The Study on Physical and Chemical Water Quality Parameters at

Pasir Putih, Situbondo

Anita Diah Pahlewi

Marine Engineering, Agricultural Department, 68312 Universitas Abdurachman Saleh Situbondo, Indonesia

Keywords: Water Quality, Pasir Putih Situbondo, Temperature, Turbidity, pH, DO.

Abstract: Indonesian coastal and marine biodiversity has important role for both economical and developmental state

aspects. This field offer environmental services such as marine tourism. Considering its coastal area

potentials, Situbondo develops their marine tourism, such as Pasir Putih Beach. The present of white sand

beach and coral reef ecosystems in Pasir Putih attract tourist and researcher intention to explore. Water

quality is very influential on the biodiversity of aquatic biota, coral reef ecosystem indeed. Therefore, study

on the physical and chemical parameters of water quality needed as monitoring effort of the Pasir Putih’s

water quality. Data of temperature, turbidity, pH, and DO, TSS and salinity compared to the standards of

water quality under The Decree of the Minister of Environment No.51/2004. Result of turbidity,

temperature, pH, and DO parameters show that they are in safe criteria, but TSS and salinity parameters

ranges are exceed the water quality standards under The Decree of the Minister of Environment

No.51/2004.

1 INTRODUCTION

Indonesia marine and coastal biodiversity is present

in the form of coral reef ecosystems, mangroves, sea

grass beds, estuaries, beaches, open sea, and deep

seas (Dahuri, 2003). This marine and coastal

biodiversity has high economic natural resources

potential. Furthermore, this area are able to offer

environmental services for public developmental

purposes. The scope of marine and coastal

environmental services are education and research

aspects, defence and security aspects, climate

control, marine tourism, maritime transportation and

communications, source of energy, conservation and

preservation, and also living-system supports

(Dahuri, 2003). Tourism as one of environmental

services gives obvious contributing for both local

and national economic development. It is contribute

to the country’s foreign exchange and increase local

income.

Situbondo’s coastline is 131.575 km along

(Sukandar, 2016) and marine tourism become its

main tourism. One of its marine tourism is Pasir

Putih beach that located in Bungatan sub-district.

This beach is accessible and passed by Pantura road.

Pasir Putih beach offers beauty of its white sand and

underwater sceneries to the tourist. They can

swimming, canoeing, snorkelling, or diving. The

diversity of its marine biota such as coral reefs,

nektons, and benthic species attract both tourists and

researchers to explore this area. The local

government’s efforts to promote and conserve Pasir

Putih environment are organizing the national water

sport, diving and culture event placed in Pasir Putih

Beach, publishing Situbondo’s Regent Regulation

No.19/2012 about Pasir Putih Coral Reef

Conservation (Peraturan Bupati Situbondo, 2012),

and building and renewing the infrastructures.

Seeing the potentials, it is possible for increasing the

developments of Pasir Putih underwater tourism in

future years.

The condition of Pasir Putih marine biota can not be

separated with its water quality. Water as substance

that surrounding marine biota and medium for

chemical reaction occurs, both inside and outside of

organism body (Nybakken, 1988). The optimum

development and growth of marine biota reach if

waters environment in balance ecosystem condition.

The presence of disturbing factors cause the break of

one or more food chain in its web food (Wibisono,

2011). The waters physical-chemical parameters

influence the living of marine biota around.

Biodiversity that exists in an ecosystem is reflection

Pahlewi, A.

The Study on Physical and Chemical Water Quality Parameters at Pasir Putih, Situbondo.

DOI: 10.5220/0008374800770081

In Proceedings of the 6th International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management (ISOCEEN 2018), pages 77-81

ISBN: 978-989-758-455-8

of its physical-chemical parameters characteristics

(Dahuri, 2003). The study of physical and chemical

water quality is necessary for water quality indicator

and comparison data on environmental monitoring

assessment (Tatangindatu, et.al, 2013). Therefore,

the research on physical and chemical parameters at

Pasir Putih waters needs to be carried out as

monitoring of water quality that is closely related to

the condition of its marine biota.

2 MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Study Area

Pasir Putih beach located at Pasir Putih village,

Bungatan subdistrict, Situbondo regency, East Java.

It is about 25 km from the downtown area. The

beach is passed by Pantura road and make it

accessible. Fig. 1 shown the location of the study

area.

Figure 1: Study Area.

2.2 Sampling and Data Analysis

Figure 2: Sampling Location.

The measurement of water quality data have been

conducted for three stations (see Fig. 2). The

coordinate point each sampling’s site are A site (S

7°41’4.8” E 113°49’56.1”), B site (S 7°41’10.8” E

113°49’45”), C site (S 7°41’27.7” E 113°49’38.8”).

