Cyber Crime in Brunei Darussalam Viewed from Sociological

Perspective

Fatimah Awg Chuchu and Muhd. Khairul Anwar Abd Gafur

Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences Universiti Brunei Darussalam

Keywords: Cybercrime, social media, defamation, bullying

Abstract: Cyber culture emerged from the use of computer technology networks for business, communication,

entertainment and research. In addition, it is also used to research various internet-related issues and new

forms of networked communication. Overall, cyberspace facilitates communication between people both

domestically and internationally. However, it also has a negative impact on the society when it is misused by

certain parties. In that connection through the cyber network, there are also many criminal activities that can

affect any party, whether individuals or societies as a whole. Cyber Crime in the context of Interpol, is a type

of crime transmitted through the internet technologies in which criminals exploit the advantages of the

technology to perform various criminal actions that have no physical boundaries either physically or

"virtually". These actions can cause serious harms that can pose a very real threat to victims around the world.

1 INTRODUCTION

Cyber culture emerged from the use of computer

technology networks for business, communication,

entertainment and research. In addition, cyber culture

is also used to research various internet-related issues

and new forms of network communication such as

social media, online community, online gaming,

mobile phone applications and including matters

related to networking, privacy and identity. Overall,

cyberspace facilitates communication between

people both domestically and internationally. From a

scientific perspective, the exchange of ideas and

materials amongst students or university lecturers can

be done quickly. However, it also has a negative

impact on the society when it is being misused by

certain parties. "In that connection through the cyber

network there are also many criminal activities that

can affect any party, whether individual or society.

Cyber Crime in the context of Interpol is a type of

crime transmitted through the internet technology

network and these criminals exploit the advantages of

the technology to perform various criminals that do

not know the boundaries either physically or

"virtually" which can cause serious harms that can

pose a very real threat to victims around the world

(International Criminal Police Organization Interpol.

Cybercrime).

In the global economic crime review report made

by PricewaterhouseCoopers, Globally, cyber crime is

the second highest crime reported in 2016 (Kris

McConkey, 2016) and the total loss from cyber crime

in 2015 globally is USD $ 158 Billion (Symantec

Corporation. 2017 Internet Security Threat Report).

From the two facts taken from the results of the

report, it is found that this crime is very heavy, and it

is a problem not only of small society but also of the

whole society in the world. Cyber crimes are directly

affecting individuals or consumers. While in

Australia and New Zealand, we have also witnessed

identity take over to be the fastest growing type of

fraud that reaches 80% of reported cases of fraud

classified in the category (Equifax. Cybercrime Fraud

Report). International companies are also major

victims of cyber crime to obtain confidential

information for profit. Data violations are

increasingly affecting stock prices, including almost

half percent decrease in company shares due to data

breach. According to Gartner, by the end of 2017,

more than half of all cyber crimes targeting the

company at Global will bypass network controls by

using "encrypted traffic".

We know that crime, such as cyber crime is not

only a minor issue but also a critical problem that can

hurt any party both domestically and internationally.

With these problems, countries have made significant

expenditures on upgrading "Cyber Security" or cyber

354

Chuchu, F. and Abd Gafur, M.

Cyber Crime in Brunei Darussalam Viewed from Sociological Perspective.

DOI: 10.5220/0008885103540361

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research (ICMR 2018) - , pages 354-361

ISBN: 978-989-758-437-4

security to monitor crimes that can hurt the

government. Brunei Darussalam is also not "immune"

from cyber-crime, and we in Brunei Darussalam have

also seen an increase in cyber crime. This crime is

also seen as a grave crime in Brunei Darussalam as it

can bring disruption to social harmony and social

security or even affect the overall economy of the

country. His Majesty the Sultan Haji Hassanal

Bolkiah has been focusing on the issue of Cyber

Crime in the king during his 68th birthday. In his

article on cyber crime, he said:

"In this context, I want to remind people of cyber

threats that are harmful to children. The Ministry of

Communications is actively working on the Online

Child Protection framework to protect children who

use the Internet from being exposed to negative

influences and cyber criminal threats."(Azlan

Othman. 2014).

