Genetic Improvement of North Sumatra Upland Red Rice

through Exploration and Induced Mutations

Rahmad Setia Budi

, Irfan Suliansyah

, Yusniwati

and Sobrizal

Agriculture Department of Doctoral Program, Andalas University, Padang

Agriculture Department of Andalas University, Padang

Isotop and Radiation Application Center (IRAC) BATAN Jakarta

Keywords: biodiversity, exploration, food security, induced mutations, upland red rice.

Abstract: Genetic resources is very important biodiversity and the basic capital needed in development agricultural

industry including new varieties inventionin order to increase productionto support food security and

sustainable agriculture. One type of local upland rice in North Sumatra that is widely planted by the

community is the type of upland red rice, which adapts well to the area of origin with the taste of rice and

aroma according to the tastes of the local communityand health function for the body. Local varieties

usually have disadvantages such as inner age, high stems so that it is easy to fall, unresponsive to

fertilization and low production.The income of superior varieties to increase production in support of food

security and sustainable agriculture needs to be carried out in one exploration activity, and mutation

breeding. The study was carried out in two stages; (1) Exploration was carried out in North Sumatra from

August 2015 to March 2016 through literature studies, interviews and direct visits to farmers' fields in

regencies which are rice-producing areas and have the potential for local upland rice. Of the 22 cultivars

collected, the information obtained were environmental conditions, farming systems, farmer characteristics,

and cropping conditions,1 local upland rice cultivar (Sigambiri Merah) was selected to be improved through

mutation breeding (induced mutation). (2). Induced mutations carried out from April 2016 to June 2017 aim

to improve genetic Sigambiri Merah, especially related to the age of plants to be early matured and dwarf/

semi-dwarf stems. The seeds are irradiated with gamma rays Co-60 at the Center for National Isotopes and

Radiation Applications of the Nuclear Energy Agency (PAIR-BATAN), Jakarta. M1 planting was carried

out at BPTP North Sumatra. From the observation of the percentage of seedling growth, plant height and

root length in the nursery phase, and the percentage of grain blanket in M1 plants obtained irradiation dose

200 - 300 Gy is an effective dose in generating genetic diversity. M1 plant seeds will certainly be very

useful as an initial plant material in the improvement of red rice varieties in the future stages of plant

breeding programs.

1 INTRODUCTION

Paddy (Oryzasativa L.) or rice is the main staple

food for the people of Indonesia, and an important

component in the national food security system. In

addition, rice is also one of raw materials of various

foods, such as cakes flour, noodles, and baby food

(brown rice). The need for rice each year increases

with the increasing of population (Amrizalet al.

2010).The demand for rice each year increases in

line with the increasing of population. Indonesian

rice consumption is 135 kgs/capita/year. Out of the

39.7 million hectares of Indonesian mainland, 20.5%

is planted with rice (Abdurachmanet al, 2008). In

2013, harvested area of Indonesia's rice was 13.83

million hectares resulting the productivity of 5.15

t/ha and total production of 71.28 million tons

(Zainiet al,2014).

The lowness increase in harvested area shows

that to increase rice production has been more

difficult especially in Java, Sumatera and

Nusatenggara (MOA, 2013 and Atomos, 2014). In

addition, the declination in production is also caused

by the occurrence of decreasing in the potential yield

of existing rice cultivars. This is due to the

narrowness of the genetic diversity of existing rice

caused by many released rice cultivars that are

related one to each other. As a result, rice diversity

216

Budi, R., Suliansyah, I., Yusniwati, . and Sobrizal, .

Genetic Improvement of North Sumatra Upland Red Rice through Exploration and Induced Mutations.

DOI: 10.5220/0008887702160224

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research (ICMR 2018) - , pages 216-224

ISBN: 978-989-758-437-4

is reduced and the yield potential is no different.

This facts endanger the existence of local rice both

wetland and upland rice cultivars, which currently

more abandoned by farmers and threatened in

extinction (Toha, 2005).

Indonesia is a tropical country with a huge

potential and belongs to the second largest country

on biodiversity. The high level of biodiversity of

germ-plasma or genetic resources (GR) is because

Indonesia has a vast landscape with the spread and

condition of geographic areas that vary (Sujiprihati

and Syukur, 2012). A genetic resource is one of the

most important natural resources and is the basic

capital needed to develop the agricultural industry.

