Effect of Export, Digital on Tourism:

Case Study of ASEAN Countries

Edi Wahyu Wibowo

, Wahyu Widayat

, M. Arief Noor

Politeknik LP3I Jakarta

Universitas Borobudur Jakarta

STIE Ganesha Jakarta

Keywords: Export, Digital, Tourism, ASEAN

Abstract: The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) was formed with the aim of achieving the perfect economic

integration in the ASEAN region which is believed to provide tangible benefits for all elements of society.

Export activities are needed in the AEC to increase purchasing power. Digital technology is needed to help

increase the number of goods produced. This will also affect the tourism sector. The higher the value of

exports, the better the impact on the tourism sector. Digital technology is needed to improve the tourism

sector to better introduce tourism places to tourists. This study uses a quantitative method with panel data

secondary to the 2011-2015 period by combining 10 ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore,

Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar, Brunei, Laos, Cambodia). From the calculation of T-Test, it can

be concluded that the export variable partially influences the significance of the tourism variable and Digital

variable partially influences the positive significance of the Tourism variable. From the calculation of F

value, that simultaneously or together the independent variables have a significant effect on the dependent

variable. The influence of export, digital on the number of arrival of ASEAN countries needs to be

improved even though it is good. Tourism (Number of Arrivals) growth in all ASEAN countries

experiencing good growth. The problem is how to keep this Number of Arrival getting better. Export

activities are one of the things to maintain the number of arrival in order to create a quality product so that it

will have high purchasing power. Of course the role of the digital economy is urgently needed, the growing

internet users will have a positive impact on increasing tourism in ASEAN countries which will help better

economic openness in ASEAN countries.

1 INTRODUCTION

Export activities will result in a rising demand for

the currency of the exporting country so that the

currency will strengthen. Activities will result in an

increase in the demand for the currency of the

importing country so that the value of the domestic

currency will weaken. Exports and imports also have

an influence on the purchasing power of a country's

people. Murni (2009) in Sedyaningrum (2016) an

increase in the number of exports due to an increase

in the number of domestic goods production will

result in full employment resulting from a country's

per capita income which means that purchasing

power also increases.

The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) was

formed with the aim of achieving the perfect

economic integration in the ASEAN region which is

believed to provide tangible benefits for all elements

of society. Export activities are needed in the AEC

to increase purchasing power. Digital technology is

needed to help increase the number of goods

produced. This will also affect the tourism sector.

The higher the value of exports, the better the impact

on the tourism sector. Digital technology is needed

to improve the tourism sector to better introduce

tourism places to tourists.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Export

Sedyaningrum (2016) Exports can be interpreted as

shipping and selling goods from within the country

to foreign countries. According to Murni (2009:

Wibowo, E., Widayat, W. and Noor, M.

Effect of Expor t, Digital on Tourism: Case Study of ASEAN Countries.

DOI: 10.5220/0008784201490153

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Research Conference on Economics and Business (IRCEB 2018), pages 149-153

ISBN: 978-989-758-428-2

149

208), exports are an economic activity selling

domestic products to overseas markets. The

advantage of exporting according to Sukirno (2010:

205) in Sedyaningrum (2016) is that it can expand

the market, increase foreign exchange, expand

employment.

Export is the delivery and sale of goods and

services produced domestically abroad. The

increasing number of exports will cause a demand

for a rising domestic currency and a stronger Rupiah

exchange rate. The high amount of exports also

causes labor in a country to be fully absorbed so that

unemployment decreases and increases the country's

per capita income so that purchasing power

increases.

2.2 Digital

Setiawan (2017) explains that the digital world not

only offers great opportunities and benefits for the

public and business interests. But it also presents

challenges to all areas of life to improve quality and

efficiency in life. The use of various technologies

really makes life easier, but even a digital lifestyle

will depend more on cellphone and computer usage.

According to Musafak (2012) explained that the

digital economy is an economy based on electronic

goods and services produced by electronic

businesses and traded through electronic commerce.

That is, businesses with electronic production and

management processes and who interact with

partners and customers and conduct transactions

through the Internet and Web technologies. Musafak

(2012) also describes the Digital Economy definition

version of Encarta Dictionary is "Business

transactions on the Internet: the marketplace that

exists on the Internet". Understanding Digital

Economy focuses more on transactions and markets

that occur in the internet world. A broader

understanding of just transactions or markets is the

New Economy which according to PC Magazine is

"The impact of information technology on the

economy". The understanding is more emphasized

on the application of information technology in the

economic field. The digital economy is the

economic sector which includes goods and services

when developing, producing, selling or supplying

depends on digital technology.