The Government of Brunei Darussalam has taken

the initiative to curb this threat through education and

awareness of the dangers of this cyber crime and

should not be taken lightly. This paper will focus on

cyber crime in Brunei Darussalam viewed from the

sociological perspective and the extent to which

Brunei Darussalam Government deals with these

criminal damage efforts to enhance defence and

awareness of cyber criminal threats.

Therefore, the objectives of the study are:

1. To know the various types of cybercrime

occur in Brunei Darussalam.

2. To identify the connections between the

sociological theories and cyber crime.

3. To investigate the societies awareness on

cyber crime.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Former Education Minister, Pehin Suyoi bin Haji

Osman refers to Cyber Crime statistics derived from

the Criminal Investigation Department of the Royal

Brunei Police Force, the number of individuals

involved fall victim to Cyber Crime for the year 2017

is 207 victims and the number is rising compared with

the number in the previous year, 2016 i.e. 190

victims. Of the total victims, the 123 is their age

within 18-35 years. He argued that this was a very

worrying trend, and it does not want to see abuse of

technology, especially through social media with

negative elements. This will disrupt the various

initiatives planned by the Ministry of Education. He

also stated that the development of social media

cannot be controlled 100% and there is no denying

that social media app raises many serious challenges

to the full the community. Abuse of social media can

trigger adverse effects and can affect a person or an

organization (Azlan Othman, 2017).

The Ministry of education would like to instil

awareness about the use of social media in the school

curriculum. It aims to improve the understanding of

the elements of the moral and ethics involved in the

use of social media. Absorption of ICT into education

not only helps students gain knowledge of the

computer but also prevent them from affected

indirectly in error or fall victim to Cyber Crime. He

expects these initiatives to protect youth and prevent

youths from becoming victims by technological

advances and educate them on how to leverage social

media platform wisely and caution (Azlan Othman,

2017).

According to Protective Security Services IT

Security Services (ITPSS) CEO, Shamsul Bahri Hj

Kamis, Cyber Crime is a very serious problem and

from the statistics provided, it is very sad. We note

that this incident related to abuse through social

media in relation to the internet has increased over the

last few years. He also said a representative from the

Royal Brunei Police Force confirmed that these cases

include sexual grooming, abduction, cyber bullying

and even rape. All sexual crimes against children are

one hundred percent through internet network,

especially social media. Some cyber bullying

incidents which give large problems have been

reported to IT according to the Protective Security

Services Security Services (Nabilah Haris.2013). To

address Cyber Crime issues, he recommended

awareness campaigns should be carried out in

schools. IT Protective Security Services (ITPSS) has

been instructed to attend school visits to give lectures

along with practical sessions where speakers will

show how individuals can protect themselves when

online network the Internet. This half of the

perpetrator exploits the Malay culture that always

gives and always trusts. IT Protective Security

Services (ITPSS) is trying to make people realize that

it may not always be a good practice. Some things

should be kept in private and confidential (Nabilah

Haris. 2013).

Behind this Cyber Crime problem, Brunei

Darussalam has earned praise from the United

Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) on proactively

measures to turn the internet become safer for youth-

youth and children. Representatives of UNICEF have

stated that Brunei is the first country in Southeast

Asia in the framework of online Child Protection built

above International Telecommunication Union

(James Kon, 2017). The current law in Brunei has

made prohibition for possession of child

Cyber Crime in Brunei Darussalam Viewed from Sociological Perspective

355

pornography; causing a person under the age of 16

years to watch sexual stunts, commercial sex with a

person under 18 years in and out of Brunei, sexual

grooming, etc. This provision is one of the most

comprehensive and up to date in the region. He also

praised the Government of Brunei Darussalam has led

in educating children on the importance of practicing

good ethics and security while browsing the internet.