Genetic Resources management is considered

successful if it has been able to provide access to GR

as a source of donor genes in breeding programs,

and plant breeding is considered to be successful if it

has utilized the genetic properties available in GR

collections (Sumarno and Zuraida, 2004). Local

cultivars are seen as a very valuable asset and need

to be well managed. Local rice (landrace) is a GR

that has a certain genetic advantage, has been

cultivated for generations so that the genotype has

adapted well to the various land conditions and

specific climate in the area of development. In

addition, local rice is naturally resistant to pests and

diseases, tolerant to abiotic stress, and has a good

quality of rice and generally has a taste and aroma

favoured by the people (Siwi and Kartowinoto,

1989; Hayward et al.1993 and Sitaresmiet al.2013).

The exploration, collection and conservation of

GR has become a global concern, by forming an

international body of the International Plant Genetic

Resource Institute (IPGRI) based in Rome, which

plays a role in the management of germ-plasma for

some particular commodities (Poespodarsono,

1988).

Exploration is an activity to seek, find, and

collect certain GR to secure them from extinction. In

order for the GR to be more efficiently secured it is

necessary to conduct more dynamic conservation

such as in situ conservation or on-farm conservation

(Swastiet al.2007), has explored 182 local rice

inWest Sumatra, but more directed to wetland rice

(Warmanet al.2011). In West Sumatra there are still

15 local upland rice cultivars that are still cultivated

by the farmer in dry land/hills. From the local

upland rice cultivars there is an upland rice that has

black endosperm colour (black rice).

One type of upland rice in North Sumatra, which

is widely planted by farmers, is red upland rice. Red

(brown) rice has the advantage of both itstenderness

and benefit for the human body. Red rice is known

to be very beneficial to health, as well as staple

foods, among others, to prevent food and nutrition

shortages and cure diseases. The content of

anthocyanin in brown rice is believed to prevent

various diseases such as cancer, cholesterol, and

coronary heart (Fitriani, 2006).

The utilization of improved varieties is a reliable

technology in increasing the production of food

crops. This technology is considered safer and more

environmentally friendly and cheaper for farmers.

Therefore, attention to the effort obtaining superior

varieties through breeding research needs to be

given so that genetic quality of the local rice can be

improved. Indonesian plant breeders successfully

bred 180-day-old rice with productivity of 2-3 tons

/ha to 105 days old with 6-8 tons / ha productivity

such as AekSibundong a local rice varieties of North

Sumatra (Irianto, 2008). To support the

sustainability of paddy production in the regions and

the increasing of national rice production, varieties

that are adaptive to environmental conditions in the

country are needed (Hairmansis et al.2015).

Therefore, breeding efforts are needed to increase

the age of the plant to obtain higher production

intensity.

Basically, plant breeding is to choose the

character of the plant in accordance with the

breeder's purpose. Choosing or selecting plants will

be more flexible if there is extensive genetic

diversity in the population. To expand genetic

diversity can be done by several methods, including

through induction mutations, which are effective

ways to enrich GR, as well as to improve cultivars,

by changing the genetic makeup of plants using

mutagen. The aim is to obtain new properties that

are superior to the parent variety. Mutation breeding

is considered to be better for the improvement of

only a few properties by not changing most of the

properties of the original plants that have been

favoured and relatively requiring a shorter time in

the purification process (Amano, 2006 and

Ismachin, 2007).

The specific purpose of this research is to

explore and characterize the various local rice

characters of North Sumatra red rice, and followed

by characters improvement of North Sumatra upland

red rice through further breeding activities.

Characters that will be improved primarily are the

age of plants, posture, and production. While the

specific objectives of the study are as follows:

1. Getting, and collecting and consolidating the

local red rice in North Sumatra as a first step

in conservation.

Genetic Improvement of North Sumatra Upland Red Rice through Exploration and Induced Mutations

217

2. Characterization of morphology, especially

morphology of rice grain of red rice from

exploration results

3. Producing plant material for the improvement

of local red rice cultivars.

2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Research Design

The research was conducted in eight districts in

North Sumatra Province from January 2015 until

December 2016. The method included the study of

literature, interviews to the relevant agencies, the

Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture,

Indonesian Center for Rice Research Agricultural

Extension (PPL), the Village Head, and Farmer

Groups, as well as visits and interviews directly to

the Farmers fields in the District which are regional

producer of rice and have the potential existence of

local upland red rice. The research was conducted on

several stages of research activities, namely: 1)

exploration and rice collection of red rice in North

Sumatra and 2) characterization of morphology of

upland red rice in North Sumatera results of

exploration activities.

