Coastal Open-Water Modelling Integrated Multi-Trophic

Aquaculture (IMTA) based on Blue Economy

Abdul Ghofur Ragil Insani

, R. O. Saut Gurning

, Badrus Zaman

, Semin

Department of Marine Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 6011, Indonesia

Keywords: Blue Economy, Coastal Open-Water Modelling, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA).

Abstract: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture IMTA is an environmentally friendly solution and sustainability of

aquaculture or aquaculture. IMTA is one form of marine cultivation by utilizing the provision of ecosystem

services by low trophic organisms (such as shellfish and seaweed) that are adjusted as mitigation of waste

from high trophic level organisms (such as fish). The blue economy is closely related to marine and marine-

based sectors, such as the fisheries, transportation and tourism sectors. The survival of marine biota as food

ingredients and livelihoods for people around the sea is a blue economic focus to reduce poverty and hunger.

Coastal Open-Water modelling of IMTA in Indonesia is very appropriate to be carried out in coastal or coral

areas because the area has been damaged due to aquaculture or fishing activities that are not environmentally

friendly and environmentally friendly. So that IMTA can be applied on the Indonesian coast with innovation

and creativity in order to improve seaweed cultivation that is efficient, environmentally friendly, utilizing

other ecosystems that are mutually beneficial, improving the economic welfare of the community, and

availability for a long time in accordance with the concept of blue economy.

1 INTRODUCTION

Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) is one

form of marine cultivation by utilizing the provision

of ecosystem services by low trophic organisms (such

as seashells and seaweed) that are adapted as

mitigation of waste from high trophic organisms

(such as fish) (Jinguang et al, 2009). IMTA is

different from polyculture because polyculture is

cultivating more than one species without regard to

the use of species in ecosystems, while IMTA focuses

on the species' ability to maintain ecosystem balance

so that each particular species has different functions

such as carnivores, herbivores, detritus, biofiltering

and invading particles so ecosystem balance can be

maintained properly. IMTA can be used in almost all

aquaculture containers both sea and land because the

concept of ecosystem balance is applied.

The rate of development of intensive aquaculture

often results in a negative impact in the form of water

quality degradation. The impact of cultivation

activities on the environment must be minimized or

even eliminated. Therefore, all aquaculture activities

must be environmentally oriented so that aquaculture

activities can be sustainable. The most visible impact

of marine fish farming in floating net cages (KJA) is

the presence of residual food decomposed in the

water column which can increase the biochemical

oxygen demand, increase dissolved phosphate

content and increase dissolved nitrogen content. In

general, only about 30% of nutrients derived from

feed are utilized by fish, and the rest will be released

into the water in the form of feed and feces residue,

but this depends on the quality of feed provided and

cultivation management applied (Radiarta et al,

2014).

This system can be modified by utilizing various

organisms in an ecosystem, the ecosystem used is a

natural ecosystem or the original habitat of the

organism. IMTA in Indonesia is very appropriate to

be implemented in coastal or coral areas because the

area has been damaged due to marine cultivation or

fisheries activities that are not environmentally

friendly and environmentally friendly. Floating net

cages in this system cultivate carnivore reef fish

species such as grouper, snapper and baronang. Duck

grouper and tiger grouper species naturally found in

reef waters have a high selling price and grouper fish

have a slow growth, therefore, in carrying out their

cultivation, it is usually carried out several times, but

through IMTA monoculture grouper system can be

overcome with the results of seaweed and shells that

Insani, A., Gurning, R., Zaman, B. and Semin, .

Coastal Open-Water Modelling Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) based on Blue Economy.

DOI: 10.5220/0008549000490054

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Marine Technology (SENTA 2018), pages 49-54

ISBN: 978-989-758-436-7

have fast growth. Nutrients in the form of feces and

leftovers will be given in the form of solids and will

be directly by sea cucumbers or sea urchins or

indirectly through the growth of seaweed,

phytoplankton and benthos and then utilized by

abalone and sea cucumbers. The remaining results

are suspense and phytoplankton are used by shellfish

so that all waste can be utilized. Organisms that can

be utilized are very diverse depending on the region

of the archipelago, for example the reef area includes

grouper, red snapper and Napoleon fish, as

carnivorous organisms or high-level trophic levels.

Every fishery activity provides waste, therefore

waste can utilize the surrounding organisms or

naturally found in the area such as mussel, sea

urchins, sea cucumbers and abalone. Then also the

utilization of the type of shellfish as trophic level of

low-level eaters or reducing waste, shellfish that are

used not only shells that can be consumed but pearl

shells that have high economic value. Waste in

inorganic form can be used in the form of nutrients

by seaweed using the longline method or raft method

according to the characteristics.

