Development of Village by Social Capital and Community

Participation to Be Independent Village

Tri Siwi Nugrahani

, Suharni

, R. Indriyati Saptatiningsih

Accounting Program, Yogyakarta PGRI University)

Guidance and Counseling Program, Yogyakarta PGRI University

Citizenship Study Program, Yogyakarta PGRI University )

Keywords: Social Capital, Community Participation And Independent Village

Abstract: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the development programs in the villages of Potorono and

Wonokromo based utilization of social capital and community participation in an attempt to realize the

village self-sufficient. The subject of this research is the head of the host 18 people consisting of 11 people

from the village of Wonokromo and 7 people from the village of Potorono. Data capture techniques in the

survey and in-depth interviews, with descriptive data analysis techniques are quantitative and qualitative.

The results showed most 72.50% utilization rate of social capital and 84.44% public participation used in

the construction of the village in realizing the independent village of 83.06% either from Potorono or village

Wonokromo. The level of social capital and community participation in the effort of realizing independent

villages indicated by the participation of the role of community groups consisting of: youth group, mothers,

the father – the father of the liveliness of the stages of development that starts from early planning, middle

and end the construction of the village

1 INTRODUCTION

The implementation of regional autonomy aims to

develop the potential of natural resources and human

resources in the region in order to improve welfare.

According to Law No. 32 of 2004 (Undang-Undang

RI No 32 Tahun 2004) on regional autonomy.

Regional autonomy is the right, authority and

autonomous obligation to regulate their own

government affairs and the interests of the local

community. The authority has a positive impact on

the region to develop development for its people, up

to the smallest regional level including the village.

The development of the region is physically seen as

a space capable of accommodating various activities

in human life. The smallest region is part of a larger

area in a spatial unity. The socio-economic region is

a unity of socio-economic development. Although it

is acknowledged that there are various sectors in

people's lives that are accommodated by these

spaces, they are not seen as partial and sectoral.

Each sector is part of the unity of the region

interacting with other sectors in a single unity of

development.

In general, what is meant by development is:

socioeconomic expected progress (Prayitno and

Budi, 2001). Development should mean the

advancement of living conditions, economic growth

and the enhanced welfare of life that can be

achieved. The level of community welfare is a

mirror level of quality of life. Bantul Regency with

an area of 506.85 km2. Based on Human

Development Index data in Yogyakarta year 2015

shows the life expectancy of Bantul region 73.44

which means life expectancy of people in the region

has a long time because the community is able to

survive until the age of 70 years. Similarly, for the

average level of expenditure, the population of

Bantul has a yield of 14320.10. This means that on

average the population expenditure of the area in a

month averaged approximately Rp.1.400.000, while

based on the health index indicates Bantul area

82.21 it means the health level of the region is quite

good. The following development index data (BPS

D.I. Yogyakarta, 2015) is presented in table 1.

210

Nugrahani, T., Suharni, . and Saptatiningsih, R.

Development of Village by Social Capital and Community Participation to be Independent Village.

DOI: 10.5220/0008787102100216

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Research Conference on Economics and Business (IRCEB 2018), pages 210-216

ISBN: 978-989-758-428-2

Table 1: Human Development Index (IPM) in 2016

The ease of handling the permit for small and

medium enterprises (SMEs) to have access to

business development is one of the village

development programs for the district program.

Physical development in the form of pioneering

tourist areas also helps in improving welfare.

However, the development of housing using the rice

fields is a serious concern because if not supervised,

then over time the agricultural area becomes narrow

that will eventually reduce agricultural products.

Other problems such as the number of young people

who prefer to work in the factory or as workers

outside the city than to work on agricultural

production, the lack of skills in young mothers to

have productive activities also need to be reviewed,

because it relates to the data shown in table 1 about

the Human Development Index data.

Efforts to develop a competitive society, social

capital is more important because there are many

successful contributions to society. The existence

of community participation is the most important

requirement for building cooperation to develop

and achieve prosperity. Community participation is

social security to gain access on behalf of

development. The area of Bantul is often a pilot

project of community self-management in

Yogyakarta, and it is interesting to observe in

depth, especially on community empowerment to

improve the living standards of the observable

community from the level of education, health,

work, and healthy environment. Efforts to motivate

people to participate in development require the

role of community leaders and the role of all levels

of society including youth, women and the whole

community.

