Entertainment-social Celebrity Worship Syndrome of Female

Adolescents using Social-media in Indonesia

Adismara Putri Pradiri and Nurul Hartini

Clinical Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga

Keywords: Extraversion, Entertainment-social, Celebrity worship syndrome, Female adolescent, Social media user,

Eysenck personality.

Abstract: This study aims to determine the relationship between extraversion of Eysenck’s personality dimensions and

entertainment-social level of celebrity worship syndrome in female adolescents who use social media. This

study is a replication of previous study (Maltby, et al., 2003) with different context and assumed that

extraversion was related to entertainment-social. Female adolescents use social media massively and

idolizing is commonly found in this development stage. This study was conducted on 587 participants with

age ranged between 12-20 years old. The data were collected by questionnaire. The variables were

measured by Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Abbreviated Version (EPQR-A) and Celebrity

Attitude Scale (CAS). Result shows that social media users tend to be neurotic and experiencing

entertainment-social worship while no significant relationships are found between both extraversion and

psychoticism to entertainment-social. This could be explained by higher tendency of neuroticism in female

adolescents and using social media to interact with peers or so-called pseudo-friends in celebrity fan club.

1 INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is one of the targeted countries of the

social media market with 88.1 million active internet

users and is increasing by about 15% annually

(Balea, 2016). Ninety percent of social media users

in Indonesia are under 34 years old and 54% are 16

to 20 years old (RVC, 2016). Easily accessible

internet brings entertainment as reward for the users.

One of the activities undertaken to seek these

rewards is by observing the activities of idol

celebrity figures through social media pages. 57% of

celebrity fans are teenagers aged 12-20 years with

56% of whom spend about 1-5 hours in social media

to observe their idol activities (Nurani, 2017).

Not all celebrities are a figure that is considered

positive. Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia

(Indonesia Child Protection Commission) in 2016

received many reports about parents' concert

regarding their children admiring celebrity figures in

social media uploading non-educational content and

deviating from community norms (Batubara, 2016).

Many followers of these celebrities are children up

to adolescence and they idolize the lifestyle shown

by the celebrity. Content uploaded by idol celebrities

is even able to influence the hedonic lifestyle

adopted by teenagers significantly (Monanda, 2017).

Fans are also often spending quite a sum of money

to participate or collect idol celebrity goods to get

the intimacy of the celebrity (Anugrah, 2017).

Teenagers who spend time and money collecting

fan-items resulted in decreasing academic

achievement and problems with parents (Willsen,

2015).

Admiration of the celebrity figure is related with

the main developmental task of teenagers which is

the search for identity (Erikson, 1968 cited in

Santrock, 2011). Figures that affect teenagers are not

limited to family and friends but also have a

secondary attachment to popular figures on social

media (Boon and Lomore, 2001). Hermes (1995

cited in Giles and Maltby, 2004) mentions that

media figures are the second family for teenagers.

75% of young adults report interest in celebrities at

some stage of their lives (Boon and Lomore, 2001).

Fifty-nine percent of respondents reported that the

figures had a positive influence on their lives such as

becoming more creative, changing behavior and

beliefs, as well as social and sporting activities

(Boon and Lomore 2001). Caughey (1994 cited in

Boon and Lomore, 2001) explains that idol

celebrities are an ideal image for their fans so they

Pradiri, A. and Hartini, N.

Entertainment-social Celebrity Worship Syndrome of Female Adolescents using Social-media in Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0008584700190025

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings (ICP-HESOS 2018) - Improving Mental Health and Harmony in

Global Community, pages 19-25

ISBN: 978-989-758-435-0

try to imitate their behavior. Fans also form an

imaginary relationship with these media figures to

encourage personal transformation and personal

inspiration.

These behaviors explained beforehand is similar

with the characteristics of celebrity worship

syndrome. Celebrity worship is an obsessive

behavior that is a form of parasocial and abnormal

interaction with which the patient is virtually

obsessed with celebrities (Maltby, Houran and

McCutcheon, 2003). These reactions include

stalking celebrities to the unnatural reactions a

person experiences when knowing something

happens to an admired celebrity. This theory can be

explained by the absorption-addiction model of one's

identity structure facilitating the psychological

absorption of celebrities who are admired for

identity maturation and gets a sense of self-

fulfillment (McCutcheon, Lange, and Houran,

2002).