In this case the IMTA method used is utilize

nitrogen sequestering species, like shellfish and

seaweeds, to take up excess particulate and dissolved

wastes expelled by finfish (or shrimp) in an

aquaculture setting. This method attempts to replicate

a natural ecosystem where the energy output of one

trophic level is transferred to the next, lower level. In

doing so, waste previously deposited in the water as

lost profit can be captured and transformed into

another sellable product.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Integrated Multi-Tropic

Aquaculture (IMTA)

IMTA is an environmentally friendly solution and

sustainability of aquaculture or aquaculture. IMTA

system derived from fish feed. Fish feed given in

containers is not all capable of being converted into

meat and the rest becomes ammonia and CO

2 from

gills as a result of metabolism and feces from the

results of residual absorption by the body. The

remaining feces or residual food waste can be utilized

by residual eaters or detritus such as sea cucumbers,

abalone, cyclops, lobsters and sea urchins. Waste in

the form of suspense or small POM is used by

biofilter animals such as shellfish. Waste in inorganic

form or in the form of a solution that is not used by

animals is used as nutrition for seaweed to grow and

develop. Indirectly the transformation of a compound

that cannot be utilized into a compound that is

utilized for other organisms.

The superiority of the IMTA system can be

known based on the economy, environment and food

safety for cultivation organisms and humans. The use

of IMTA in China provides economic benefits in

Qingdao province for 2 years producing 900 kg with

a yield of 70,000 yuan / 1600 m2 or 10,000 US

dollars / 1600 m2 so that cultivation with IMTA is

very beneficial because the product diversification is

very large and has high economic value (Jinguang et

al, 2009). The impact of the IMTA in China on the

environment indirectly reduces global climate

change by reducing 1.37 million MT of carbon and

96,000 MT of Nitrogen in the cultivation of seaweed

and shellfish in 2006 (Jinguang et al, 2009). Global

food security is able to fulfill 15 million MT of

marine products for humans (Jinguang et al, 2009),

and the application of IMTA can reduce the

possibility of spread of disease and its transmission

both caused by bacteria and viruses with shellfish

cultivation (Mytilus edelis) against salmon in

subtropics (Pietrack et al, 2009).

2.2 Blue Economy

The term blue economy was first introduced in

2010 by Gunter Pauli through his book entitled The

Blue Economy: 10 years - 100 innovations - 100

million jobs. The blue economy applies the logic of

ecosystems, namely ecosystems always work

towards a higher level of efficiency to flow nutrients

and energy without waste to meet basic needs for all

contributors in a system. Furthermore, the blue

economy focuses on innovation and creativity which

includes product variations, production system

efficiency, and structuring of resource management

systems. The blue economy is closely related to

marine and marine-based sectors, such as the

fisheries, transportation and tourism sectors. The

survival of marine biota as food ingredients and

livelihoods for people around the sea is a blue

economic focus to reduce poverty and hunger.

The Blue Economy is mutually supportive with

the Green Economy model. It also encompasses the

principle of “poverty eradication”, related to food

security and livelihoods, although it has a more

specific vision: “improved human well-being and

social equity, while significantly reducing

environmental risks and ecological scarcities,

including the principles of a low carbon economy

based on resource efficiency and social inclusion, in

SENTA 2018 - The 3rd International Conference on Marine Technology

particular in states where future resources are marine

related” (Blue Economy, 2016).

The blue economy then develops and is often

associated with the development of coastal areas. The

concept of the blue economy is in line with the

concept of green economy that is environmentally

friendly and focused on developing countries with

territorial waters (sea), commonly known as Small

Island Development States (SIDS). The blue

economy in this case is aimed at overcoming hunger,

reducing poverty, creating sustainable marine life,

reducing the risk of disasters in coastal areas, and

mitigating and adapting to climate change.

The blue economy approach focuses on creative

and innovative investments that can ultimately

improve the welfare of the community while taking

into account environmental sustainability. New types

of businesses and employment opportunities can

actually be applied around coastal areas. Waste

recycling business, for example, can be an alternative

solution to clean the environment around the coast,

create new jobs, and reduce waste (zero waste). The

implementation of the blue economy globally is

considered crucial considering that 72% of the total

surface of the earth is the ocean. In addition, the sea

functions as a source of food providers and climate

regulators and earth temperature so that its

sustainability needs to be maintained. So that it can

be concluded that the principles in the Blue Economy

concept are:

1. Innovation and creative

2. Efficiency of natural resources

3. Zero Waste or environment friendly

4. Improve welfare, and

5. Availability in a very long time

2.3 IMTA Development Potential

IMTA based on aquaculture in Indonesia has developed

but can only be found partially, for example those who

have ponds only cultivate milkfish with seaweed or

added with giant prawns as eaters of digestive waste

such as feces and feed. Seaweed besides being a source

of oxygen for fish during the day and able to utilize

inorganic waste as a nutrient

for seaweed cultivation.