Based observations can be found that there is the

potential of natural resources and human resources

in the two areas that haven't been optimized so that it

will affect the level of success the construction of

the village terebih in uaya village of realizing

independent. Natural resources are optimized and

natural resources as social capital in development

and public participation which means the role of the

community in the construction of the village will

influence the success of the development of the

village, whereas the achievement of the success of

the construction of the village should be evaluated in

order to be able to know how great the achievement

of social capital and participation in the development

of the village and carried out continuously so that it

will be able to realize a self-contained village.

Refers to a self-contained village with the

willingness of the community to come forward and

produce the product and have the ability to meet the

needs and not dependent on foreign aid.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Village Development Concept

The development consists of two important

elements, which will be the actors of development.

Talking about humans here focuses more on skills.

That is why human problems are considered as

technical issues to improve skills. Considerations

about creating an environment, both the political

and cultural environment that pushes humans to be

creative need attention. Only by creating a safe

environment can people be creative. Ultimately

development is aimed at human development.

Humans who are built are creative people. To be

creative, people must be happy, feel safe and free

from fear (Budiman, 2005). Discussions about

humans here emphasize the skill aspect. Human

problems as technical issues for skills

improvement. Unskilled and less productive people

can cause poverty. The problem of poverty is

related to the basic rights of society by maintaining

and developing a dignified life (Bappenas, 2005).

Another expert opinion related to poverty

reduction (Nunuk Prasetyo, 2004) states there are

several factors that affect poverty and

backwardness of people, among others: (1)

ownership of farmers land less 0.2 hectares even no

land at all, (2) limited access and farmers' control

over factors of production, (3) lack of market

dominance due to lack of market information and

alternative production and markets, and (4) no

guarantees of business in the agricultural sector.

Efforts to reduce poverty can be done by

implementing development programs including

women's empowerment with social, cultural,

psychological and economic (Indriyati and

Nugrahani, 2013). Economic development

activities related to government policy in order to

accelerate poverty alleviation especially in the era

of regional autonomy. Although sometimes in the

midst of increasingly complicated poverty

conditions, government policies still emphasize on

who and what and less focus on poverty reduction

Development of Village by Social Capital and Community Participation to be Independent Village

211

efforts (Heryawan and Usman, 2007). Sometimes

government policies are less pro-population and

economic growth causes a variety of social

impacts, namely high poverty rates (Maswita Jaya,

2005). One way to develop the economic level of

the community is village management. Increased

levels of community economy will encourage rural

development programs, resulting in a reduction in

national social inequality (Hamzah, 2015). Village

management programs should be sustainable,

consisting of coordinated, integrated and

sustainable processes to plan and implement village

development programs.

2.2 Community Empowerment

Empowerment has the literal meaning of making a

person or group powerless. Empowerment is

humanizing, in the sense of encouraging someone

to do and feel their human rights. In empowerment,

there is recognition and strengthening of one's

position through affirming rights and obligations in

every aspect of life. The empowerment process is

endeavored to make someone more daring to voice

and fight for an imbalance between rights and

obligations. Empowerment is very far from

dependence because it prioritizes own business.

This process requires a basic attitude and pure and

strong knowledge/perspective on strength and

ability.

Community empowerment can be used as a

village development program as a unit of action and

seek a combination of external and internal support

by putting pressure on community participation in

any form related to the program. In the process of

community empowerment, it is necessary to

consider local potential, both natural and human

resources. The implementation of the community

empowerment model by using mentoring strategies

can reduce poverty (Nugrahani, 2013). Community

empowerment can evaluate and optimize village

activities or Village Community Empowerment

Council (BPMD) especially in Kabupaten Tapanuli

(Fillaili and Usman, 2007).