Data collected in this study were primary and

secondary data. Primary data collected directly

through interviews with respondents using a

questionnaire to determine the existence and identify

the red rice geographic, agricultural systems,

farmers' character, agronomic characters,

morphology, and production covenant, plant height,

date of harvest, production per hectare, 1000 grain

weight, grain shape, and color of grain. Secondary

data related to this study were obtained through the

agencies associated with this research. From the data

obtained, one of the best cultivars was selected

based on existing data criteria for research on

genetic improvement of North Sumatra's local

upland red rice through induced mutations.

2.2 Exploration and Collection of

Upland Red Rice of North Sumatra

Local GR rice exploration activities were carried out

in several regencies in North Sumatra Province.

Each of these districts was eligible for exploration

activities because it stores the diversity of paddy

GRwhich was preserved for years to come. Prior to

the initial exploration preliminary survey was

conducted, for data collection that contains about the

existence of local upland rice species or even wild

relatives in the area.Visited and interviewed directly

to the fields Farmers in the District which were

regional producers of rice and had the potential of

the existence of local upland red rice. Data

collection included name of cultivar, number and

origin of collection, based on predefined sampling

method. The collected cultivars are collected and

stored in cold storage.

2.3 Characterization of Grain

Morphology

Cultivars collected from farmers' fields, then

identified (characterization) and stored. A total of

22 cultivars, 21 cultivars were planted in the

experimental fieldand the green house of Faculty of

Agriculture UISU Medan and Andalas University

Padang, for evaluation, stabilization, and

characterization. Stages of observation of red rice

character were done by observing grain

quantitatively and qualitatively. All quantitative data

was determined by measuring all grain

characteristics in accordance with the rice descriptor

issued by IRRI and WARDA, 2007).

Fromquantitative data obtained, the processed with

Minitab program version 16.14 was considered

(Iriawan and Astuti, 2006).

Observations consisted of quantitative and

qualitative observation. Quantitative quantities

consisting of grain length, grain width, grain

thickness, and grain length as measured by using

digital slurry in mm, and weight of 100 grains as

measured by analytical scales in grams. While

qualitative observations consisted of grain colour

surface colour, rice colour, and shape of rice. The

data of morphological characterization (phenotypic

data) were then used for the analysis of diversity and

kinship.

2.4 Induced Mutations

This research was carried out in greenhouses and

experimental gardens of BPTP North Sumatra since

April 2016 to June 2017. The plant material used

was upland rice cultivars SigambiriMerahwhich is

one of the local rice cultivars of North Sumatra. The

seeds were irradiated with 0 Gy (control), 100, 200,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 Gy of

250 g per dose. Seed irradiation was carried out at

the Centre for Isotope and Radiation Applications,

National Nuclear Energy Agency (PAIR-BATAN),

PasarJumat, Jakarta with a radiation source γ used

by Iradiator Gamma Cell Co-60.

ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

218

2.4.1 Dosage Orientation

After the rice seeds were irradiated, each irradiation

dose of 100 seeds/ seedbed. It was observed for

three weeks to see the pattern of growth. The

parameters observed in this study are the percentage

of living seeds, seed height and root length. Lethal

Dose 50 (LD50) was obtained from the percentage

of germination, seedling height and root length data.

Data were analyzed further using DMRT.

Irradiation dose orientation activity is continued

by observing the level of sterility in M1 plants, to

get the seeds to be used as material for M2

population. In this activity, 300 seedlings / plot (4x5

m) of each irradiated dose were planted in the field

(rice field). Planting M1 of each irradiation dose

(parent plant (control), 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500

Gy) was carried out with a spacing of 25 x 25 with 1

stem per planting hole. Each dose was planted as

many as 12 plots (4 plots/replications). Observations

were made on the level of grain sterility, namely the

percentage of empty grains per panicle. Harvesting

is done by taking 3 main panicles from each plant to

be used as M2 lines.Research was using non-

factorial RBD with 3 replications.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1 Upland Red Rice Data Collected

From the exploration result that in the 11 visited

districts were obtained 22 local rice cultivars of

upland red rice, and agronomic data obtained

(Appendix).TanahKaro and Deli Serdang districts

had the largest number and varieties of upland red

rice, followed by Simalungun compared to other

districts, especially in the area around medium to

high altitude, where until now upland red rice

cultivation still maintained for generations due to

local culture. These 11 District (1) Deli Serdang; (2)