A more complex IMTA is implemented in coastal

areas that have a calm current and are suitable for

KJA cultivation. The IMTA system is applied using

fish, seaweed, mussel in KJA cultivation and provides

good results and optimization in the utilization of

feed. Indirectly an ecosystem-based approach has

been implemented in the form of aquaculture in ponds

or other.

The results of the research on the application of

the IMTA model in Teluk Gerupuk, Central Lombok

by combining the cultivation of tiger grouper,

pomfret, and seaweed showed good cultivation

productivity, characterized by the growth

performance of all good cultivation commodities.

Seaweed growth around IMTA units is higher than

control seaweed units (distance 2-3 km from IMTA

units); is one indication of the efficiency of the

utilization of nutrient distribution which is a culture

waste from KJA fish which is wasted into the waters.

The results of this study show clearly that the

application of the IMTA model in the development of

marine aquaculture is very relevant both in terms of

land use, production, and environmental conditions of

the waters. This IMTA development pattern can be

applied in locations with limited potential land, but

the availability of superior commodities to be

developed. The results of this study are expected to

be a model for developing aquaculture that is

environmentally sound (Radiarta, 2016).

The application of IMTA in Indonesia can be

carried out in marine aquaculture areas that utilize

KJA as a cultivation facility for culture organisms.

Local ecosystems contained in an area can be carried

out as compilers in the IMTA system, because local

ecosystems have better adaptation than outside

introduced organisms. Local ecosystems need to be

maintained in order to maintain natural balance,

introduction from the outside will have a bad

influence on ecosystem damage such as the spread of

diseases and basically organisms in Indonesia's

marine ecosystems have high economic value

compared to others. The application of IMTA to this

idea is carried out in the waters of the reef or bay

which have relatively calm currents. Organisms

derived from local ecosystems that are utilized are

grouper, snapper and baronang fish, because these

three fish have high economic value and hatchery of

these reef fish has been known so that the supply of

seeds as a cultivation element has been fulfilled.

Organisms in local ecosystems that act as organic

extractive species are mussel, sea urchins, sea

cucumber and abalone which are able to utilize the

remaining food and feces in KJA cultivation, because

naturally these types of organisms are found in

Indonesia, especially abalone which has been

successfully cultivated. Green mussels and blood

clams have been able to be cultivated well in almost

all waters in Indonesia so that in their utilization there

is no difficulty especially related to hatchery, the

ability of shellfish as a feeder filter can utilize

suspended particles. Marine plants such as seaweed

that are easily cultivated in Indonesia such as

Coastal Open-Water Modelling Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) based on Blue Economy

Euchema sp and Gracilaria sp have high economic

value and can be useful as inorganic absorbents or

wastes in the form of solutions in cultivation systems

so that they can be utilized.

The type of organism in the local Indonesian

ecosystem for detritive invertebrates is very large,

namely the type of sea cucumber pandan (ananas

Thelonota), white (Holothuria scabra) and koro

(Microtlele nobelis) which are commonly found in

the waters of Banyak island, Nanggroe Aceh

Darussalam which have been able to be cultivated in

almost all parts of Indonesia and has a high price in

the world market (Badan Rekonstruksi, 2007). The

type of abalone that can be used in Indonesia is a type

of black abalone that is cultivated in the Marine

Aquaculture Centre in Lombok and many types of

porcupine sea urchins are found naturally in the

waters so that they can be used directly in the IMTA

cultivation ecosystem. The types of seaweed used are

Euchema sp and Gracilaria sp which naturally exist in

Indonesian waters and have been cultivated by the

community both in longline and rafts (Badan

Rekonstruksi, 2007).

The term IMTA, is more specific requiring two or

more species at different trophic levels to be grown

simultaneously in close proximity to each other. This

system exemplifies a natural ecosystem function and

allows the farmer to get more use out of the same

amount of food and energy put into a monoculture

system. Although IMTA is not species-specific, many

definitions typically identify finfish as the highest

trophic level organism, or strictly state that "IMTA is

the culturing of fed finfish in combination with other

species that filter waste particulates and dissolved

nutrients, thereby reducing organic discharge and

expanding the economic base of a farming operation.