Celebrity worship syndrome has three levels

(Maltby, et al., 2003). Entertainment-social is the

lowest level that reflects the passion for celebrities

because of their ability to entertain and attract

attention. These levels include discussing the lives

of celebrities and following the daily news. Behavior

at this stage is considered reasonable in a stage of

development, especially adolescents. Intense-

personal compulsive feelings towards celebrities

bring up the delusion that idol celebrities are the true

love of the sufferer. The last level is borderline-

pathological which is an extreme expression of

celibacy worship and contains pathological elements

(Maltby, et al., 2003). The change to higher levels

takes a long time, while adolescents under 14 years

generally experience the level of entertainment-

social (Giles and Maltby, 2004).

Giles and Maltby (2004) explained that today the

influence of celebrities becomes much greater

because of massive social media invasion. The

process of individuation in adolescents also causes

them to often spend time to activity alone and access

social media such as when in a private room.

Research showed that the growing autonomy in

adolescents shows a decrease in attachment to

parental figures and actually develops between

adolescents with their idol celebrities and slowly

replaces the parent's figures (Giles and Maltby,

2004).

Giles and Maltby (2004) found a relationship

between celebrity worship and the attachment of

close friends and parents. The relationship of

celebrity worship is negative with the parent and is

positively correlated with the attachment of a close

friend. This shows the worshipping grows in

adolescence as the emergence of attachment with

peers. Entertainment-social factors can be predicted

with the presence of a high level of attachment to

peers thus interaction with peers is an essential

feature of this stage. This stage is also encouraged

by the emergence of peer groups in adolescents

called "pseudo-friends" which discuss the lives and

activities of popular celebrities (Giles and Maltby,

2004).

The relationship between the level of

entertainment-social celebrity worship syndrome

with Eysenck's personality dimension has been

reviewed by Maltby, et al. (2003) with a sample of

British workers. They found that entertainment-

social celebrity worship syndrome variables were

significantly positively correlated with extraversion,

explained through the absorption-addiction theory of

individuals trying to get pleasure to meet their needs

through celebrity worshiping behavior.

The study of celebrity worship syndrome in

Indonesia is still limited. Adolescents fluid

personality (Allik, et al., 2004) may contribute to the

different result from those of Maltby, et al. (2003).

There is also personality difference between

collectivist and individualist culture which

extraversion is perceived different (Triandis and

Suh, 2002). In collectivist culture extraversion is

perceived as harmony, while in individualist culture

extraversion is perceived as excitement (Lucas, et

al., 2000). These contextual differences are the

reason of the authors to examine the correlation

between entertainment-social celebrity worship

syndrome and Eysenck's personality dimension

through replication of Maltby, et al. (2003) using a

sample of Indonesian especially adolescent women

using social media. The hypotheses and research

questions in this study are:

RQ1 How is entertainment-social behavior

related to the extraversion personality?

H1 There is a significant relationship between

the extraversion personality dimension and the level

of entertainment-social celebrity worship syndrome.

2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Subject

Participants in this study were young women aged

12-20 years. Data retrieval was conducted online,

participants filled in a 19-day questionnaire and got

587 participants.

ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings

2.2 Procedure

Participants were requested to fill out a demographic

questionnaire (age, idol celebrity, reason for

idolizing, use of social media) and a set of

psychological questionnaires consisted of Celebrity

Attitude Scale (CAS) developed by McCutcheon, et

al. (2002) and the Abbreviated Revised Eysenck

Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-A) developed by

Francis, Brown, and Philipchalk (1992).