Tanah Karo; (3) SerdangBedagai; (4) Simalungun;

(5) Dairi; (6) Pakpak Bharat; (7) Samosir; (8)

HumbangHasundutan; (9) Nias Selatan; (10)

Tapanuli Selatan; and (11 Padang Sidempuan,

planting areas were situated in different ecosystems

with varying altitudes from medium to high plains

with flat, uneven to hilly topography.From the

literature data obtained local varieties (accessions)

both in BB Padi and BB Biogen that the collection

of rice plants in general in North Sumatra including

upland rice as much as 175, while the collection of

rice crops in general in Indonesia including 750 (BB

Biogen) gogo rice; 29 varieties of upland rice, and

there are 1729 local rice including 37 from North

Sumatra, but not yet explored more related to

location or area (village name), lowland, medium or

high land location, and type of wetland rice , rain-

fed, or gogo.For that still needed exploration

activities of local rice cultivars in and subsequently

carried out conservation activities and collection of

local varieties.Meanwhile, the potential for

development of upland rice in North Sumatra is

mostly located in the highlands (> 700 m asl).

In 2011, based on the temporary figures (Asem),

the area of upland rice harvest has reached 52,401

hectares with the production amount of 161,279

tons. Of this area, 77% (40,419 ha) are in the

highlands and spread in Simalungun regency

(14,708 ha), Dairi(9,056 ha), Tanah Karo (8,793 ha),

North Tapanuli (3,744 ha), Pakpak Bharat (3,465

ha), Humbanghasundutan (529 ha), and Toba

Samosir area of 124 ha (Sumatra In Numbers, 2011),

while in the lowlands, farmers no longer plant

upland rice as many turn to other more profitable

commodities such as oil palm. The farming or

cultivation system was still relatively simple and

upland rice wasplanted as intercropping plants with

some annual crops such as rubber, palm oil, and

coffee. It’s also intercropped with horticultural

plants, such as bananas, and oranges. Then the

planting sites were always altered depend on the

condition of the land or could be said as shifting

cultivation.

From this data it can be seen that the cultivation

of upland rice was still an unimportant crop,

although it generally proven to have high adaptation

and tolerance to pests and diseases while the land

was still available. This was because the field

priority of farmers to plant rice, which they would

choose irrigated rice fields first, followed by rainfed

lowland, and the last option was dry land for upland

rice cultivation.

For farmers who did not have wetland or where

rice field was limited, then dry land was choosen to

cultivate upland rice. In the other words, the

cultivation of upland rice was more directed by the

interests to fulfil farmer’s household consumption.

Harvest age was long (˃145 days), ranging from

150.00 to 180.00 days after seed (DAS), and

production was still low to moderate (1.0 - 3.5 t/ha).

All of harvest ages of cultivars could be categorized

in the age of the deep category. The higher the place

was planted; the appearance of harvest age would

tend to be longer than the plants grown on the

lowlands. Farmers tent to choose high potentially

yielding cultivars, and moderate to low plant height

characters. This was done by farmers to avoid the

Genetic Improvement of North Sumatra Upland Red Rice through Exploration and Induced Mutations

219

risk of crop failure due to lodging in the rainy

season.

The productivity of upland rice were lower

primarily due to climatic and soil conditions

varations, unoptimal cultivation technology,

especially in the use of high yielding varieties,

fertilizing and controlling blast disease (Toha,

2005;Hairmansis et al. 2015). In addition, the

decline in production was also caused by the sloping

increase in the potential yield of existing rice

cultivars. This was due to the narrowness of the

genetic diversity of existing rice cultivars as a result

of releasing many rice cultivars that were related one

to each other. This caused the existence of local rice

both wetland and upland rice, currently increasingly

abandoned farmers and threatened extinction (Toha,

2005).

North Sumatra Province had local varieties of

upland rice which was very popular as consumer

products. Local varieties were in fact a major

provider of rice in upland area of Bukit Barisan,

North Sumatra. Although there had been a lot of

upland rice varieties released by the Government,

but no one had been able to adapt well in the

highlands. High yielding varieties that had been

released, such as Situ Patenggang, Towuti, Situ

Bagendit, BatuTegi, and Limboto that had relatively

high yield potential (> 3.5 t/ha), but the level of

adaptation was still limited appropriate only in the

lowlands (< 500 mdpl) (Toha, 2006 and Yusuf,

2009).

