Effect of Herbicide Application on Asystasia Gangetica and

Ottochloa Nodosa in Young Oil-palm Plantation

Asmanizar, Aldy Waridha, Edy Sumantri and Rizky Budiarto

Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara, Jl. S.M.Raja, Medan, Indonesia

Keywords: herbicide application, Asystasiagangetica, Ottochloanodosa, young oil-palm plantation

Abstract: A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of herbicide application on Asystasiagangetica and

Ottochloanodosa in young oil-palm plantation. Experimental plots with the size of 3 x 3 m

each were laid

in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The summed dominance ratio of A. gangetica

and Ottochloanodosa were 32 and 37%, respectively. The treatments were Glyphosate-isopropyl

ammonium 1.5 l/ha + Metsulfuron-methyl 150 g/ha; paraquat dichloride 2 l/ha and 2,4-D Dimethyl amine

2.5 l/ha and untreated control (water). The percentage of weed yellowing, weed killed, weed re-growth and

wet weight and dry weight of weed was found to be significantly affected by herbicide application

compared to untreated control. The result showed that Paraquat dichloride (2 l/ha) caused high weed

yellowing on A. gangetica and O. nodosa (88.66 and 85%) at 4 Days After Treatment (DAT). Glyphosate-

isopropyl ammonium 1.5 l/ha + Metsulfuron-methyl 150 g/ha caused low effect on A. gangetica and O.

nodosa killed at initial (7 DAT) observation (21.66 and 13.33 %, respectively), but the percentage of weed

killed increased consistently until 28 DAT (100 and 68.33%, respectively). Application of 2,4-D Dimethyl

amine 2.5 l/ha caused weed re-growth to be low on A. gangetica (2.66%) whilst, Glyphosate-isopropyl

ammonium 1.5 l/ha + Metsulfuron-methyl 150 g/ha and Paraquat Dichloride 2 l/ha was 17.66 and 38.33%,

respectively. Paraquat dichloride 2 l/ha showed good effect at 7 DAT on O. nodosa, but there was high

weed re-growth at 58 DAT (95%).

1 INTRODUCTION

Weeds competed with cultivated crops for nutrients,

such as water, light and space can result in

significant crop losses. Weed infestation is severe

especially during young stage of oil palm. Among

different noxious weed species, Asystasiagangetica

is frequently found in oil palm plantation (Samedani

et al., 2013). Asystasiaganetica begins to be

considered harmful because it can reduce yields on

pineapple and palm oil. The weed spreads very

quickly in most plantation (Wibawa et al., 2009)

Asystasiagangetica is classified as noxious weed

because of its ability to produce many seeds, and it

is very difficult to be controlled. It suppresses oil

palm yield by 13% (Rajanratmam et al., 1979).

Ottochloanodosa is a tanned leafy annual grass that

forms a "sheet". The flower is purple, shaped like a

panicle with branches similar to the shape of barbed

wire, growing in all directions. These weeds can

produce many small seeds and are easily carried

away by processing equipments and the population

is easily dispersed. It is one of the dominant weeds

in Bangun Bandar Palm Oil Plantation (Tantra and

Santoso, 2016). Ottochloanodosa despite grows

from the seeds, can also be reproduced by stems,

especially at the bottom of soil, forming new roots

and shoots (Nasution, 1986

). Therefore, it is

difficult to eradicate mechanically.

Weed control by using herbicides is recognized

to be an economical practice in oil palm plantations.

It can reduce reliance on manpower for hand

weeding which can delay operations in time of

scarcity. Glyphosate and paraquat is a

broadspectrum herbicide that is often used to control

weeds in oil palm plantation (Tjitrosoedirdjo et al.,

1984; Wibawa et al., 2009). Glyphosate is a

systemic herbicide and acts as cell division and

photosynthetic inhibitor.

The purpose of this study is to determine the

effectiveness of some herbicides for weed control of

A. gangeticaand O. nodosa.

Asmanizar, ., Waridha, A., Sumantri, E. and Budiarto, R.

Effect of Herbicide Application on Asystasia Gangetica and Ottochloa Nodosa in Young Oil-palm Plantation.

DOI: 10.5220/0008882501030106

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research (ICMR 2018) - , pages 103-106

ISBN: 978-989-758-437-4

103

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field trial was set up in the Immature Plants Palm

Oil Plantation, PT. FajarAgung Lestari North

Sumatera, PerbaunganSerdangBedagai. The study

was conducted on 6 April to 10 June 2017.