In addition, one of the experiments in promoting

cyber security, Authority for Info-communications

Technology Industry of Brunei Darussalam (AITI)

has launched a series of seminars on safety and ethics

awareness program Internet Cyber to two different

groups of audiences; students and also mothers or

guardians. This activity is a collaboration between the

Authority for Info-communications Technology

Industry of Brunei Darussalam (AITI) with the

Department of Schools under the Ministry of

education and Tech One Global Ltd. Seminars

includes the heading "Introduction to Cybercrime and

safety "," connect to the Internet safely "," security

threats and Attacks "," social networks "," Secure and

instant messaging "as well as" Protect Your

Environment” (AITI ensures that Brunei’s parents

and youths are aware of cyber security and internet

etiquette. 2011).

Table 1: Cyber Attacks 2011-2015, in Brunei BruCERT.

Source: BruCERT.

No. Description Percentage (%)

1. Botnet Command & Control

Serve

2. Scam 3%

3. Spam 31%

4. Website Defacemen

5. Cyber Harassment 0%

6. Malicious Software 61%

Table 2: Record the Cyber Crimes Convicted. Source:

Brunei Times.

Cited in Dr. Susanty Hj Suhaili (2016) Cyber

Security Challenge for Wellbeing Ummah.

No Crime Year Sentence Details

1. Hacking

and data

thieves

(the first

cybercrime

Cases)

2010 28 Months

Prison

Wireless

Access

Point that

is not

locked

cause

criminals

managed

to obtain

credit card

numbers

and use to

pay for

online

purchases

of Bnd

$2720.00.

2. Rape 2011 14 years in

prison / 14

Canes

Rape

under age.

Criminals

were

breaking

into

homes,

raping and

hitting a

victim

under the

age of 13.

Introducto

ry began

applicatio

n chat.

3. Cyber

Bullying

2012 10 Months

Prison

Ex-partner

has

revealed

confidenti

al pictures/

videos

with the

aim of

shaming

the latter.

4. Rape 2015 9 years Prison

/ 6 Canes

Offenders

aged 28

years,

sexual

grooming

offence

with two

boys under

recognize

the victims

from

Facebook.

5. Terrorist

Threat

2015 Halt / Under

Surveillance

Through

social

networkin

g, the

desire to

organizati

on terrorist

3 THEORIES

Computers and the internet have become common in

any society today. This new technology has resulted

in the existence of new criminal Cyber Crime. From

various angles, this criminal behavior cannot be

explained solely by a single theory but it requires

some combination of various theories related to such

crimes. Different aspects of each theory can be used

together to offset what each theory failed to explain.

Below are some of the theories that could explain

about the formation of Cyber Crime.

ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

356

3.1 Thorstein Veblen Theory of

Institutional Change: Beyond

Technological Determinism

(Classical)

The process of social change is approximately

constant and a change will result to change the other.

Overall, the process of change is inevitable. Social

change indirectly reflects the technological advances

or otherwise. Use of the internet has established the

online community that brings new social relations.

Through the use of technology, the community can

find information about the latest information. It is

common that the community communicate through

the use of mobile phones and the internet. However,

the technology also has given a new route for criminal

activity, namely Cyber Crime. This kind of crime can

be carried out from anywhere and at any time through

the use of computer technology and mobile phones

through a network connection. This technology can

facilitate criminal perpetrator to find victims such as

pornography or pornographic elements of destructive

social values and morals of society especially to the

younger generation (Olivier Brette. 2003).

