The Relationship between Meeting the Needs of Education

and the Aspirations of Education by the Parent and Child

Marhaeni Mega Wijayanti and Tuti Budirahayu

Sociology Department, Universitas Airlanggaa, Surabaya, Indonesia

Keywords: Family Program Expectations, Poor Families, the Aspirations of Parents.

Abstract: The low rate of education in Indonesia has prompted the government to promote Family Hope Program or

Program Keluarga Harapan (henceforth PKH) for the poor and very poor. This program is directed to

extremely poor households who have children of school age by giving them Conditional Cash Transfers

(henceforth CCT). The majority of the beneficiaries or the parents have to understand that the funds are for

the education of their children and not for everyday needs. The implementation and management of CCT

funds has proven to be ineffective, judging by the number of minors who have not completed compulsory

education. Multiple studies have been conducted in order to understand the correlation between the three

variables; (1) the degree of the fulfilment of the basic needs of education, (2) the aspirations of the parents

regarding their child's education and (3) the level of understanding of the expectations of the family program

on the pattern of the use of funds by the parents. Samples were taken from the village community of Randegan,

in Tanggulangin sub-district of Sidoarjo regency in East Java. This study conducted a survey research

questionnaire using an explanatory type approach.

1 INTRODUCTION

Poverty reduction programs and various government

assistance has been designed year by year. The

assistance is in the form of cash or the provision of

life support facilities. The fundamental reason for the

Government aggressively creating the program is the

high poverty rate in Indonesia. In 2016, BPS

registered that (10.86%) of the Indonesian people are

poor. Therefore, the government promoted

Conditional Cash Transfers (henceforth CCT)

program. In addition, the government has also

launched Family Hope Program or Program

Keluarga Harapan (henceforth PKH) for the poor

and very poor.

The launching of PKH is basically a dilemma,

there has been CCT as the main poverty reduction

program. The purpose of the CCT itself, among

others, is to reduce the number of child workers in

Indonesia who have responded quite positively to the

Indonesian people and to increase the school

enrolment rate, especially for children belonging to

very poor households. The purpose of the CCT is

based on the ILO Convention number 138, where the

ILO Convention says that individuals aged 15 years

and under are not allowed to work in any form. This

program is considered to be effective because it has

reduced the costs of parents sending their children to

school.

However, PKH is not running according the

program’s objectives. Since there are some children

from certain families that are not attending school.

Indeed, as reported by the Indonesian Statistic Bureau

(henceforth BPS) in 2015, around 5.99% of

Indonesian children being in labour and therefore did

not attend school. In addition, the financial benefits

of children who joined the CCT were much lower

than those who did not participate in it the short- and

medium-term. Only the long-term financial benefits

for the majority of the program’s participants were

greater than the number of participants who did not

participate. The subsidies were too low and too short

to enable the children go to school. PKH is less

effective as well, as the government does not pay

attention to the problems experienced by each

individual.

A problem analysis was not done for the actual

requirements. This is because it can be seen that the

focus of the program is on education and health. This

study aims to determine the level of satisfaction of the

basic needs of education, the aspirations of the

parents for their children's education and the family

200

Wijayanti, M. and Budirahayu, T.

The Relationship Between Meeting the Needs of Education and the Aspirations of Education by the Parent and Child.

DOI: 10.5220/0008819002000204

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Contemporary Social and Political Affairs (ICoCSPA 2018), pages 200-204

ISBN: 978-989-758-393-3

program’s comprehension level of the expectations

(PKH) on the pattern of use of the funds by the

parents.

2 METHODOLOGY

This study was a survey research questionnaire using

an explanatory type approach. The study population

was the entire group of beneficiaries of the family

hope (PKH) in the village of Randegan, in

Tanggulangin sub-district of Sidoarjo. The sampling

was determined using quota sampling, consisting of

50 respondents who were the mothers from

beneficiary families (PKH). The data was analysed

using non-parametric statistics. Randegan village was

chosen as the test site and not at random, but because

of the variations in the composition of the population.

The methods of the data analysis on the results of

the statistical processing were done to ensure that the

questionnaire had completeness, writing, clarity of

meaning, consistency, relevance and uniformity of

the data entity as a whole. Both coding processes will

facilitate the data analysis. The third simplification of

data was used to classify the data by entering it into

SPSS for easier analysis. This study examined the

relationship between the degree of the fulfilment of

the basic needs of education, the aspirations of the

parents concerning their child's education and the

family program’s comprehension levels and

expectations (PKH) of the pattern of use of the funds

by parents. In this study, the researchers used the

Spearman Rho non-parametric statistic test.