2.3 Tourism

Nikita (2017) Tourism is one of the basic human

needs. According to Wahab (1996) tourists arriving

in a foreign country, both individually and in groups,

whatever their travel destination, will spend their

money while staying in the destination to pay for

services or tourist goods and buy services or goods

that are not related to travel. The total amount of

money spent is the amount of state revenue from the

tourism sector and a pattern of consumption of

tourists in the country. The more consumption of

tourists, the more tourism services produced in

Trade, Hotels and Restaurants. Theoretically, the

more the number of tourists and the longer tourists

stays in a tourist destination, the more money spent

in the tourist destination, at least for food, drink and

lodging during their stay in the area. Various kinds

of tourist needs during the tour it will cause

consumptive symptoms for products in tourist

destinations. With the consumptive activities of both

foreign and domestic tourists, it will increase the

income received by business owners in the tourism

industry including Trade, Hotels and Restaurants

which from payments for services received by

tourists which will increase the number of tax

revenues and revenue from the Sulawesi tourism

sector North.

According to Ida Austriana (2005) in Nikita

(2017), the longer tourists stay in a tourist

destination, the more money spent in the tourist

destination, at least for food, drink and lodging

during their stay in the area. Various types of tourist

needs during the tour will cause consumptive

symptoms for products in tourist destinations. With

the consumptive activities of both foreign and

domestic tourists, it will increase revenue from the

tourism sector of a region.

According to Mill (2000) in Nikita (2017)

foreign tourists are every person who visits a

country, other than the country usually occupied for

a period of approximately 24 hours. Foreign tourists

are suppliers of foreign exchange reserves for the

area they visit. The entry of

foreign tourists will increase foreign exchange,

which means that it will strengthen the balance of

payments and trade.

3. METHOD

The population that became the object in this study

came from secondary data obtained from the

company Knoema, one of the digital economic data

provider companies. The sampling method uses

purposive sampling method, namely the

determination of samples with certain

considerations. In this study the sample was used

using panel data obtained by time series data for 5

IRCEB 2018 - 2nd INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE ON ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS 2018

150

years and cross-section data of 10 ASEAN countries

namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines,

Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, Laos, Brunei,

Cambodia.

3.1 Variable Identification

Research variables are independent and dependent.

for the independent variables that exist in this study

are Export (X

), Digital (X

) while the dependent

variable Tourism (Y).

3.2 Data Analysis

The analytical method used in this study is a

quantitative technique that uses mathematical and

statistical models that are classified in certain

categories to facilitate analysis using the Eviews

program. While the analysis technique used is

multiple linear regression analysis techniques to see

the relationship between the independent variable

and the dependent variable. The data used is the

panel data there are three kinds of data panel

estimation techniques, namely pooled the least

square, fixed effect model, and random effect model.

Test the suitability of the model to determine the

most appropriate model is to use the Chow test.

After that, the classic assumption test is a normality

test and also hypothesis testing, namely partial t-test,

simultaneous F test, a test of the coefficient of

determination.

3.3 Econometry Model

The analysis technique in this study is a panel data

regression analysis, while the regression model in

the form of logs can be written as follows:

ln Yit = β

+ β

ln X

1it

+ β

ln X

2it

+ e

Where:

Y = Tourism; X

= Expor; X

= Digital, i = Country;

and t = time.

4.RESULT

There are three estimations of panel data regression,

namely common effects (OLS), fixed effect models

(FEM) or Random Effect (REM) models.

Determining the panel model that will be used in this

study, several tests must be carried out. Chow Test

that can be used to determine whether the panel data

model can be regressed with common effect models

(OLS), fixed effect models (FEM) or Random Effect

(REM) models. Chow test is used to determine

whether the panel data model is regressed with the

Common Effect model or with the Fixed Effect

model.

: The best model is the Common Effect

: The best model is the Fixed Effect

4.1 Chow Test

Table 1: Chow Test

The table above shows that the best model is the

fixed effect because the Chi-square probability value

is below 0.05, this means that H0 is accepted.