3.2 General Strain Theory (Modern)

Robert Agnew said that tension leads to negative

emotions that lead to some deleterious results. The

discussions in this theory include the failure to

achieve positive goals such as property or money, the

removal of positive values such as loss of property

and also negative value propaganda presentations

such as physical abuse. The first tension saw the gap

between individual expectations and what they

actually achieved that caused disappointment and

anger. The second is when positive stimulus is

eliminated and the result is a deluge. This criminal

behavior may indicate as an attempt to facilitate or

replace the stimulus. The latter is when faced with

negative stimuli. This can cause delinquency as a way

of ending or avoiding negative stimuli (Patchin,

Justin W. and Hinduja, Sameer. 2011). Tensions do

not directly lead to crime but promote negative

emotions such as aggression and frustration. This is

directly in conjunction with "Frustration-Aggression

Hypothesis" by psychologist at Yale University. They

believe that anger arises before frustration and

frustration can be created into aggressive or non-

aggressive (Runions, Kevin C. 2013). This negative

emotion requires response as a way to relieve internal

stress. Handling through illegal behavior and violence

may be especially true for teens because of their

limited resources and the inability to escape a

disappointing environment.

3.3 Robert K. Martin’s Strain Theory

(Modern)

In contemporary societies, success may be rated

higher than goodness. He suggested that the

underprivileged or under social strata should end up

taking an honest and socially acceptable path to

discover financial success but did not succeed at last

because it was not in the same position. Slowly they

are wondering why to take the honest way where they

can gain more success through behavioral deviation

(Merton, Robert K.1938). Youths in high schools,

college or have graduated but failed to find a job are

best suited to the theory. They may see how they have

put a lot of hard work into their studies and

development of their skills but they realize that it will

not be possible for them to achieve financial success.

Therefore, they may see crime as a way of achieving

great financial success.

3.4 Jean Baudrillard Simulation

(Postmodern)

He believed that there was a time when signs of

holding and standing for something true but now they

refer to a little more than themselves. The difference

between what is real or true and what is design is the

postmodern world base. The difference between signs

and reality has erupted. It is characterized by the

implosive as distinguished from the explosion of the

production system, commodities and technology.

Therefore, just as the modern world undergoes

differentiation processes, the postmodern world can

be seen as undergoing 'dediffentiation' in the world

where signs are no longer meaningful and are

otherwise produced to symbolize meaning.

According to him, we live in a simulation age and it

leads to a breeding of an object or event (Felluga,

Dino. Modules on Baudrillard: On Simulation. 2003).

From here we can see as an example in morphing

photo - one's face can be changed or worn by another

person by wearing a different body and it is very

difficult to distinguish which one is real and fake

(Simran Singh. Riya Dutta. 2015). Jean Baudrillard

describes this postmodern world as Hyper Reality

(Felluga, Dino. Modules on Baudrillard: On

Simulation. 2003).

Cyber Crime in Brunei Darussalam Viewed from Sociological Perspective

357

4 METHODLOGY

The primary method of distribution is through a

survey done manually and via the internet, distributed

to 100 subjects consisting of 36 male respondents and

64 female respondents. In addition, the data and

significant examples for the study are obtained from

the Website, Facebook and Instagram.

5 FINDINGS

On awareness investigation, 100 questionnaires were

distributed randomly to youth comprising of 36.36%

(36) males and 63.64% female respondents. Their

ages ranged from 19 to 40 years old and possessing

various qualifications from A Level to PhD.

1. Question 4 -9 are related to cybercrime as the

knowledge, experience and awareness of

respondents towards the crime. For question

4 'how much do you know about cybercrime?'

Found that all respondents answered in a

simple environment. This means that

respondents still need input or knowledge of

cybercrime.

2. Question 5 'How many times have you been

a victim of cybercrime? Respondents'

responses vary as follows: Never 59.09% (58

respondents) 1 time 22.73% (22 persons), 2-

5 times 9.09% (10 respondents), more than 5

times 9.09% (10 respondents). More than half

of the respondents have yet to experience

cybercrime.

3. Question 6 'How safe do you feel about your

information, when you are?' Happy 22.73%

(23 respondents), no 54.55% (54

respondents) and 22.73% (23 respondents)

answered did not know. In this context,

respondents still need information disclosure

regarding the information security that is

documented in their respective accounts.