Then, the development of upland rice planting

should consider soil conservation, productivity

levels, taste, also the resistance to pests and diseases

through modelling approaches of integrated crop

management and resource (ICM) in the area of

specific locations, to achieve food security and

sustainable agricultural systems (Toha, 2005).

Base on morphological character (phenotypic

data) of 22 local red rice cultivars, there were

variations of each cultivar as follows: Plant height

was high ˃ 125 cm (score 7) (Figure 1). Productive

tillers was classified as little ˂ 10 (score 3) ranging

from 5,78 - 9,78 tillers. Long panicle was medium

with score 20 - 30 cm to long (31 - 40 cm) ranging

from 21.7 - 35 cm.

3.2 Character of Grain Morphology

From the exploration result in 11 regencies, 22 local

rice cultivars of upland red rice from North Sumatra

were obtained. Grain morphological (lemma/palea

and seeds (caryopsis) characteristics of 19 local

upland red rice cultivars are presented in Figures 1.

Figure1: Grain and rice husked rice from the North

Sumatra red rice.

Based on the observations obtained, the longest

length of red rice grains are genotypes BM 01 and

BM 06, while the shortest is genotype BM 15. IRRI

and WARDA (2007) divide the length of grain in

three classes, ie short (<7.5 mm), medium (7.5-12

mm), and long (> 12 mm). Based on the

classification of IRRI and WARDA (2007), we

obtained short, medium and long red rice genotypes.

The result of qualitative observation on red rice

grain showed the variation between each genotype.

Grain of red rice both non-hulled and hulled had

varying surface and shape colours (Figure 1). Based

on the observation on the qualitative character, the

colour of the grain surface was generally collared

yellow straw, brownish, and brownish red.

According to IRRI and WARDA, 2007), the

colours of the grain surface were quite diverse, ie

brownish yellow, brownish white, brownish orange,

light brown, brownish red, and greenish brown.

Similarly, there are also variations on the colour of

the seed (caryopsis), namely red, pink, blackish-red

rice. Different rice colours were genetically

regulated, due to differences in genes that regulate

aleuroniccolour, endosperm colour, and starch

composition in endosperm.The shape of rice also

showed variations, which were round, semi-round,

and oval. Most of the red rice form found to be oval

followed by a semi-spherical shape and the smallest

was round.According to Putra, the colours of the

grain surface were quite diverse, namely brownish

yellow, brownish white, brownish orange, light

brown, brownish red, and greenish brown (Putra et

al. 2010). Likewise there were also variations

considering the colours of the seed (caryopsis). Most

of the hulled grains were dark red, pink, and

blackish red. According to Indrasari, different hulled

grains colours were genetically regulated due to

differences in genes that regulate aleuroniccolour,

ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

220

colour of endosperm, and starch composition in

endosperm (Indrasari, 2006).

3.3 Induced Mutations

3.3.1 Dosage Orientation

At M1 the irradiation effect can be seen in

germination percentage, growth rate and sterility

percentage. The results of γ ray irradiation at a dose

of 0 to 1000 Gy affect the germination percentage

and seedling growth. The response of the gamma ray

irradiation treatment at various doses to the

germination and growth of seedlings at the M1 stage

at age 21 DAS can be seen in Table 1 and Figure 2.

Table 1: Germination response and growth of upland red rice seedlings at various stages of γ irradiation dose at stage M1

age 21 DAS and Percentage of Sterilityat >70 DAP.

Dose Irradiation (Gy) Percentage of Growth

(%)

Plant of Height

(cm)

Length of Root (cm) Percentage of

Sterility (%)

0 99.33 a 35.1 a 12.67 a 7.49 a

100 96.67 ab 32.9 b 12.00 a 9.25 b

200 92.00 ab 32.6 b 10.67 b 9.95 c

300 89.33 ab 32.3 b 9.63 b 15.08

400 84.00 ab 27.2 c 7.33 c 17.65 e

500 82.00 b 26.4 c 6.67 c 20.12 f

600 40.00 c 12.9

5.33

700 32.00 c 6.4 e 3.57 e -

800 0.00

0.0 f 0 f -

900 0.00

0.0f 0 f -

1000 0.00

0.0f 0 f -

KK (%) 4.56

11.08 7.02

Remarks: The numbers in the same column followed by the same lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05%

level according to DMRT.