Sampling of water quality takes 2 kind of depth, (1)

0.5 m under water surface and (2) 0.5 m above the

sea bed. Van Dorn Sampler horizontal type is used

for collect sea water sample.

The sampling of turbidity, temperature, DO, pH

parameters using in-situ methods. Meanwhile, TSS

and salinity parameters deriving from laboratory

analysis. Sampling of seawater sample for laboratory

analysis packed in dark bottle and should be storage

at cooler box. The sample should not more than 24 h

picked up to the laboratory for maintaining its

stability and quality.

Kinds of water quality parameters, sampling

methods, and methods specification shown in Table

1. The available data are analyzed descriptively

using graphics and tables then compared with the

water quality standard under The Decree of the

Minister of Environment No.51/2004.

Table 1: Parameters, sampling methods and methods

specification.

Parameters

Sampling

Methods

Methods Specification

Sampling’s

coordinate

Insitu GPS

Depth Insitu Gauge stone

Physical

Parameters

Turbidity Insitu Turbidimeter

Temperature Insitu Digital Termometer

TSS Laboratory SNI 06-6989.3 - 2004

Chemical

Parameters

Salinity Laboratory Refractometer

pH Insitu pH meter

DO Insitu DO meter

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Since the publishing of Situbondo’s Regent

Regulation No.19/2012, Pasir Putih has already

became not only marine tourism but also coral reef’s

conservation area. The water environmental

condition as limiting factor influence the living of

marine biota around. The physical and chemical

water quality monitoring at Pasir Putih waters was

conducting on October 2018 at dry season in ebb

condition. At dry season, the minimum input of

freshwater can minimize the effect of rain diluting

ISOCEEN 2018 - 6th International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management

the salts in the ocean. The water depth each

sampling site shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Water Depth (Ebb Condition).

Location Coordinate Depth

Station A S 7°41’4.8” E 113°49’56.1” 4 meter

Station B S 7°41’10.8” E 113°49’45” 5.5 meter

Station C S 7°41’27.7” E 113°49’38.8” 5 meter

Comparison between physical-chemical

parameters measurement data and water quality

standard for marine biota and marine tourism under

Ministerial Decree of Environment Number 51/2004

given at Table 3.

Table 3: Comparison of measurement data and

Government’s Quality Standard.

Parameters

Water

quality

standard

(biota)

Water

quality

(tourism)

Unit

The results

Station A Station B Station C

A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2

Physical Parameters

Turbidity < 5 < 5 NTU 0.85 1.78 0.31 2.82 0.41 6.41

Temperature 28 – 30 Natural °C 30.1 29.1 29.2 28.9 29.3 29.3

TSS 20 20 mg/l 26 27 27 29 21 27

Chemical Parameters

Salinity 33 – 34 Natural ‰ 35.1 35.1 35.2 35.3 34.8 35.3

pH 7 – 8.5 7 – 8.5 - 8.08 7.64 7.66 7.89 7.69 7.85

DO > 5 > 5 mg/l 11.13 7.74 8.9 8.11 8.14 7.88

3.1 Physical Parameters

3.1.1 Turbidity

The turbidity measurement data (Fig. 3) at three

sampling sites taken from surface (0.5 m under

water surface) and bottom (0.5 m above the seabed).

The turbidity value at 3 sampling site are within safe

criteria, for marine biota and marine tourism.

Figure 3: Turbidity measurement data.

The standard quality of turbidity range for marine

biota and marine tourism under The Decree of the

Minister of Environment No.51/2004 is less than 5

NTU (red line as maximal standard quality criteria).

The turbidity mean range at Station A is 1.315

NTU, not exceed the standard quality. At Station B,

mean range of turbidity is 1.56 NTU are also not

exceed the quality standard. Mean range of turbidity

at Station C is 3.41 NTU. Seeing its mean range,

turbidity is still in safe condition, because it is not

exceed the quality standard. At Station C, the range

in bottom site exceed the water quality standard.

Turbidity caused by dissolved suspended organic or

anorganic particles in water body which make it

turbid (Wibawa and Luthfi, 2017). The high range of

turbidity bottom side at station C probably caused by

substrate stirred by marine organism such as nekton

or by water current in sampling moment.

3.1.2 Temperature

The mean temperature at all sampling station are

within normal condition because it is not exceed the

maximal range of water quality standard for marine

biota and marine tourism. The mean temperature in

Station A is 29.6 °C, Station B is 29.5 °C, and

Station C is 29.3 °C. The surface water as first

receptor of direct sunlight accept more heat than the

underwater layer. The consequent is temperature at

surface always higher than other underwater

columns. This is illustrate at Fig. 4, which the

surface temperature in the sampling station higher

than bottom temperature. The temperature at the

surface and bottom site is not much different,

because the water depth consider as shallow water,

so it cannot form temperature stratification.