Figure 1: Proposed IMTA for adoption in coastal

Bangladesh.

In this case the IMTA method used is utilize

nitrogen sequestering species, like shellfish and

seaweeds, to take up excess particulate and dissolved

wastes expelled by finfish (or shrimp) in an

aquaculture setting. This method attempts to replicate

a natural ecosystem where the energy output of one

trophic level is transferred to the next, lower level. In

doing so, waste previously deposited in the water as

lost profit can be captured and transformed into

another sellable product.

Growing shellfish and seaweed together are less

popular worldwide than a complete IMTA system

because of the reduced incentive to improve the

conditions brought about by the aquaculture system

itself. Research has shown, however, that these lower

trophic IMTA systems can still have a positive impact

on the water quality, especially near commercial

facilities, and can still act as an additional revenue for

the facility (Soto, 2009).

The coastal aquaculture sector in Bangladesh is

particularly vulnerable to climate change. Different

climatic variables, including cyclone, drought, flood,

rainfall, salinity, sea level rise, and sea surface

temperature have had adverse effects on land-based

prawn and shrimp farming. Open-water IMTA could

be developed to cope with the challenges of

vulnerability to the effects of climate change on

coastal aquaculture. There are great opportunities for

the development of IMTA in coastal Bangladesh as

an ecosystem approach for adapting to climate

change. The prospects for the development of IMTA

in coastal Bangladesh are positive due to

environmental and economic benefits. The adoption

of IMTA in coastal Bangladesh could reduce

ecological effects of shrimp culture on the

Sundarbans mangrove forest as well as reduce

pressure from capture fisheries. IMTA in coastal

Bangladesh has great potential for increasing food

production, income, and livelihood opportunities. It

could also increase export earnings and economic

growth of the country (Ahmed & Glaser, 2016).

IMTA in Canada uses mussels, salmon and

seaweed. Utilization of waste from leftover salmon

and feces can be absorbed by mussels in the form of

suspension or small POM and mussels will undergo

metabolism in the form of ammonia and the addition

of ammonia can come from fish as a result of

metabolism. While inorganic waste in the form of

ammonia will be used by seaweed as a nutrient in

photosynthesis so that seaweed is able to grow and

develop (Jinguang et al, 2009).

IMTA in coastal open-waters may not be affected

by flood, sea level rise, and freshwater scarcity as a

result of drought and rainfall variation. Open-water

IMTA can maintain water quality (Largo et al, 2016),

and thus, reduce parasite infestations and disease

outbreaks by water currents. Moreover, mussels and

seaweeds in IMTA can remove nutrients which in

SENTA 2018 - The 3rd International Conference on Marine Technology

turn reduce the growth of pathogens and toxic algae

(Sreejariya, 2011). IMTA systems absorb excess

nutrients, and thus, reduce eutrophication. IMTA with

finfish and shellfish can remove up to 54% of

particulate nutrients (Reid et al, 2010), and seaweeds

can remove up to 60% of dissolved nitrogen and

phosphorus (Huo et al, 2012).

In climate variables such as cyclone, drought,

floods, rainfall, salinity, sea level rise and sea surface

temperature to the impacts on land-based coastal

aquaculture include:

1. Reduce photosynthesis, reduce O

2, limit

primary productivity

2. CO

2 emissions, low water pH, increase

waste metabolites

3. Changes in water salinity and habitat

patterns

4. Changes in water temperature, hinder

ecological interactions

5. Deteriorate water quality by pollutants,

water turbidity, erosion, and sedimentation.

6. Reduce water levels and decline fish habitat

by drought and rainfall variation.

7. Inundation of ponds, prevalence of

parasites and diseases.

Whereas if using the coastal open-water IMTA

method, the advantages are as follows:

1. Seaweed in IMTA produces O

2 by

photosynthesis

2. Seaweed absorbs CO

2 and shells sequester

carbon in its shell

3. IMTA is related to euryhaline species that

tolerate wide range of salinity

4. Seaweed and shellfish can withstand water

temperatures through biofiltration

5. Seaweed and shellfish make clear water by

accumulating pollutants, sediments, and

suspended particles

6. Coastal open-water IMTA may not affected

by drought and rainfall variation

7. IMTA may not be affected by flood and sea

level rise; reduce parasite infections and

disease outbreaks by maintaining water

quality.

3 RESULT & DISCUSSION

From the results of the discussion and data above we

can find out about the coastal open water method by

Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) which

is highly recommended to be carried out in marine

culture in Indonesia in order to improve the welfare

of the community, especially coastal areas. In

addition, the results obtained are also more profitable

than monoculture cultivation. application of

strategies in the application of IMTA in Indonesia.