Figure 2: Curve of γ ray irradiation treatment at various

doses towards germination and growth of red rice upland

rice seedlings at M1 stage at age 21 DAS; (The Red

Arrow indicates the LD50 value).

In Table 1 and Figure 2, it is known that the

response of seed growth and germination is very

diverse. The dose of 0 Gy shows a different response

to the percentage of seed germination irradiated.

However, with increasing irradiation doses it gives a

very real response to the reduction in the percentage

of seed germination and seedling growth. Even the

irradiation dose > 500 Gy only produces a

percentage of growth below 50%, while the doses of

800, 900, and 1000 Gy are die. Death of plants after

irradiation can occur due to deterministic effects due

to gamma ray irradiation. Deterministic effects are

effects caused by cell death due to radiation

exposure (physical mutations) (Poehlman and

Sleper, 1995). The deterministic effect arises when

the dose received by the plant is above the threshold

dose and generally arises shortly after irradiation

(Ismachin, 2007). The severity of the deterministic

effect will increase if the dose received is greater

than the threshold dose. The lower the threshold

dose is closely related to the radio sensitivity of

plant genotypes. Radio sensitivity is the level of

plant sensitivity to radiation (Harten, 1998and Data,

2001). Radio sensitivity levels between genotypes

and plant conditions when irradiated vary widely.

The sensitivity to radiation can be measured

based on the lethal dose 50 (LD50), which is the

dose that causes the death of 50% of the population

of irradiated plants. The LD50 value in this study is

high (range 530 Gy). This may be due to the water

content contained in the seed before irradiating.

Seed moisture content in the storage stage before

being irradiated is 12-14%. According to Ahnstrom,

Harten, Herisonet aland Shu et al,the high and low

LD50 values are strongly influenced by the water

and oxygen content of the seeds. At the height of the

seedlings and the length of the roots it is also seen

that the higher the dose of irradiation also affects the

y=‐0,1198x+115,85

R²=0,8953

0,00

20,00

40,00

60,00

80,00

100,00

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

PercentageofGrowth

Dose ofGamma Rays (Gy)

Genetic Improvement of North Sumatra Upland Red Rice through Exploration and Induced Mutations

221

growth response(Ahnstrom, 1977;Harten, 1998;

Herisonet al. 2008 andShu et al. 2012).The growth

response of seed height and root length decreases

due to the increasing dose of irradiation. This is in

line with the opinion of Ismachin,which explains

that certain mutagen treatments in serealea have a

correlation with high M1 sprouts, M1 germination

power and mutation frequency(Ismachin, 2007).

In observing the percentage of void grain per

panicle (sterility) it was observed at various doses (0 -

500 Gy) at >70 DAPthat the higher the irradiation dose

treatment caused the increase in the percentage of

void grain per panicle. Sterility percentage treatment

of 0 Gy (7.49%) to 500 Gy (20.12%) irradiation

doses gave a significant effect on seed void

percentage per panicle, while between doses of 100

Gy (9.25%) and 200 Gy (9.95%) did not have a

significant effect(Table 1).

However, the treatment of irradiation doses

above 300 Gy caused the percentage of void to

increase significantly (˃ 15%). The response was

curve for the percentage of seed void per panicle on

M1. As well as the effect of plant radio sensitivity

on irradiation doses, the high percentage of

seedlessness per panicle is also an indicator of

physical damage due to deterministic effects of

irradiation treatment.When M1 was planted in the

field, it was seen that the plant growth pattern was

normal and there was no significant difference

between the dose of irradiation with one another.

However, irradiation affects the emptiness of seeds

in panicles. The percentage of avoid of seeds will

increase along with the increase in irradiation doses.

One thing that is highly expected in an induction

mutation is the smallest physiological damage and

the maximum frequency of mutations. This is a very

useful factor in generating genetic variability.High

radiation dose will increase the sterility of the M1

plant panicle. One thing that is really expected in an

induction mutation is the smallest physiological

damage and genetic damage. This is a very valuable

factor in producing high genetic variability. For the

purpose of induction of genetic diversity, it is

desirable to induce mutations that cause at least

chromosomal aberration, physical damage and

sterility, and at the same time be controlled to

produce the desired mutation(Datta, 2001). This

study is very useful in providing information

especially in inducing genetic diversity. Other

reports also show that the dose range of 200-300 is

an irradiation dose that is quite effective in

producing genetic diversity in rice plants such as the

Zhong-Hua-11 variety irradiated with gamma rays at

a dose of 300-350 Gy (Zhu et al. 2006), a dose of

200 Gy in Hitomebore variety (Kawaguchi, 2006),

and dosage of 200 Gy in Kuriakkusuik and

RandahPutiahvarieties (Sobrizal, 2007).

