Exploitation System Model of Slow and Quick Starter Clones under
Oldeman Climate Type
Yayuk Purwaningrum
1
, Yenni Asbur
1
and Chairani Hanum
2
1
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara, Jalan Karya Wisata Gedung
Johor, Medan 20144, Indonesia.
2
Department of Agroecotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University Sumatera Utara. Jalan Prof.A.Sofyan No.3 Kampus
USU Medan – 2015
Keywords: Exploitation System, Oldeman Climate, Hevea Brasiliensis.
Abstract: Slow and quick starter clones were used for long-term productivity stability on rubber plantation. Each
clone has different characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on exploitation system
according to Oldeman climate type in order to increase the latex productivity. The research was conducted
in two locations, namely Sungai Putih Experimental Farm, Rubber Research Centre and Sungai Putih Farm,
PT. Perkebunan Nusantara III (Persero). Both locations are located in District of Galang, Regency of Deli
Serdang on 25 m above sea level with Ultisol soil type. Rubber tree material are planting in the year of
1999, with spacing of 2.5m x 5m, clones representing Quick starter K
1
(PB 260) and Slow starter K
2
(BPM1). This research uses primary and secondary data. Primary data is field experiment using Nested
Design. Secondary data was obtained from PTPN III Sungai Putih that has the average of monthly rainfall
data for 13 years (2002 - 2015). Tapping system was consisted of 2 treatments namely half-spiral
downward tapping system (S/2) and upward tapping system (S/2U). The treatments consisted of two levels:
P1: ethepon 2.5% applied once for 15 days (ET / 15d), P2: gas stimulant applied once and once for 27 days
(ETG 27d). Every treatment used 75 trees with girth 65 cm - 70 cm. The results showed that based on
Oldeman climate type, tapping system S/2U d3 ET/15d is suitable for clone BPM 1 and S/2 d3 ET/15d for
clone PB 260.
1 INTRODUCTION
Generally, the area of rubber plantation in North
Sumatra, Indonesia is dominated by small farm. The
total area of rubber small farm in North Sumatera is
1,127,913.99 hectares, PTPN 375.404,07 hectares,
Large National Private Plantation (PBSN)
435,518.90 hectares and Large Foreign Private
Plantation (PBSA) is 202,403.60 hectares. The total
is 2,141,240,58 hectares (BPS Sumatera Utara,
2017, http://www.sumutprov.go.id).
Generally, small farm still uses old rubber tree
(15 years and over). Such condition certainly
requires an effort to increase productivity through
exploitation system technique.
Slow Starter (SS) clones is characterized by low
to moderate metabolic clones where the rate of
polyisoprene (latex) formation from carbohydrate
(sucrose) from photosynthesis is slow to moderate,
while Quick Starter (QS) clones are high metabolic
clones in which the process of polyisoprene (latex )
formation is faster than SS (Jacob, et al., 1989).
SS clones, among others BPM 1, were selected
from crossbreeding between Avro 163 with Avro
308 by the Medan Plantation Research Center, and
as recommended clone in 1937. These clones fit in
humid to dry areas with relatively moderate growth
from TBM to TM, and potentially as a timber
producer (Field Handbook, 2005). SS clones have
some specific properties such as responsiveness to
stimulants, relatively more resistant to exploitation
pressures and have a thick recovery bark (Woelan,
Sayurandi, and Pasaribu, 2013).
PB clone is the result of crossbreeding selection
between PB5/ 51 with PB 49. The most cultivated
clones in North Sumatera are clones PB 260. These
clones have advantages such as high potential yield,
starting to tapped at 5 years. The peak latex
250
Purwaningrum, Y., Asbur, Y. and Hanum, C.
Exploitation System Model of Slow and Quick Starter Clones under Oldeman Climate Type.
DOI: 10.5220/0008888202500253
In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research (ICMR 2018) - , pages 250-253
ISBN: 978-989-758-437-4
Copyright
c
2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
production for QS clones is at the beginning of
tapping (7-9 years). The average of latex production
can be achieved 2,700-2800 kgha
-1
. In other hand,
SS clones reach the peak latex production at 12-13
years after planting. Clone PB 260 have thinner bar
than GT 1 and susceptible to Tapping Panel Dryness
(Siregar et al., 2012).