4. Question7 ‘What type of cybercrime that

often happen in Brunei?’ Trojan or malware

31.82% (32 respondents,) Auto generated

mails to inbox: 13.64% (14 respondents),

Publishing obscure materials on profiles

9.09% (9 respondents), confidential reports/

information being hacked: 13.64% (13

respondents), never experience such

situations: 27.27% (27 respondents). Others

specified: Sexual Harassment 4.55% (5

respondents). There are various kinds of

cybercrime found in the social media.

5. Question 8 ‘Do you think that the laws in

effect are able to control cyber criminals?’

Agree 31.82% (32 respondents), Disagree

9.09% (8 respondents). Neutral: 59.9% (60

respondents).

6. Question 9 ‘What actions should be taken to

counter this issue?’ Report to the authority:

31.82% (32 respondents) Increase the

awareness through education: 31.82% (32

respondents) Be vigilant on giving personal

information: 36.36% (36respondents)

6 ANALYSIS

The types of cybercrime found in this study are credit

card fraud, defamation or intent to ridicule, cyber

bullying, and unhealthy services. To see the

application of theories on a Cyber Criminal suit, we

will make the link with the Cyber Crime issues that

have taken place in Brunei Darussalam. This analysis

will focus on references found in the press and also in

social media. For example, if in view of the theory of

postmodern simulation Jean Baudrillard together

with modern strain theory of Robert K. Martin, both

theories can be applied to analyse a credit card fraud

case ever happened in Brunei Darussalam. "A

Filipino citizen were taken to the magistrate's Court

on May 4 under charges of hacking into online

internet connection without permission and using

stolen credit cards to make online purchase value in

BND $ According to Police statement 2,720.00. Royal

Brunei, early last month, the perpetrator who lives

next to TMN homeowner rentals. From there, the

perpetrator hack internet connection without the

permission of the owner of the rental home. Visit the

web site and the perpetrator intentionally cheating

website owners where the perpetrator uses a stolen

ked credit to make purchases and lead website

owners to approvethe sale and purchase transaction.

Of the activities performed, the perpetrator in 72 in

court for committing an offence punishable under

section 6 (1) (a) computer misuse Act and under

section 420 of the Penal Code. The perpetrator was

found guilty and sentenced to 6 months imprisonment

on the first offence and receives a sentence of

imprisonment for a 22.5 month more oversight

blames use credit card “(First Cybercrime

Conviction in Brunei. 2010).

From the examples given above, based on the

perspective of cybercrime, perpetrator was driven on

the convenience of shortcuts to earn money easily and

without calculating the risks taken. The perpetrator

took the less honest path because in the eyes of the

ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

358

perpetrator, he will not find anything even if he does

good job honestly or decides to take the road

deviation. The perpetrator feels tense due to his social

strata condiition in the country that he thinks that the

road deviation is the best way to earn money. The

perpetrator also sees that he is indirectly in Hyper

Reality where he believes he can escape since the

criminal activity he carries out is through virtual

cyber world. Therefore, Robert K. Martin's Strain

Theory and Jean Baudrillard Simulation can be

applied to explain the steps of the perpetrator as well

as elements that induce the perpetrator to do so in a

practical way.

Examples of other cases were related to slander or

intend to aggravate to happen to the leader of the

country Sultan of Brunei Darussalam. According to a

report from the Jakarta Metro Police "Sultan Haji

Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzadin Waddaulah has made a

report against user Instagram in Indonesia as

defamation. The complainant was at the Hotel South

Mahakam, Jakarta Post Instagram look by a user

name ' Anti-Hassanal ' filled photos victim (Sultan)

with contents that promote hate. The identity of the

perpetrator has not been identified” (Teguh

Firmansyah. 2018). Based on the examples of

criminal cases, it can be associated with the theory of

General Strains (GST) and Thorstein Veblen's Theory

of Institutional Change: Beyond Technological

Determinism. From the example, it was found that the

cause that drives the perpetrator to do so is because of

the negative elements influenced by frustration and

anger as encouragement to do the deviation. The

perpetrator will be releasing frustration through cyber

and using social media for making defamatory etc

(Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis). The perpetrator

does defamation through the internet to hide its

identity. The perpetrator also uses instagram to

channel negative activities for the establishment of

new communities and expecting other individuals to

agree with him.