4 CONCLUSION

From the results of research, the following

conclusions can be taken:

1. Results of exploration in 11 districts obtained 22

local rice genotypes of upland red rice in North

Sumatra. Meanwhile, the potential development

of upland rice in North Sumatra is mostly located

in the highlands.

2. Grain morphology characterization results

indicated the variations on quantitative and

qualitative characters. The widest level of

diversity was obtained from the long feather

characters. Correlation analysis results showed

the correlation between some variables of

morphology of grain and caryopsis.

3. The dose range of 200-300 Gy is an irradiation

dose that is quite effective in producing genetic

diversity in rice plants. The efforts of genetic

improvement of upland red rice are currently

being implemented for SigambiriMerah varieties

through induce mutations.

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APPENDIX

Upland Red rice from exploration in Provincial of North

Sumatra Districts

Genotipe Code/

LocalName

(Accession) /

Class

Sub District/

District

Plant

height

(cm) /

AgePro

duction

(da

)

High

area

(m-

asl)

(BM01)GaraGed

Indica (Cere)

STM Hulu/

Deli Serdang

180

/180

500-

1000

(BM02) Belacan

TM/Indica(Cere)

STM Hulu/

Deli Serdang

180/170 500-

1000

(BM03) SiPote/

Japonica

Bintang Bayu/

Serdang

Bedagai

160/165 500-

1000

(BM04) SiPala/

Indica

(

Cere

)

Raya/

Simalun

180/170 500-

1000

(BM05)SiGambi

riSM/ Indica

SeribDolok/

Simalun

180/170 750-

1300

Genetic Improvement of North Sumatra Upland Red Rice through Exploration and Induced Mutations

223

(

Cere

)

(BM06)

PagaiGara/

Indica (Cere)

STM Hulu/

Deli Serdang

180/170 500-

1000

(BM07)

SiPenuh/ Indica

(Cere)

BarusJahe/

Tanah Karo

170/170 750-

1000

(BM08) Belacan

TB/ Indica

(

Cere

)

STM Hulu/

Deli Serdang

160/170 500-

1000

(BM09) SiBuah/

Indica (Cere)

Raya/

Simalungun

180/170 500-

1000

(BM10)Condong

/ Indica (Cere)

BarusJahe/

Tanah Karo

150/160 750-

1000

(BM11)

Kabanjahe/

Indica (Cere)

Brampu/Dairi 180/165 750-

1200

(BM12)

SiKembiri/

Indica (Cere)

DolatRayat/

Tanah Karo

180/175 750-

1000

(BM13)

SiLottik/ Indica

(

Cere

)

Marancar/

Tapanuli

Selatan

170/160 750-

1300

(BM14)

SiGambiri GB/

Indica

(

Cere

)

Munte/

Tanah Karo

170/165 750-

1500

(BM15) Ro’e/

onica

Sanayama/

Nias Selatan

155/160 500-

1000

(BM16)

SiKariting/

Javanica

Simanindo/

Samosir

160/165 750-

1000

(BM17)SiGambi

ri PB/ Indica

(

Cere

)

PakpakBharat/

Pakpak Bharat

165/165 750-

1000

(BM18)

EmeNajaro/

Indica (Cere)

Bakti Raja/

Hum.

Hasundutan

155

/160

750-

1000

(BM19) Eme Si

Garang2/Indica

(Cere)

Bakti Raja/

Hum.

Hasundutan

155

/160

750-

1000

(BM20)SiLabun

dong/ Indica

(

Cere

)

P. Sidempuan/

P. Sidempuan

160 /

170

750-

1200

(BM21) Si

Babimbing/

Indica

(

Cere

)

Sipirok/

Tapanuli

Selatan

160 /

170

750–

1200

(BM22) Sirata /

Indica

(

Cere

)

Kutalimbaru/

Deli Serdan

130 /

140

500-

1000

Source: Farmer’s information and field visits and

observation in the field

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