Spearman's rho was used because the researchers

believe that the correlation between the variables

studied was monotonic, and not linear or non-

monotonic. Monotonic means that the variables move

in a common direction relative terms and are not

constant. A monotonic relationship between the

variables means that the observed variables move up

and down in the same direction but not at the same

speed.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

This section described the findings of the research

and analyzed that the probability value arising from

the relationship between the level of satisfaction of

the basic needs of education and the patterns of use of

the funds by parents indicates a significant

relationship.

3.1 Characteristics of Respondents

The respondents who were targeted in this research

were housewife’s from very poor households

(RSTM) who received funds from PKH. The special

characteristic of the household's mother was that she

should have school age children. Randegan Village in

the district of Tanggulangin in Sidoarjo regency was

chosen as the study site based on the development of

the CCT beneficiaries (Non-Eligible) in Sidoarjo

regency. Tanggulangin is classified as a high enough

area where children did not significantly attend

school in 2014. Moreover, Sidoarjo regency is

immediately adjacent to the city of Surabaya, as an

example of an education center in East Java that has

a relatively good education level.

3.2 Wide Level Requirements With

Regard to the Use of Funds PKH

The parents wanted to get help from PKH, for

different motivational reasons. This is associated with

the theory of motivation created by Abraham

Maslow:

 Physiological needs (physiological needs),

such as hunger, thirst, rest and sex;

 Need for security (safety needs); not in the

physical sense, but also mentally,

psychologically and intellectually;

 The need for affection (love needs);

 The need for self-esteem (esteem needs), which

is generally reflected in various status symbols

and

 Self-actualization (self-actualization), in terms

of the availability of opportunities for someone

to develop the potential contained within into

real abilities.

The interpretation of Maslow's Hierarchy of

Needs is often represented in the form of a pyramid

with the more basic needs at the bottom. Someone

should therefore gradually achieve self-actualization.

3.3 Why Use CCT Funds as the Cost of

Children's Education

It is known from the research that all of the

beneficiaries (100%) were allocated the cost of

education. However, the housewives in the village

had specific reasons. Based on the data in the table

above, it appears that the reason that the majority of

mothers put their children into education was to

improve the lot of the families (94%). Providing

education to meet their child’s needs made up a very

small percentage compared to the first reason,

The Relationship Between Meeting the Needs of Education and the Aspirations of Education by the Parent and Child

201

amounting to (6%). Based on the above table, it can

be concluded that the reason for the mothers to

educating their children is the hope that the child can

improve their family's fate.

Table 1: The reason the mother gives the child's education.

Categories of

reasons

Frequency

valid

Percent

Cumulative

percent

Because of the need

6.0

To improve the lot

94.0

100.0

Total

100.0

Before explaining more about the aspirations of

the parents and the pattern of the use of PKH funds

by the parents. The author has presented some of the

data about the various responses related to PKH and

the housewives.

Table 2: Originally information PKH.

Categories of origin

information

Frequency

valid

Percent

Cumulative

percent

Fellow Neighbours

14.0

Fellow

2.0

16.0

Companion

84.0

100.0

Total

100.0

Based on the above table, it can be seen that by

(84%), 42 of the 50 housewives knew about the PKH

assistance program through a companion. (14%) of

their knowledge came from their neighbors.

According to the table, the health and education

of the children dominate the housewives’ answers,

indicating that the CCT is intended to offset the cost

in the field, and out of 50, 38 mothers (76%) answered

in that category. Meanwhile, knowing that the

purpose of the CCT was actually for their child's

education was equal to (4%) only.

3.4 Relationship between Levels of

Education Meeting the Basic Needs

Fund Usage Pattern by Parents

Educational needs are included in the hierarchy as

self-actualization and self-esteem needs. Although it

has been disseminated that the use of PKH funds are

for the educational needs of children, many of the

recipients allocate the funds for other needs, such as

health needs and the needs of everyday life.

Based on the probability value arising from the

relationship between the level of satisfaction of the

basic need of education related to the patterns of use

of the funds by the parents, there is a significant

relationship. This can be seen from the value of the

probability of 0.01, which indicates a number equal

to or with an alpha error level of 0.01. A significant

relationship can also be seen from the sign (**) on the

correlation coefficient.

From the table above, it can be seen that the

strength of the relationship between the degree of

satisfaction of the basic need of education related to

the pattern of the use of funds by parents has a

significant correlation. This is shown in the figures

for 0437, in which the figure shows a correlation or

relationship that is reasonable because the number is

below 0.5. This is between the level of satisfaction of

the basic need of education and the pattern of the use

of funds by parents. The sign (**) indicates the

direction of the relationships that exist between the

level of satisfaction of the basic need of education and

the pattern of the use of funds by parents, which was

positive. The higher the level of satisfaction of the

basic need of education, the higher the pattern of the

use of funds by the parents for education and vice

versa.