IMTA in Indonesia can be developed in the form of a

sustainable and environmentally friendly aquaculture

industry. IMTA in Indonesia is very appropriate to be

implemented in coastal or coral areas because the area

has been damaged due to marine cultivation or

fisheries activities that are not environmentally

friendly. Nutrients in the form of feces and leftovers

will be given in the form of solids and will be directly

by sea cucumbers or sea urchins or indirectly through

the growth of seaweed, phytoplankton and benthos

and then utilized by abalone and sea cucumbers. The

remaining results are suspense and phytoplankton are

used by shellfish so that all waste can be utilized.

Organisms that can be utilized are very diverse

depending on the region of the archipelago, for

example the reef area includes grouper, red snapper

and Napoleon fish, as carnivorous organisms or high-

level trophic levels. Every fishery activity provides

waste, therefore waste can utilize the surrounding

organisms or naturally found in the area such as

mussel, sea urchins, sea cucumbers and abalone.

Then also the utilization of the type of shellfish as

trophic level of low-level eaters or reducing waste,

shellfish that are used not only shells that can be

consumed but pearl shells that have high economic

value. Waste in inorganic form can be used in the

form of nutrients by seaweed using the longline

method or raft method according to the

characteristics.

Open water IMTA is very in line with the concept

of blue economy because open water IMTA can

maintain water quality, and thus, reduce parasitic

infestations and disease outbreaks by the flow of

water. In addition, shellfish and seaweed on IMTA

can eliminate nutrients which in turn reduce the

growth of toxic pathogens and algae. The IMTA

system absorbs excessive nutrients, and thus reduces

eutrophication. IMTA with fish and fish skin can

eliminate up to 54% of particulate nutrients, and

seaweed can eliminate up to 60% dissolved nitrogen

and phosphorus and is one indication of the efficiency

of utilization of nutrient distribution which is a

culture waste from KJA fish wasted into the waters.

The results of this study show clearly that the

application of the IMTA model in the development of

marine aquaculture is very relevant both in terms of

land use, production, and environmental conditions of

the waters. This IMTA development pattern can be

applied in locations with limited potential land, but

the availability of superior commodities to be

developed. The results of this study are expected to

be a model for developing aquaculture that is

Coastal Open-Water Modelling Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) based on Blue Economy

environmentally sound (Radiarta, 2016). Adoption of

IMTA on the coast of Bangladesh can reduce the

ecological effects of shrimp cultivation in the

Sundarbans mangrove forest and reduce pressure

from fishing. Coastal Bangladesh IMTA has great

potential to increase food production, income, and

livelihood opportunities. It can also increase export

earnings and economic growth in the country.

4 CONCLUSION

IMTA in Indonesia is very appropriate to be

implemented in coastal or coral areas because the area

has been damaged due to marine cultivation or

fisheries activities that are not environmentally

friendly and environmentally friendly. The open

water IMTA method applied in Bangladesh can be

applied in Indonesian marine waters because the

aquaculture sector in Indonesia is very vulnerable to

climate change. Different climate variables, including

cyclones, droughts, floods, rainfall, salinity, sea level

rise, and sea surface temperatures have adverse

effects on land-based shrimp and shrimp. Open-water

IMTA can be developed to overcome vulnerability

challenges to climate change impacts on coastal

cultivation. There is a great opportunity for the

development of IMTA on the Indonesian coast as an

ecosystem approach to adapt to climate change.

Prospects for the development of IMTA on the

Indonesian coast are positive due to environmental

and economic benefits. The advantages of the coastal

open-water IMTA method are as follows:

1. Seaweed in IMTA produces O

2 by

photosynthesis

2. Seaweed absorbs CO

2 and shells sequester

carbon in its shell

3. IMTA is related to euryhaline species that

tolerate wide range of salinity

4. Seaweed and shellfish can withstand water

temperatures through biofiltration

5. Seaweed and shellfish make clear water by

accumulating pollutants, sediments, and

suspended particles

6. Coastal open-water IMTA may not affected

by drought and rainfall variation

7. IMTA may not be affected by flood and sea

level rise; reduce parasite infections and

disease outbreaks by maintaining water

quality

So that the IMTA implemented in Bangladesh can

also be applied on the Indonesian coast with

innovation and creativity in order to improve seaweed

cultivation that is efficient, environmentally friendly,

utilizing other ecosystems that are mutually

beneficial, improving the economic welfare of the

community, and availability in a long time in

accordance with the economic concept blue.

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SENTA 2018 - The 3rd International Conference on Marine Technology