Table 2: Fixed Effect Model

From the results of panel data regression with the

selected model is the Fixed Effect model, the

regression model equation is obtained as follows:

TOURISM = 3.74 (Export) + 0.092 (DIGITAL) + e

4.2 Normality Test

Figure 1: Histogram

Effect of Export, Digital on Tourism: Case Study of ASEAN Countries

151

From the output that has been tested, it states that the

histogram form is distributed symmetrically so that

the residuals are distributed normally. Based on the

JB statistical test, the value is 52.81183 with a

probability of 0.0000 while the chi-square value

with significance (α = 5%) is 0.05, so JB < Chi

Square, then H0 is accepted and H1 is rejected

meaning that the residual is normally distributed.

4.3 T-test (Partial)

Table 3: T-test (partial)

Based on the results above as follows:

Effect of Export on Tourism

The t-statistical probability value obtained is

0.0005, then the statistical probability <α = 5% is

0.0005 < 0.05. So that it can be concluded that the

export variable partially influences the significance

of the Tourism variable.

Effect of Digital on Tourism

The obtained t-statistical probability value is

0.0464. Then the statistical probability <α = 5% is

0.00464 < 0.05. So it can be concluded that the

Digital variable partially influences the positive

significance of the Tourism variable.

4.4 F Test (Simultaneous)

From the calculation of F value, it is known that F

arithmetic > F table (198.4977 > 3.18) then H0 is

accepted and H1 is rejected (F arithmetic is in H1

reception area). Then also the probability (prob.) Of

the table above is equal to 0.000 < 0.005, then H0 is

accepted and H1 is rejected. So that simultaneously

or together the independent variables have a

significant effect on the dependent variable.

Coefficient Determination

Based on the table above, the Adjusted R-Square

value is 0.9779. This shows that the model is able to

explain 97.79% of the dependent variable, while the

remaining 2.21% is influenced by other factors

outside the regression model.

5 DISCUSSION

Table. 4: Tourism (Number of Arrivals)

Growth

Tourism

Arrivals

Indone sia Malaysia Singapura Thailand Philipnes Vietnam Myanmar Laos Brunei Kamboja

2012 5,15 0,56 6,81 16,25 9,09 13,87 29,78 20,96 (13,64) 24,36

2013 9,42 1,29 7,22 18,76 9,55 10,57 93,01 17,85 7,66 17,47

2014 7,19 2,72 (0,29) (6,54) 3,25 3,99 50,73 17,19 (10,67) 6,96

2015 10,30 6,70 8,43 20,61 10,92 0,89 51,93 11,98 8,46 6,04

The influence of export, digital on the number of

arrival of ASEAN countries needs to be improved

even though it is good. Table 4 describes the 2014-

2015 Tourism (Number of Arrivals) growth in all

ASEAN countries experiencing good growth. The

problem is how to keep this Number of Arrival

getting better. Export activities are one of the things

to maintain the number of arrival in order to create a

quality product so that it will have high purchasing

power. Of course the role of the digital economy is

urgently needed, the growing internet users will

have a positive impact on increasing tourism in

ASEAN countries which will help better economic

openness in ASEAN countries.

6 CONCLUSION

This study aims to analyze the relationship between

export, digital towards ASEAN countries tourism in

the period 2011-2015 using panel data regression

analysis techniques. Based on the results of

statistical tests, the following conclusions can be

drawn:

Effect of Export on Tourism, the t-statistical

probability value obtained is 0.0005, then the

statistical probability <α = 5% is 0.0005 < 0.05. So

that it can be concluded that the export variable

partially influences the significance of the Tourism

variable. Effect of Digital on Tourism, The obtained

t-statistical probability value is 0.0464. Then the

statistical probability <α = 5% is 0.00464 < 0.05. So

it can be concluded that the Digital variable partially

influences the positive significance of the Tourism

variable.

IRCEB 2018 - 2nd INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE ON ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS 2018

152

From the calculation of F value, it is known that

F arithmetic > F table (198.4977 > 3.18) then H0 is

accepted and H1 is rejected (F arithmetic is in H1

reception area). Then also the probability (prob.) Of

the table above is equal to 0.000 > 0.005, then H0 is

accepted and H1 is rejected. So that simultaneously

or together the independent variables have a

significant effect on the dependent variable.

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