The CAS scale used to measure the degree of

celebrity worship syndrome consists of 22 Likert

scale items of 1 to 5 based on the latest CAS version

developed by Maltby, et al. (2004). This scale

consists of 3 dimensions, namely 1) entertainment-

social measures of admiration level based on the

ability of entertaining celebrities (α = 0.82); 2)

intense-personal measures compulsive feelings

toward celebrities (α = 0.79); and 3) borderline-

pathology measures extreme behavior of

worshipping and contains pathological elements (α =

0.58).

The EPQR-A scale is used to measure the value

of each Eysenck personality dimension. It consists

of dichotomy items (Yes / No), namely 1)

extraversion (α = 0.68), 2) neuroticism (α = 0.63), 3)

psychoticism (α = 0.30), and 4) Lie scale (α = 0.63).

In this study only the scale of entertainment-social

dimension, extraversion, neuroticism, and

psychoticism to be analyzed because of its relation

to personality attributes.

2.3 Analysis

The data would be then processed by Spearman's

Rho correlation analysis to prove the hypothesis in

this study.

3 RESULTS

Table 1 serves a description of entertainment-social

behavior in subjects.

Most respondents are 16 years-old as many as

181 or 30.8% of the total. 17 years-old respondents

came out second(N=102) and the 15-year-old

followed (N=99). 18 years-old respondents reached

10.4% of a total (N=61). There were also 20 years-

old respondents (N=46). 14 years-old and 19 years-

old respondents were both equal (N=45). There are

10 13-year-old respondents as many as 1.7% of the

total. Last, there was only a single 12 years-old

respondent.

Table 1: Age profile

% N

12 0.2% 1

13 1.7% 10

14 7.7% 45

15 16.3% 99

16 30.8% 181

17 17.4% 102

18 10.4% 61

19 7.7% 45

20 7.8% 46

Total 100% 587

Table 2: Frequency of visiting celebrities’ media-social

page

% N

Only on spare time 45.4% 266

Several times a da

29% 170

Ever

hour 14.1% 82

2-4 hours a da

10.4% 61

Other 1.1% 8

Total 100% 587

Table 2 presents the frequency of visiting

favorite celebrity page through social media. A total

of 266 respondents visited favorite celebrity pages

only when they have spare time (including answers

"Every phone opens", "Every time I’m not busy"). A

total of 170 respondents visited favorite celebrity

pages several times a day. As many as 82

respondents visited favorite celebrity pages every

hour (including "Very often", "Every second", and

"Every time"). A total of 61 respondents visited

favorite celebrity pages 2-4 hours a day. A total of 8

respondents answered other (including "If they

upload new content", "If there is a network", "If

there is a notification", and "After finishing the

study"). All respondents follow favorite celebrities

through social media Line, Instagram, Twitter, and

YouTube.

Table 3: Favorite celebrities

% N

International 99.1% 582

National 0.09% 5

Total 100% 587

Table 3 shows celebrities idolized by

participants. International celebrities (including

Korean, European, American, Japanese) celebrities

are idolized by the majority of respondents as much

as 99.1% or 582 respondents. National celebrities

are only idolized by 5 respondents or 0.09% of the

total respondents only.

Entertainment-social Celebrity Worship Syndrome of Female Adolescents using Social-media in Indonesia

Table 4: Primal source of celebrity exposure

% N

Television 31.5% 185

Social-media 38.6% 226

Siblings/Relatives 5.1% 30

Peers 22.4% 132

Other 2.4% 14

Total 100% 587

Table 4 shows where respondents seen their

favorite celebrities for the first time. A total of 226

respondents answered through social media

(including "YouTube", "Instagram", and "Line"). A

total of 185 respondents stated through the television

show (including answers "Survival show", "Reality

show", "Korean Drama", and "Korean TV Show on

the Internet"). A total of 132 respondents knew

through peers. A total of 30 respondents heard from

siblings/relatives. A total of 14 respondents had

varied answers (including "Listening to music at

random", "Self-search" and "Relatives of the artist

themselves").