2.3 Social Capital and Community

Participation

Social capital is networking of the social and

economic working in the society between

individuals and groups formally and informally

which benefits to each other. The social capital can

be measured by three indicators, such as trust,

networking, and values (Riddel, 1997). The struggle

to overcome social problems requires norms and

rules. It also needs networking to expedite

interaction and social transaction so that all

problems can be resolved. Social capital has a strong

relationship with the society's participation. The

participation is vital in the process of development

because, in development, many people are involved.

Without people participation, the development

process can not run well (Taryania.R., 2013).

According to (Field, 2010), social capital is the

relationship which is bounded by trust, mutual

understanding and shared values which bounds the

members of a group to make the movement

effectively and efficiently. Social capital is resources

which are actual and virtual which develops in the

relationship which has been institutionalized from

the perspective of others (Hasbullah, 2006). Factors

that influence the community of developers in the

process of development include willingness,

abilities, and chances. Steps of development

participation are based on the level of participation

as stated by (Arnstein, 1969), those are;

manipulation, therapy, information, consultation,

adaptation, partner, authority delegation and people's

control. These are also used in the study of

(Taryania.R., 2013). The level of people's

participation can be described as follows:

8 Control of

Citizen

Citizen power

7 Delegation

of Authority

6 Partnership

Tokenism

5 Soothe

4 Consultation

3 Information

Non- Participatory

2 Therapy

1 Manipulation

Picture 1: Level of Society’s Participation

People’s power has the meaning of giving the

authority holder to heal and teach the community.

Information and consultation are the tokenism; the

community can get the information and make a

sound but no guarantee that the idea will be

accommodated. Adaptation is the highest level of

tokenism, the community can give advice to the

leader. Still, the decision is on the leader. The

partnership can make the community has the chance

to negotiate and involved in the decision making and

the processes.

IRCEB 2018 - 2nd INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE ON ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS 2018

212

2.4 Independent Village

Self-contained villages namely villages that can

meet the needs of its own and is not dependent on

help from the Government because of the aid only as

a help or a stimulant (Wardoyo, 9 April 2015). As

for the features of the village include: independent,

able to improve the incomes and welfare and able to

meet the needs of its own and is not subject to

outside help. According to the results of the

interviews one of the Bappeda staff in Malinau

Selatan conducted by CIFOR (Iwan, Ramses, dkk,

2006). Study of (Darwis and Rusastra, 2011) in an

effort to optimize synergy through village

community empowerment program of agribusiness

enterprise development agriculture (PUAP) and

Demapan (Program Desa Mandiri Pangan) covering

aspects: 1) synergy data and the selection of the

recipient village program, 2) internal institutional

setup program, 3) targeting infrastructure

consolidation accelerated poverty reduction, and 4)

anticipation of implementation of both the synergy

in the field. In the aspect of the fourth notice

accelerated agricultural development and economy

of the village leads to poverty reduction can be

realized.

Self-contained villages reflect the willingness of

villagers to come forward, resulting in a product or

work of the village that boasts and have the ability to

meet the needs. The village has an independence that

can be distinguished into three namely: desa karsa,

works, and housing. When reached will be village

autonomy. Karsa, works and housing covers a

variety of areas including economic, cultural and

social power rests on three, namely: the

development of economic activity between the

village and the village, the more powerful the

participative system of the village, the villagers

woke up to a strong Economic and socio-cultural as

well as have a high concern to development and

empowerment of the villages (Wibowo, 2015).

According to the concept, according to Minister of

the Kemendes and law No. PDTT;. 6 The year 2014

in a bid to develop the empowerment and

construction of village community is known by the

term "Economic Village Granary to provide base

financial support towards the poor people but also

encourage businesses of the village. Include

activities that open up access to production,

distribution, and market.

The cultural periphery of Village means lifting

the return values of collective village and culture on

the deliberation and mutual consensus as well as the

value of the human values of Indonesia diligent,

hard-working, simple and has staying power. Ring

culture is based on the shape and pattern of

communalism, local wisdom, social self-help,

appropriate technology, environmental sustainability

and resilience and local sovereignty that reflects the

colectivity of society. Understanding Net Wira

Village is an attempt to grow the capacity of village

human that reflect the human figure a smart village,

characteristic and independent. NET Wira Village

puts human beings as the main actor at the same

time that drives economic and social dynamics of

culture in the village with the awareness, knowledge,

and skills so that the village can preserve the

example as soko guru wisdom local.