Climate factor has important role to support the
growth and production of plants. One of the
important climatic factors is rainfall. (Estiningtyas,
et al., 2000). In addition to sunlight, rainfall is
determinant for latex productivity (Gireesh et al.,
2011). Rainfall affects fall and flowering of the
rubber clones. In the dry season, the rubber tree will
fall the leaves. Leaf fall will affect the stability of
latex productivity (Meenattoor et al., 1989; Soman,
et al, 1995).
Exploitation intensity is mainly determined by
the length of the incision, tapping frequency, and
stimulants application. All these factors interact with
clones, tree age and environment, so that each clone
has a specific system of exploitation (Kuswanhadi et
al., 2009; Sumarmadji et al., 2011).
The choice of exploitation system technique or
as an evaluation tool for latex productivity is largely
determined by rainfall (Sumarmadji, 2006, Siregar,
2014 and Junaidi, et al., 2015). The average rainfall
for 13 years (2002-2015) in Deli Serdang, North
Sumatra, according to Oldeman climate type is E1
which divided into three (3) criteria ie wet month
(WM) with average rainfall > 200 mm on September
- November, humid month (HM) with average
rainfall 100-200mm in April-August-December and
dry month (DM) with average rainfall < 100mm in
January-March (Table 1).
Table 1: Average rainfall for 13 years (2002 -2015) in
rubber plantation area in Deli Serdang North Sumatra
according to Oldeman climate type.
N
o Rainfall Months Criteria
1 >200 mm September -
Novembe
r
WM
2 100-200mm April - August -
Decembe
r
HM
3 <100 mm January - March DM
The aim of this study is to obtain suitable
exploitation system under Oldeman climate type
which can improve productivity of slow starter
(BPM 1) and quick starter (PB 260) clones.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research was conducted in two locations,
namely Sungai Putih Experimental Farm, Rubber
Research Centre and Sungai Putih Farm, PT.
Perkebunan Nusantara III (Persero). Both locations
are located in District of Galang, Regency of Deli
Serdang on 25 m above sea level with Ultisol soil
type. Rubber tree material are planting year 1999,
with spacing of 2.5m x 5m, clones representing
Quick stater K
1
(PB 260) and Slow starter K
2
(BPM1).
This research uses primary and secondary data.
Primary data is field experiment using Nested
Design (Suhendry 1998). Secondary data was
obtained from PTPN III Sungai Putih that is average
of monthly rainfall data for 13 years (2002 - 2015).
Oldeman classification used to establish wet, dry
and humid months. The amount of rainfall in the wet
month is > 200mm, humid month is 100-200mm,
and dry month is <100.
Tapping system was consisted of 2 treatments
namely half-spiral downward tapping system (S/2)
and upward tapping system (S/2U).
The treatments consisted of two levels namely P
1
ethepon 2.5% applied once for 15 days (ET2.5 15d),
P
2
gas stimulant applied once and once for 27 days
(ETG 27d). Every treatment used 75 trees with girth
65 cm - 70 cm.
7,5cm
15cm
(S/2Ud3H0-1) (S/2d3BI-1)
Figure 1: Gas stimulant applicator layout on each tapping
system.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to the results of latex production and
physiology analysis, the treatment of exploitation
system on clone BPM 1 and PB 260 is different both
in wet, humid and dry months. The sucrose content
of BPM 1 was higher in humid month and higher
than PB 260 (Table 2). This is due to different
characteristics of each clone (Sumarmadji, 2006).
b
Exploitation System Model of Slow and Quick Starter Clones under Oldeman Climate Type
251
Clone BPM 1 is SS with slow –moderate
metabolism with the peak of latex yield at 12-14
years old (at the time of the study). Such condition
causes the latex sucrose of BPM 1 is higher. Clones
PB 260 is QS which classified as fast metabolism
clones. The peak of latex yield is at the age of 6 - 8
years and at the time of the research has decreased
(Sumarmadji, 2008). This is what causes BPM 1 has
higher latex sucrose. Herlinawati and Kuswanhadi,
(Herlinawati and Kuswanhadi, 2017) state that high
production of latex is due to increased plant
metabolism such as latex physiology, sucrose
content and Pi levels (Table 2).
Rainfall data in Sei Putih farm PTPN III shows
that the average rainfall in humid month is 152.04
mm/month with the number of rainy days is 5
days/month. This indicates that the rubber tree in
humid months is in sufficient water condition. In
humid months, the rubber tree show good ability to
photosynthesize, especially in the canopy and leaf
(Gunasekera et al., 2013). Kumari and Asthir
(Kumari and Asthir, 2016) confirm that the sucrose
content and Pi (bioactivity of sucrose) is increases.