Experimental plots with each size of 3 x 3 m

were

laid in a randomized complete block design with 3

replications. The summed dominance ratio ofA.

gangetica and Ottochloanodosa were 32 and 37%,

respectively. The other weeds were

Puerariajavanica(15%) and mixed of Cynodonsp,

Colocasiasp, Centrocemasp (14%).

The treatments were Glyphosate-isopropyl

ammonium 1.5 l/ha + Metsulfuron-methyl 150 g/ha;

Paraquat dichloride 2 l/ha; 2,4-D Dimethyl amine

2.5l/ha and untreated control (water). Spray volume

was 450 l/ha using conventional Solo Knapsack

Sprayer with red flat-fan nozzle of 5/64 inch orifice

diameter, 1-1.5 bars pressure. Assessments were

done on percent yellowing of treated weeds at 3 days

after treatment (DAT) and percentage of weeds

killed was carried out at 7, 14, 21, 28 DAT. Re-

growth of weed was evaluated at 30, 44 and 58

DAT. Wet and dry weight of weed were also

evaluated at 58 DAT (from square quadrate of 0.5

x0.5m).

One-way ANOVA was done to determine the

effect of treatments on the weed. If ANOVA results

were significant, LSD Test (P = 0.05) were used to

separate the means. Data of weed yellowing, weed

control and re-growth was normalized

5.0x

(Gomez & Gomez, 1984) before analysis. All

statistical analyses were run on the MINITAB

Statistical Package (Minitab vol.16, 2010).

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Herbicides affected weed yellowing. Both A.

gangetica and O. nodosa showed high weed

yellowing (up to ±80%) caused by Paraquat

dichloride 2 l/ha, whilst 2,4-D Dimethyl amine

2.5l/ha caused of 57.33 and 76.66%, respectively.

Application of Glyphosate-isopropyl ammonium 1.5

l/ha + Metsulfuron-methyl 150 g/ha caused lowest

A. gangetica and O. nodosa yellowing (23.33 and

43.33%) (Table 1).

The high effect of Paraquat dichloride 2 l / ha on

A. gangetica and O. nodosa showed yellowing of

leaves, and some of them were brown, even black ,

especially leaves at weed canopy. However, the

leaves, stems and branches on the bottom position

were still alive. Paraquat dichloride is a contact

herbicide acting by inhibition of respiration and

photosynthesis, destroying the plants foliar system

(Sebayang, 2005).

Application of 2,4-D Dimethyl amine 2.5 l / ha

caused 100% of A. gangeticakilled at 21 DAT. It

might causea selective herbicides, poisonous

especially to broadleaf weeds, mainly absorbed by

leaf and also through the soil. Whilst, Glyphosate-

isopropyl ammonium 1.5 l/ha + metsulfuron-methyl

150 g/ha caused lowest A. gangeticakilled at 7 DAT,

and it increased consistently up to 100% at 28 DAT.

Glyphosate is a systemic herbicide and it is much

more effective against weed with translocated

readily through the plant. Paraquat dichloride

generally seems to be similar effective with 2,4-D

Dimethyl amine 2.5 l/ha in controlling A. gangetica.

Paraquat dichloride 2l/ha caused high effect onO.

nodosakilled (up to 80%) at 7 DAT, whilst

Glyphosate-isopropyl ammonium 1.5 l/ha +

metsulfuron-methyl 150 g/ha and 2,4-D Dimethyl

amine 2.5 l/ha only caused weed killed 13.33 and

33.33%, respectively. Application of 2,4-D

Dimethyl amine showed weed killed ranging 30 to

40% until 28 DAT, but Glyphosate-isopropyl

ammonium 1.5 l/ha + metsulfuron-methyl 150 g/ha

showed weed killed until 28 DAT and it caused

68.33% of weed killed. Generally, herbicides of 2,4-

D Dimethyl amine 2 l/ha showed less effective in

controlling O. nodosa (Table 1). According to

Nasution (1986

) 2.4-D compounds included in

selective herbicides, are toxic especially to broadleaf

plants. The selectivity properties of 2,4-D herbicides

occur on the basis of recovery in broad-leaved plants

greater than that in tanning plants due to interception

and higher spray solution retention.

Paraquatdichloride 2 l/ha showed high effect at

early evaluation, but it decreased the effect at 14, 21,

and 28 DAT. Control of O. nodosa with a paraquat

herbicide did not show effective results because the

stolen part of weeds was not exposed to herbicides.

Consequently, new leaves continued to grow in the

next period. According to Wibawa et al. (2009),

some annual grasses may only be temporarily

suppressed by paraquaat, because the low and

enclosed growing points are not contacted by the

spray.

A 38.33% A. gangetica re-growth was observed

in the Paraquat dichloride 2 l/ha application.