3 METHODS

This research was conducted in Potorono village,

Banguntapan sub-district and Wonokromo village,

Pleret Bantul sub-district. The subjects of this

research are 18 head of hamlet, 11 of which are from

Wonokromo and 7 from Potorono. The team also

conducted interviews with their respective village

heads. The data were collected through

questionnaires and in-depth interviews.

This research variable i.e. social capital which

means a collection of community groups consisting

of groups of mothers, young men, and fathers. The

measurement of social capital with achievement

percentage of the benefit of the natural resources and

human resources in the development activities of the

now charging results to respondents. While public

participation is the role and the liveliness of the

group activities of communities that made up the

Group of mothers, fathers and young men in the

village development activities. The measurement of

community participation measured the percentage of

roles and the liveliness of the group nor the group

members in the activities of the human development

of the now charging results to respondents. While

the self-contained Village that is the village that its

people have the will to go forward, resulting in a

product or work of the village that boasts and have

the ability to meet the needs and does not depend on

foreign aid. Measurements of the independent

village of the variable that is measuring the

percentage of optimism the achievement of progress

in realizing the independent village. Data analysis

techniques using qualitative and quantitative

descriptive analysis.

Development of Village by Social Capital and Community Participation to be Independent Village

213

4 RESULTS

Based on the results of filling questionnaires and in-

depth interviews with 18 respondents as the head of

the hamlet consisting of 7 hamlet heads from

Potorono and 11 from Wonokromo. the youngest

23-year-old hamlet head of Nglaren Potorono and

just 1.5 years old is head of the hamlet and the eldest

is Ikhsan from Wonokromo II, a 64-year-old who

has been 34 years old as head of a hamlet. Most of

them are high school graduates. There are two heads

of female villagers from Ketonggo Wonokromo and

Mertosanan-Potorono. This shows that women in the

region have participated in political life. Below are

profiles of respondents from the hamlets of Potorono

and Wonokromo:

Table 2: Profile of Respondent

In addition to reviewing the village head's

profile, the team evaluated the potential utilization

of natural resources and human resources in the

village as seen in table 3 as follows:

Table 3: Potential of Natural and Human Resources

Based on table 3 it can be shown that on average

each hamlet has a population of about 1383 people.

The lowest population in the Demangan area of

Wonokromo village is 700 people and the largest

Potorono area is 2250 people. On average 80% of

the potential of natural resources is used for village

development, namely from agricultural products in

the form of rice and livestock in the form of cattle,

while the potential of human resources as well as

social capital is able to optimize the youth group

"Karang Taruna" and the women's group "Dasa

Wisma" and "PKK" of 82%. This shows the level of

community participation is quite high. The

involvement of every element of society shows that

there is communication in taking development

decisions. In addition, there is control from the

community that shows there is a power of the

community in overseeing the implementation of

rural development because at every stage of

development begins from planning, implementation,

evaluation always involves the community. This was

very supportive of the achievement of the village

development program which finally was able to

realize an independent village for more details can

be seen in table 4 as follows:

Table 4: Social Capital and People’s Participation

Hamlet

Name

Soci

Citiz

ensh

Com

mun

ity

Parti

cipat

ion

Devel

opmen

Involv

ing

Reside

nt’s

Contr

1 Jejeran I

75%

85%

80%

Involv

ed in

the

discus

sion

Jejeran

70%

85%

80%

Invite

d to

the

meetin

Wonokr

omo I

70%

80%

Monit

oring

and

evalua

tion

Wonokr

omo II

80%

85%

80%

Partici

pating

5 Pandes I

70%

85%

80%

Discus

sing

Pandes

70%

85%

80%

Existe

d in

the

discus

IRCEB 2018 - 2nd INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE ON ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS 2018