In sufficient water conditions, the leaves have
formed perfectly, the sucrose will be immediately
transported elsewhere, and not disturb the balance of
sucrose in plant body. Adequate water content leads
to an osmotic equilibrium in rubber cells, which
imply to the size of plant turgor pressure (Chantuma,
et al., 2009). The process of plant metabolism highly
depends on the turgor pressure and the process will
take place at the maximum turgor pressure. Changes
in turgor pressure to minimal (with low water
content in the plant body) result in decreased rate of
metabolism (Jacob et al., 1989). This study found
that the average of sucrose level is higher in BPM 1
than PB 260, either in wet, dry and humid months.
This is due to the increase of Pi content as shown by
high Pi content in PB 260 (Table 2) which consistent
with low levels of sucrose. PB 260 is QS clone with
high metabolism so the sucrose content is lower than
BPM 1. This is due to active Pi level as energy to
converts sucrose to latex. Pi level is low because
already used to support the process of metabolism
which is related to latex formation (Herlinawaty and
Kuswanhadi, 2017). In contrast, BPM 1 is SS with
low metabolism, high sucrose and Pi levels. The
clones are slow to process sucrose to latex so have
high sucrose content and Pi. This finding confirmed
by Kuswanhadi, Sumarmadji, Karyudi, and Siregar,
THS (Kuswanhadi, Sumarmadji, Karyudi, and
Siregar, THS, 2009) which states that the SS clones
has firm stems growth and thick recovery bark.
4 CONCLUSIONS
Suitable exploitation systems under Oldeman
climate type for PB 260 in wet, humid and dry
months is S2 d3 ET/15d and BPM 1 is S2U d3
ET/15d. During one year of testing, all treatments of
exploitation system on PB 260 and BPM 1 have not
shown excessive stress as indicated by thiol levels in
the range 0.30 - 0.48.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research was funded by the Ministry of
Research, Technology and Higher Education, the
Republic of Indonesia through National Competitive
Grant Research, Ministry of Research, Technology
and Higher Education. The authors would like to
thank to the Sungei Putih Research Centre, Rubber
Research Centre and PT. Perkebunan Nusantara III
(Persero).
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APPENDIX
Table 2: Latex Production and Physiology of clones BPM 1 and PB 260 with treatment of exploitation system by wet month
(WM), dry month (DM) and Humid month (HM).
Treatment
Month
Sucrose
(
mm
)
Pi (mm) Thiol (mm) Production (g/p/s)
BB BL B
K
BB BL B
K
BB BL B
K
BB BL B
K
BPM1 S/2d3
ET/15
d
6.75
c
6.49
6.72 a 21.85
c
21.03
b
c
20.34
de
0.28
0.31 b 0.36 d 30.72
c
13.96 b 21.79 c
BPM1 S/2d3
ETG/27
d
9.18
ab
6.58
4.37 b 28.02
25.24
a
18.99
e
0.34
0.41
ab
0.46 b 29.18
c
13.59 b 22.20 c
BPM1 S/2U d3
ET/15
d
7.91
b
c
9.60
a
7.41 a 27.86
23.14
ab
24.63
b
c
0.29
0.35 b 0.41 c 72.35
a
27.83 a 51.75 a
BPM1 S/2Ud3
ETG/27
d
9.43
a
10.2
3 a
7.61 a 31.35
a
23.65
ab
28.11
a
0.32
0.42
ab
0.46 b 56.28
26.50 a 41.79 b
PB260 S/2d3
ET/15
d
3.82
7.71
2.62
c
d
23.68
c
23.76
ab
26.05
ab
0.46
0.49 a 0.52 a 72.53
a
27.83 a 51.75 a
PB260 S/2d3
ETG/27
d
3.39
de
2.96
c
1.49
d
26.83
24.84
a
25.53
abc
0.45
0.50 a 0.48 b 56.28
26.50 a 41.79 b
PB260 S/2U d3
ET/15
d
2.03
e
2.87
c
2.18
c
d
23.73
c
19.22
c
26.05
ab
0.47
0.48 a 0.47 b 29.18
c
13.59 b 22.20 c
PB260 S/2Ud3
ETG/27
d
3.06
de
3.59
c
3.62
b
c
21.35
c
19.44
c
17.83
e
0.78
a
0.47 a 0.42 c 30.18
c
13.96 b 21.79 c
Exploitation System Model of Slow and Quick Starter Clones under Oldeman Climate Type
253