Observation at 58 DAT also indicated the faster re-

growth duration than other application due to their

relatively higher dry weights at 58 DAT (Table 2).

Application 2,4-D Dimethyl amine on A.

gangetica(Table 2) showed the lowest weed re-

ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

104

growth (2.66%). The herbicide was a

selectiveherbicides, poisonous especially to

broadleaf weeds, mainly absorbed by leaf and also

through the soil.

The higher O. nodosa re-growth showed when it

was applied with 2,4-D Dimethyl amine 2.5 l/ha

(95%). According to Nasution's (1986ᵃ), the 2,4-D

herbicide belongs to a selective herbicide, poisonous

especially to broadleaf plants. Therefore, O. nodosa

could dominate the area which was A. gangetica

controlled. Wet and dry weight of O. nodosa were

associated with the re-growth of O. nodosa at 58

DAT (Table 2). The heaviest wet weight of all

herbicides treatments was found in treatment 2,4-D

Dimethyl amine 2.5 l / ha (392 g), and it caused the

observation of 58 DAT thatO. nodosa re-growth

reached 95%.

The lowest O. nodosa re-growth was shown at

application of Glyphosate-isopropyl ammonium 1.5

l/ha + Metsulfuron-methyl 150 g/ha (50%), but the

lowest wet and drry weight result was Paraquat

dichloride 2 l/ha; this is caused at the time of re-

growth observation, O. nodosa coverage was less,

but the composition of leaves and stems in the lower

layer was higher than that of paraquat dichloride 2 l /

ha. Thus the wet and dry weight of O. nodosacaused

by Glyphosate-isopropyl ammonium 1.5 l/ha +

Metsulfuron-methyl 150 g/ application is more

severe.

Tabel 1: Herbicides application effect on A. gangetica andO. nodosa (% yellowing and killed).

Herbicides

Weed

Yellowing (%)

Weed Killed (%)

A.g.

O.n.

A.g. O.n.

DAT

Control

0 c

0 c 0 c 0 b 0 c 0 b 0 c 0 b

0 b 0 c

Glyphosate-isopropyl

ammonium 1.5 l/ha +

Metsulfuron-methyl

150 g/ha

23.33

43.33

21.66

75 a 91 ab 100 a 13.33

53.33

61.66 a

68.33 a

Paraquat dichloride 2

l/ha

81.66

85.00

78.33

80.33

83.33

93.33

80.66

68.33

55 a 25 b

2,4-D dimethyl amine

2.5l/ha

57.33

76.66

85 a 100 a 100 a 33.33

38.33

40 a 30 b

Means in a column followed by different letters are significantly different (P = 0.05) by LSD Test.

A.g. (Asystasiagangetica); O.n. (Ottochloanodosa)

Tabel 2: Herbicides application effect on A. gangetica andO. nodosa (% regrowth and wet, dry weight).

Herbicides

Re-growth (%) Weight (58 DAT)

A.g. O.n. A.g. O.n.

DAT

Wet (g) Dry (g) Wet

(g)

Dry (g)

Control

0 0

0 b 0 c 0 c 0 c 110.66 a 15.13 a 131.33

32.84 b

Glyphosate-

isopropyl

ammonium 1.5 l/ha

+ Metsulfuron-

methyl 150 g/ha

0 8.33ab 17.66ab 31.66 b 38.33 b 50 b 29.33ab 2.49 b 280.33

76.67ab

Paraquat dichloride

2 l/ha

18.33 28.33

38.33 a 55ab 61.66ab 70ab 58ab 6.99ab 276.33

76.63ab

2,4-D dimethyl

amine 2.5l/ha

0 1.66 b 2.66 b

71.66

86.66

95 a 0 b 0 b 392 a 111.28 a

Means in a column followed by different letters are significantly different (P = 0.05) by LSD Test.

A.g. (Asystasiagangetica); O.n. (Ottochloanodosa)

Effect of Herbicide Application on Asystasia Gangetica and Ottochloa Nodosa in Young Oil-palm Plantation

105

4 CONCLUSIONS

All of the treatedherbicides showed similar control

of A. gangetica with a 90-100% weed killed, but

2,4-D dimethyl amine showed better results because

it showed that the re-growth was less (2.66%).

Herbicide ofGlyphosate-isopropyl ammonium 1.5

l/ha + Metsulfuron-methyl 150 g/ha showed good

control on A. gangetica and O. nodosa, but this

weed showed a high land dominate after A.

gangetica was controlled.Paraquat dichloride 2 l/ha

showed immediate effect both on A. gangetica and

O. nodosa, but it also caused high O. nodosa re-

growth.

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