214

sion

Ketongg

70%

85%

80%

Discus

sing

8 Brajan

75%

85%

80%

Discus

sing

Karanga

nom

70%

80%

Existe

Demang

70%

85%

80%

People

partici

pation

11 Sareyan

75%

85%

Involv

ed in

observ

ing

12 Nglaren

75%

85%

80%

Existe

13 Salakan

70%

85%

80%

Routin

meetin

g of

the

hamlet

Banjard

adap

70%

80%

Discus

sing

Prangwe

daman

75%

85%

80%

Discus

sing

Mertosa

nan

Kulon

70%

90%

80%

Neigh

bor

and

hamlet

forum

Mertosa

nan

Wetan

80%

85%

80%

Discus

sion

Potoron

70%

85%

80%

Discus

sion

Based on table 4 shows in average each has

made the response of social capital against the

construction of the village of approximately 72.5%.

Utilization of social capital in the form of social and

economic networks work in a society that occurred

between citizens within a group certainly has its

benefits and are able to support the development of

villages like karang taruna, PKK, RT and other

productive groups in the region such. Of 84.44%

community, partipasi levels in each stage of the

construction of the village also support the success

of the program because at every stage of the

community get involved from both villages either

Potorono or Wonokromo. This indicates there is a

network of trust, value, and norms in carrying out

programs which means harnessing social capital

(Ridell, 1997 in Taryania, R., 2013) as well as the

public participation activities are realized in

cooperation and mutual from the village

development programme, and of 83.06% both

villages feel capable to realize the independent

village shown from charging the respondent about

the construction and development efforts of the

village towards the village. In addition, the control

or the control of the community in every stage of the

development of the village also shows community

involvement in monitoring the progress of the

village are also carried out by both the village

The results showed most 72.50% utilization rate

of social capital and 84.44% public participation

used in the construction of the village in realizing

the independent village of 83.06% either from

Potorono or village Wonokromo. The level of social

capital and community participation in the effort of

realizing independent villages indicated by the

participation of the role of community groups

consisting of: youth group, mothers, the father – the

father of the liveliness of the stages of development

that starts from early planning, middle or end of the

construction of the village.

5 DISCUSSION

Village development both in Potorono and

Wonokromo by utilizing social capital involving

elements of youth "Karang Taruna" and women's

groups "Dasa Wisma, and PKK" and groups of

fathers like "RT and Gapoktan" assist in the smooth

development of villages that can reduce poverty or

improve welfare so that the pioneering of

independent villages will be realized. In addition,

community participation at every stage of village

development both in planning, implementation, and

evaluation also supports the success of the village

program. This shows that in each stage of village

development, the hamlet head has involved the

community so that the implementation of village

development programs can have values of trust,

networks and internal norms because they utilize

social capital (Riddel, 1997).

6 CONCLUSION

Based on the results of data analysis and discussion

was previously can be shown that the village

development program evaluation Potorono and can

be running good Wonokromo and using the method

of community empowerment in an attempt to realize

a self-contained village. Although not fully

supporting the development of social capital, but the

village of 72.5% showed moderate enough in

Development of Village by Social Capital and Community Participation to be Independent Village

215

building villages, indicated by kegotong royongan

and cooperation as well as social networking as well

as ownership of 84.44% public participation in the

development of the village also shows the liveliness

of the various groups of people who play an active

role in the development of the village from both

groups of mothers like dasa wisma, youth group like

krang midshipman and groups fathers such as RT

group so that a sense of optimism in an attempt to

realize the independent village of 83.06% either

from Potorono or village Wonokromo.

This indicates the level of confidence between

the two areas of the community takes part actively in

supporting the development of the village marked by

involvement in the control of development good

early, middle or end stages of development.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thanks to the Ministry of Higher Education for this

support. Thank you to the rector University of PGRI

Yogyakarta, and also thank you for the hamlets of

Potorono and Wonokromo in Banguntapan sub-

districts that have given the permission.

REFERENCES

Arnstein, S. A. (1969). A Ladder of Citizen Participation.

Journal of The American Planning Association, 35.

Bappenas. (2005). Hasil Kajian Pembelajaran Dari Daerah

Dalam Penanggulangan Kemiskinan.