Temperature Station A at surface part is 30.1 °C,

little higher than maximal range of water quality

standard, 30°C. The increase of this temperature is

temporary as effect from boat machine heat through

the line occasionally. Water temperature parameter

The Study on Physical and Chemical Water Quality Parameters at Pasir Putih, Situbondo

should be considered since the increasing of water

surface temperature caused coral bleaching and

present coral diseases (Wibawa and Luthfi, 2017).

The illustration of water temperature condition in

Pasir Putih beach shown in Fig. 4.

Figure 4: Temperature measurement data.

3.1.3 TSS (Total Suspended Solids)

Figure 5: TSS measurement data.

Fig. 5 shows the range of TSS in all sampling

stations exceed water quality standard allowed. The

mean TSS range at A station is 26.5 mg/l. The mean

range of TSS at B station is 28 mg/l. The mean

range of TSS at station C is 24 mg/l. TSS is

suspended materials (diameter > 1µm) which

detained on milipore filter with pore diameter 0.45

µm. TSS consist of mud and fine sand and

microorganism, as the result of land erosion flush to

the water body (Effendi, 2013). The monitoring of

TSS used for knowing the water quality, because

highly TSS range indicate the high risk pollution and

inhibit the sun light penetration to water body

(Maulana, et.al, 2015). Generally, the content of

suspended solid affects the level of water turbidity

and temperature (Edward, 2003). Despite of its high

TSS value, it is not driven the turbidity and

temperature exceed the water quality standard yet.

Highly TSS range at sampling station probably

caused by highly nutrient content due to floating net

cages near sampling location. Further research

needed to investigate the impact of floating net

cages to the water quality at Pasir Putih waters.

3.2 Chemical Parameters

3.2.1 Salinity

Figure 6: Salinity measurement data.

Fig. 6 shows the range of salinity in the surface is

not much differ from salinity range in bottom site.

This is indicate that overall there are homogeneous

salinity distribution at each depth. Mean range of

salinity at Station A is 35.1 ‰, station B is 35.25 ‰,

station C is 35.05 ‰. The salinity range exceed

water quality standard allowed for marine biota. The

range salinity for the marine tourism water quality

standard is natural, depend on normal condition and

varied at time (noon, night, season). Salinity range in

this area is still appropriate to the marine water

salinity range, 30 – 40 ‰ (Effendi, 2013).

The present salinity range are differ from research

data in 2013, which Pasir Putih water salinity range

30 - 31 ‰ (Aunurohim, 2013). The present salinity

range close to the salinity range of the floating net

cage research in 2017 (Anrosana, 2017). This

probably caused by the fact that salinity is measured

under laboratory process, not insitu measurement.

On the real condition, salinity is influenced by

several factors such as evaporation, rainfall, current

circulation pattern, fresh water flush and

anthropogenic activities (Nontji, 1987). The

sampling stations are also located near ponds.

ISOCEEN 2018 - 6th International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management

3.2.2 PH

Figure 7: PH measurement data.

According to water standard quality for marine biota

and marine tourism, the range salinity of pH is 7 –

8.5. Mean pH range at Station A, B, C are 7.86,

7.78, and 7.77. Fig. 7 show that pH range at three

sampling sites appropriate with the government’s

water standard quality for marine biota and marine

tourism. The pH content is hydrogen ion

concentration unit in solution, usually for defining

acidity or base of solution (Wibawa and Luthfi,

2017). Change in pH affect the marine biota

chemical and biological process. The pH affect the

toxicity of water chemical compound. The pH’s

range is very influential for water biochemical

process as nitrification will end in lower pH range

(Tarsim and Wardiyanto, 2004).

3.2.3 DO

Figure 8: DO measurement data.

Fig. 8 shows the measurement of DO’s range. The

range of DO quality standard for marine biota and

marine tourism is more than 5 mg/l. The mean range

of DO at Station A, B, C are 9.44 mg/l, 8.51 mg/l,

and 8.01 mg/l. The three mean range more than 5

mg/l, which show that DO range is within safe

criteria, not exceed the range of water quality

standard under The Decree of the Minister of

Environment No.51/2004. Dissolved oxygen are

needed for respiration process of living organism.

The lower DO content at bottom-side show the

presence of respiration process by coral or other

marine biota (Wibawa and Luthfi, 2017).

4 SUMMARY

The condition of physical and chemical parameters

include turbidity, temperature, pH, DO are still

within water quality standard allowed. TSS and

salinity parameters are exceed the water quality

standard allowed. It is needed the further research

about highly range of TSS content in Pasir Putih

water and salinity measurement should be done on

location.

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The Study on Physical and Chemical Water Quality Parameters at Pasir Putih, Situbondo