Table 5: Reason of celebrity worshipping

% N

Personalit

21.63% 127

sical a

earance 16.86% 99

Work and

achievement

57.09% 335

Other 4.42% 26

Total 100% 587

Table 5 serves the reason of worshipping. A total

of 335 respondents stated that they love their

celebrities because of the celebrities’ works and

achievements. This answer also covers how favorite

celebrities are able to inspire them with their works

and achievements. A total of 127 respondents stated

that they love the personality of celebrities such as

entertaining and fun. A total of 99 respondents stated

that they are fond of their favorite celebrities

because of the physical appearance like a handsome,

beautiful, and interesting stage appearance. Other

reasons chosen by 26 respondents include answers

such as "He can make me smile again", "I love him

with all my heart like I love my family", and "I do

not know why I love him".

Table 6: Correlation analysis of variables

ES E N P

Entertainment-

social

1.00

Extraversion -.03 1.00

Neuroticism .09* -.31** 1.00

choticism .08 .02 .06 1.00

* p <0.05 ** p <0.01 ES=Entertainment-social;

E=Extraversion; N=Neuroticism; P=Psychoticism

The data showed that a significant and positive

correlation present between neuroticism and

entertainment-social, while the extraversion and

psychoticism did not show significant results. The

results also proved that the hypothesis of this study

was fully rejected.

4 DISCUSSION

Secondary attachment to popular figures is now

greater due to massive social media invasion

resulting in greater adolescent exposure to

celebrities (Giles and Maltby, 2004). It causes

celebrity worship syndrome to be a familiar

phenomenon especially in adolescents (North, et al.,

2007). The entertainment-social stage is a common

stage in the general population and is done every day

(McCutcheon, et al., 2003).

This study took a sample of 587 female

adolescents aged 12-20 years. All respondents

worship one or more celebrities and follow their

daily activities through social media such as Line,

YouTube, Twitter, and Instagram fan pages. The

results show that the majority of the samples

(45.4%) tend to visit social media to seek news of

celebrity news only when it happens to open social

media only. Social media is also the largest source

(38.6%) of the primal exposure with their favorite

celebrities.

The result of correlation analysis shows that

there is a very weak relationship between the

extraversion and the level of entertainment-social

celebrity worship syndrome. Supporting analysis

shows that the psychoticism is positively correlated

with the level of entertainment-social although very

weak and insignificant. Supporting analysis also

showed a significantly positive correlated

neuroticism with entertainment-social.

The results of this study differ from the research

Maltby, et al. (2003) which stated that the

extraversion correlates positively and significantly to

the level of entertainment-social. Maltby, et al.

(2003) used a sample of 617 white participants in the

UK aged 20-60 years and also involved both

genders. Differences in the context of the study may

lead to differences from the results of the study.

The extraversion of the collectivist countries is

highly correlated with social interaction and low

correlation with pleasure, whereas in individualist

countries correlates with rewards earned by

ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings

socializing (Lucas, et al., 2000). This difference may

explain how the extraversion in Western countries is

related to entertainment-social because participants

tend to seek pleasure from entertainment through the

process of socializing with others. In Indonesia, this

may not be correlated because entertainment-social

is not something to be gained by socializing.

Individuals who rarely socialize are low in

extraversion according to the collectivist country's

view, but it also possible that one individual has

high entertainment-social level and fulfil his/her

needs in ways other than socializing. This needs

further research.

Social media can also explain differences in

research results. McKenna and Bargh (1998 cited in

Amichai-Hamburger and Fox, 2002) mentioned 2

main motives of using social media, self-related and

social-related. Self-related motives emphasize self-

need which cannot be satisfied in the environment

and strive to fulfill it through social media as a form

of personal satisfaction therapy (McKenna and

Bargh, 1998 cited in Amichai-Hamburger and Fox,

2002). Introverts tend to show real self through

social media and seek appropriate friendships as

social media facilitates anonymity and do not

necessarily show physical appearance (Amichai-

Hamburger and Fox, 2002). Introverts also tend to

succeed in social media interaction and tend to form

extraversion characters in cyberspace (Harbaugh,

2010). This is related to the results of research

indicating that introverts in this study may actually

tend to discuss and form social friendship with

fellow fans or pseudo-friends through social media

hence contribute to the level of entertainment-social.