3.5 Relationship between Aspirations

Parents Against Patterns Use of

Funds by Parents

The next explanation is about the relationship

between the aspirations of the parents and the pattern

of the use of funds by the parents analysed using the

Spearman Rho statistical test via SPSS. We got the

results of the analysis as follows:

Based on the probability value arising from the

relationship between the aspirations of the parents

against the pattern of the use of the funds by parents,

there is a significant relationship. This can be seen

from the value of the probability being 0.01, which

indicates a number equal to the alpha error level of

0.01. A significant relationship can also be seen in the

sign (**) on the correlation coefficient.

From the table above, it can be seen that the

strength of the relationship between the aspirations of

the parents against the pattern of use of the funds is

correlated. This is shown in the figure of 0456, in

which the figure shows a correlation or relationship

that is reasonable because the number is below 0.5,

which is between the aspirations of the parents and

the pattern of the use of the funds. The sign (**)

indicates that the direction of the relationships that

exist between the aspirations of the parents and the

pattern of the use of the funds by the parents is

negative. The higher the aspirations of the parents, the

less likely it is that the CCT funds will be used for

education and vice versa.

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3.6 Understanding the Relationship

between Level of Family Hope

Program (PKH) Pattern Against

Use of Funds by Parents

The relationship between the level of understanding

of the Family Program (PKH) and the pattern of the

use of funds by parents was analyzed using the

Spearman Rho statistical test through SPSS. We got

the following results in the analysis:

Based on the probability value arising from the

relationship between the level of understanding of the

Family Program (PKH) and the pattern of use of the

funds by parents, there is a significant relationship.

This can be seen in the value of the probability being

0.01, which indicates a number that is equal to the

alpha error level of 0.01. A significant relationship

can also be seen in the sign (**) on the correlation

coefficient.

From the table above, it can be seen that the

strength of the relationship between the level of

understanding of the Family Program (PKH) and the

pattern of the use of funds by the parents has a

correlation. This is shown in the figure of 0335, which

shows a correlation or relationship that is reasonable

because the number is below 0.5. This is between the

level of understanding of the Family Program (PKH)

and the pattern of the use of funds by the parents. The

sign (**) indicates that the direction of the existing

relationship between the level of understanding of the

Family Program (PKH) and the pattern of the use of

funds is negative. The higher the level of

understanding of the Family Hope Program (PKH),

the lower the CCT fund usage patterns by parents on

education and vice versa.

3.7 Relationship between Education

Level Meeting the Basic Needs,

Aspirations Parents Against Child

Education, Comprehension Level

Family Hope Program (PKH)

Pattern Against Use of Funds by

Parents

X1 is the basic requirement level of education, X2 is

the aspirations of the parents for children's education,

and X3 represents the level of understanding of the

parents. The three variables influence the parents in

the use of the aid funds.

Based on the results of the correlation between the

degree of the fulfilment of the basic needs of

education (X1) on the pattern of use of funds by

parents in mind, there is a negative relationship

between the two variables. This is where the higher

the level of satisfaction of the basic needs of

education, the lower the pattern of use of the funds by

the parent with a correlation coefficient of 0.163. It is

known that the higher the level of the aspirations of

the parents concerning their child's education, the

higher the pattern of the use of funds by the parents.

Out of the three variables, the correlation

coefficient was highest for the family program

expectations (PKH) on the pattern of the use of funds

by the parents. This is because the parents have to

understand that the funds are for the education of their

children, and not for everyday needs.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Here are the conclusions of the studies in order to

explain the degree of the fulfillment of the basic needs

of education, the aspirations of the parents concerning

their children's education, the family program’s

comprehension level expectations (PKH) and the

aforementioned factors influence on the pattern of the

use of funds by the parents. (1) It is known that the

strength of the relationship between the degree of

satisfaction of the basic needs of education and the

patterns of the use of funds by the parents has a

correlation. The parents allocate and use the money

properly to finance their child's education. (2) The

direction of the relationship between the aspirations

of the parents against the pattern of the use of funds

by the parents was negative. That is, the higher the

aspirations of the parents, the lower the CCT fund

usage patterns toward education and vice versa and

(3) The high aspirations of the parents concerning the

CCT funds show that the parents have to understand

that the funds are for the education of their child and

not for everyday needs.

PKH provides assistance directly to the

community for the betterment of society. Noting the

conclusion of the research results, we recommend to

related agencies that when implementing the CCT

implementation plan, we should modify and create

variations of the pattern of the use of funds for

community groups in the hope that the family

program recipients use the funds more effectively.

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