Perak in social,

economic and political aspects. This study also

assessed the communist terrorism before and after

the 1948-1960 state of emergency declaration. The

writing of this study also illustrates the changes

taking place because of the state of emergency

declaration such as the existence of new settlements

or new villages in Malaya. This historical study also

assesses the pre and emergent violence issues from

PKM's own perspective by referring to the memoirs

of involved figures and local sources.

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566

8 DISCUSSIONS AND

CONCLUSIONS

The state of emergency involves three parties named

PKM, British and local leaders. This means the state

of emergency is a war between the British and the

Malays with PKM. The main purpose of the

introduction and enforcement of the Emergency Act

1948 was to curb communist influence among the

Chinese in Malaya. The enforcement of the 1948

Emergency Act is also a hidden agenda of the

British government to legitimize their actions to

arrest and imprison the left wing Malay-lingual

activists without talking on the grounds that these

people are dangerous to the national security. The

establishment of Hisbul Muslimin in the society that

flowed in Gunung Semanggol and also in Northern

Perak creates an uncomfortable feelings of the

British colonizers and categorized the party's

crusade as extremist and dangerous, as danger as the

communist terrorism in Malaya. Hisbul Muslimin

was banned on July 29, 1948 and their leaders were

arrested and imprisoned.

The Emergency Law introduced in Malaya was

unable to erase the spirit of communist guerrilla to

continue fighting to achieve the dream of making

Malaya a Communist Republic of Malaya. PKM

with the guerrilla method tried to dominate Malaya

and the Malays who rose with the spirit of liberation

from the British colonies to undermine the position

of the British Federal Government. The state of

emergency also affected when left-wing leaders who

were imprisoned during the state of emergency were

released. They had set up a new left-wing party to

free Malaya from the British rulers.

The contributions and sacrifices of the left-wing

Malay community are meaningful because they were

the trigger of consciousness and activist in the early

stages of the struggle towards the independence of

Malaya. In 1955, almost all the leaders and

followers of this left-wing Malay had been released

from the political prison camps. They have

established a new political party after the previous

political party was banned by the British. The

Malays who were left behind in all fields felt

defended and made them rise and struggle to insist

the British to give independence to Malaya.

Independence is important to change the fate of the

Malays. As long as the British rule, the Malays will

always be oppressed.

The establishment of the PKM's 10

Regiment

gave a great blow to the British. The Malay guerilla ,

consisting of former left-wing political party

members, has been working with PKM in the

attempt to free Malaya from British colonization.

Although the purpose of the PKM's 10

Regiment

was not the same as the basis of their central PKM’s

crusade, the guerrillas made British colonials to

introduce the 1948 Emergency Act in Malaya to

stave off this communist guerrilla movement.

The British are willing to do everything to ensure

their comfort, security and well-being in Malaya.

The Machiavelli political concept of maintaining the

power of "goal-to-use" is practiced in order to ensure

that their successors are a government capable of

securing British interests during the post-

independence era. The British managed to deceive

the subordinates and the Malay elites that the

crusade of the Malay leftist movement led by leftist

Malay leaders was extremist and influenced by

communists.

Although PKM used various means and tactics to

drive away the British from Malaya, the British

remained able to withstand PKM's unexpected

strategies and responses. Malaya still continue to

develop especially in urban areas as communist

guerrillas only attack and commit sabotage in

villages and small towns. However, the British

government had to spend millions of ringgit to

weaken the communist insurgency and thwart

PKM's campaign to cripple government machinery.

Chinese and Indians are still living in Malaya, and

they have not been refugees in and are not returned

back to their home country.

9 APPRECIATION

Thank you to both course supervisors, Associate

Professor Dr. Haji Ahmad Jelani bin Hilmi and Dr.

Sah-Hadiyatan bin Ismail for giving valuable

guidance and motivation to realize my dream and

complete this study despite a long time taken to

finish.

I would also like to express my thanks to all

lecturers and personnels of Pusat Pengajian

Pendidikan Jarak Jauh dan Institut Pengajian

Siswazah Universiti Sains Malaysia for all the helps

and supports given.

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