Budiman, A. (2005). Teori Pembangunan Dunia Ketiga.

Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Darwis, V., and Rusastra, I. (2011). Optimalisasi

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Desa Melalui Sinergi

Program PUAP Dengan Desa Mandiri Pangan.

Analisis kebijakan Pertanian, 125-142.

Field, J. (2010). Modal Sosial (Terjemahan Social Capital,

2003) Routledge. Fukuyama Francis. Trust: The

Social Virtue and The Creation of Property. Kreasi

Wacana Offset. New York Press.

Fillaili, and Usman. (2007). Proses Perencanaan

Pembangunan di Derah Jakarta. Lembaga Penelitian

SMERU.

Hamzah, A. (2015). Tata Kelola Pemerintahan Desa-

Menuju Desa Mandiri, Sejahtera dan Partisipatoris.

Surabaya: Penerbit Pustaka.

Harjo, B. (2017). Model Membangun Desa Mandiri.

Jurnal Sosial dan Humanis Sains, Vol 2, No. 1.

Retrieved from

www.jurnal.saburai.ac.id/index.php/jshs/article/article/

view/106/0

Hasbullah, J. (2006). Social Capital (Menuju Keunggulan

Budaya Manusia Indonesia). Jakarta: MR-United

Press.

Heryawan, and Usman. (2007). Kapasitas Kelembagaan

Penanggulagan Kemiskinan di Daerah jakarta.

Lembaga Penelitian SMERU.

Indriyati, R., and Nugrahani, T. (2013). Strategi

Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Melalui Program

Pemberdayaan Perempuan (Studi Empiris pengentasan

Kemiskinan di Kabupaten Sleman DIY) . Jurnal

Ilmiah Padma Sri Kreshna, Vol.1, No.15, p.27-41.

Iwan, Ramses; Limberg, Godwin; Moeliono, Moira;

Rahmawati, Rita; Wollenberg, dan Lini. (2006,

Februari No. 22). Apa itu Desa Mandiri? Kabar Dari

Tim Pengelola Hutan Bersama CIFOR. Retrieved

from

www.cifor.org/acm/download/pub/Kabar/Kabar%202

2.pdf

Maswita Jaya. (2005). Perempuan Indonesia. Jakarta:

Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kesejahteraan

Rakyat.

Nugrahani, T. (2013). Model Pemberdayaan Masyarakat

Dalam Upaya Penanggulangan Kemiskinan di Dusun

Kalingiwo, Girimulyo Kulon Progo, DIY. Jurnal

Efektif, Vol. 4, No. 1, Juni p.26-36.

Nunuk Prasetyo. (2004). Pengaruh Ideologi Gender

terhadap Relasi Perempuan dan Laki-laki. In Makalah

Lepas Tidak Diterbitkan (p. 7).

Prayitno, H., and Budi. (2001). Ekonomi Pembangunan.

Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia.

Riddel. (1997). Social Capital and Policy Development.

Wellington: Institute of Policy Studies.

Taryania.R. (2013). Analisis Modal Sosial dan Partisipasi

Masyarakat dalam Program Pengembangan

Masyarakat. Bogor: Laporan Penelitian. Fak-Ekologi

IPB .

Undang-Undang RI No 32 Tahun 2004. (n.d.). Undang-

Undang Tentang Pemerintah Daerah.

Uphoff N.T, John MC, and Goldsmith A.A. (1979).

Feasibility and Application of Rural Development

Participation. A State of The Art Paper. U.S: Ithaca.

Wardoyo, H. (9 April 2015). Penguatan Pengelolaan

Keuangan Desa dan Optimalisasi Peran BUMDesa

sebuah Upaya Menuju Desa Mandiri dan Kredibel di

Kabupaten Kulon Progo. Seminar Nasional Temu

Forum Dosen Akuntansi Sektor Publik di Universitas

Atma Jaya YK. Yogyakarta.

Wibowo, L. W. (2015, 07). Konsep Desa Mandiri.

Retrieved from asep

jazuli.blogspot.com/2017/07/konsep-desa-

mandiri.html

IRCEB 2018 - 2nd INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE ON ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS 2018

216