This is supported by descriptive data in which as

much as 38.6% of participants recognize their idol

celebrities through social media.

The correlation between neuroticism and

entertainment-social can be explained by the

neurotics’ tendency to be emotional and interaction

complexities. Face-to-face interaction is not

preferred thus they channel it by online interactions.

They also tend to express themselves differently in

the internet especially in an anonymous context

(Amichai-Hamburger and Fox, 2002). Neurotics also

tend to form a favorable persona in social media to

increase their social support (Michikyan,

Subrahmanyam and Dennis, 2014). This may

explain how neurotics seek friendships in social

media to get the interactions they do not get in the

real world.

Neuroticism also increases in adolescent girls

aged 12-18 years due to correlation with hormonal

changes and decreased self-esteem (McCrae, et al.,

2002). The high level of neuroticism is associated

with anxiety, one of which is the anxiety of body

appearance that is often experienced in adolescent

women. The anxiety of body appearance also

correlates with the tendency of celebrity worship

syndrome (Aruguete, et al., 2014) so that teenagers

may try to overcome anxiety by admiring their idol

celebrities. Anxiety on female represents the

weakness of the ego's identity. A study conducted by

Maltby, et al. (2006) showed that there is a

significant and negative correlation between ego

identity and celebrity worship syndrome. The study

shows the correlation appears on the dimensions of

celebrity worship syndrome intense-personal level

and borderline-pathological, so it needs further

research for the entertainment-social level.

Neurotic adolescents also tend to experience

stressful social situations, especially social rejection

(Laceulle, et al., 2015). Rejection in peers in

adolescents correlates with feelings of loneliness and

decrease in self-esteem (Santrock, 2011). This

failure is certainly an impact on the self-identity that

should be achieved in adolescents. The absorption-

addiction theory in celebrity worship syndrome

explains that the individual experiences

psychological absorption as a form of identity

fulfilment and increases the tolerance limit of the

admiration so that the individual's need for the

celebrity is also increased (McCutcheon, et al.,

2002). Individuals who cannot control their

environment also require external gratification to

achieve their ideal character (Reeves, et al., 2012).

This explains why neurotic adolescents admire their

idol celebrities to fill the identity void of their ideal

character.

Stever (2011) expressed a critic on the scale of

the celebrity attitude scale. The study explains that

the transition from lower to higher levels has no

concrete and tend to be more qualitative. This shows

that individuals who have high values of

entertainment-social celebrity worship syndrome can

also have a quality that belongs to the level of

intense-personal celebrity worship syndrome. These

levels include celebrity worship in the form of

loyalty behavior and personal reactions to idol

celebrities (Maltby, et al., 2006). This is shown

through their responses such as "I love them as I

love my parents" and "They make me happy every

time they perform on stage".

The final explanation of the difference is due to

gender restriction of the sample of female

adolescents. Maltby, et al. (2003) involved both

male and female participants, whereas this study

restricted only to adolescent girls. Entertainment-

Entertainment-social Celebrity Worship Syndrome of Female Adolescents using Social-media in Indonesia

social tends to be higher in women based on the

study conducted in Malaysia by Swami, et al.

(2011). This may explain high levels of

entertainment-social regardless of the personality

they have. Young women also tend to experience

peer competition (Ferguson, et al., 2013), so there

may be celebrity worshipping competition that

causes extraverts and has a broad friendship tend to

avoid discussions about their favorite celebrities in

peer groups. This is in line with research Frederika,

Suprapto and Tanojo (2015) that some adolescent

participants tend to refuse if the celebrity idol also

favored by their friends.

This research has limitation such as the broad

categories of celebrities. Different respondents’

favorite celebrities might lead to different pattern of

celebrity worship so it is advised to specify the

favorite celebrities in the next research. This study

also implicates that young neurotic women with

unstable emotion could lead to celebrity worship

behavior so the subjects need to be aware of the

symptoms. It is also recommended for young

women to idolize positive figures that could bring

positive impact to one’s life.

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Entertainment-social Celebrity Worship Syndrome of Female Adolescents using Social-media in Indonesia