The next example plunges more to cyber

bullies which an individual has been the subject of

bullying victims in social media and defamation.

These activities are none other than mission-

Character Assassination directly and the perpetrator

is usually not an individual but a cluster building

virtual communities on the network, the internet. This

often occurs in any social media outlets like

Facebook, Twitter or Instagram. As the second

example, closely related theories to explain this cyber

bullying was General Strain Theory (GST) as well as

Thorstein Veblen's Theory of Institutional Change:

Beyond Technological Determinism. The picture

below is an example of cyber bullying taken from

social media. As with the second example, the closely

related theory to explain cyberbullying is General

Strain Theory (GST) and also Thorstein Veblen's

Theory of Institutional Change: Beyond

Technological Determinism. The photos below are

examples of cyber bullying taken from social media.

The example above shows that an individual has

made a community commitment and mission-to

lower in fact, intends to destroy the victim through the

application of social outlet; worse than this citation

and mocked a phenomenon in other countries. Such

cybercrimes are closely related to theories such as

Thorstein Veblen's Theory of Institutional Change:

Beyond Technological Determinism because crime

committed not in the victim's country but in other

countries. This means that technology has facilitated

perpetrators to commit crimes through the internet

anywhere or any time. While the event is associated

with the theory of Robert Agnew at General Strain

Theory (GST), from the example above, the

perpetrator was bound by jealousy that sets a negative

pressure to produce feelings of anger and hatred to the

victims. The perpetrator eventually sees cyber

bullying as a way out for easing the tension that is

experiencing. This is already a commonplace with the

facilities like internet network, they are used either for

the benefit and will provide facilities to the

community or used as a channel to make crime and

activities that deviate. This can be considered as

Abuse Technology. The following are other examples

of pictures showing social applications used to give

unhealthy deviant services.

Cyber Crime in Brunei Darussalam Viewed from Sociological Perspective

359

What we obtained from the two pictures above are the

sex services offered through social applications that

are quite popular i.e. Wechat. This often happens

where this service will find its customers and will tell

you in detail about the payment and the place to

perform this unhealthy activity. What is dangerous

about social apps like this is that it is accessible to any

individual regardless of age and career. Young people

particularly vulnerable to such issues are gradually

feared to be affected by the deviant service. Examples

of such issues can be attributed to Robert K. Martin's

Strain Theory as well as Thorstein Veblen's Theory

of Institutional Change: Beyond Technological

Determinism. That technology has been abused to

find negative elements that not only damage an

individual but also a society. From that, it is

concluded that such social problems reflect the

disadvantages of technology such as the internet

because its main goal is deviant. In addition, Robert

K. Martin's Strain Theory also pointed out that this

abuse is one of the ways to make money in a

convenient way and not take risks and impact on

society. The perpetrators feel that working honestly is

not worth because it does not find high profits and is

required not to be the same as carrying out these

unhealthy activities.

7 CONCLUSION

Based on this study, it is found out that Brunei

Darussalam is not exempted from the technology

related crime known as cybercrime. The types of

cybercrime found in this study are credit card fraud,

defamation or intent to ridicule, cyber bullying, and

unhealthy services. The illustrated examples reflected

in this study are appropriately connected to the

sociological theories introduced by Robert Agnew,

Robert K. Martin and Jean Baudrillard. Based on the

results of the Questionnaires, it is very important to

create awareness on cybercrime as it can educate

people on how to handle and solve cybercrime issues.

Through formal education, the incorporation of

cybercrime into the school curriculum is very

significant and relevant. It is the duty of government

and other stakeholder to work together to overcome

the cybercrimes from widespread.

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Cyber Crime in Brunei Darussalam Viewed from Sociological Perspective

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