Dairy Food Consumption, BMI, and Their Relation with Evelated
Blood Pressure (EBP) in Middle Adulthood
Dhian Satya R and Ari Susanti
Stikes Hang Tuah Surabaya, 1
st
Gadung Street, Surabaya, Indonesia
Keyword: Dairy Food Consumption, EBP, Middle Adulthood.
Abstract: Background: The habit of consuming smoked food, or preserved with salt like salted fish, low consumption
of fresh fruits and vegetables, and the habit of smoking in the population of the Coastal Region of Surabaya
is a trigger factor of Elevated Blood Pressure. Excessive levels of sodium and water will increase total
volume and blood pressure. Preliminary study results show there were 48.4% of coastal residents who suffer
from hypertension. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between dairy food
consumption, BMI with elevated blood pressure in middle adulthood. Methods: This research used analytic
observational design with Cross Sectional approach. Population amounted to 93 people while the sample
amounted to 46 by using simple random sampling technique. Statistic test used spearman rho test. Results:
The results showed that dairy food consumption and BMI were associated with hypertension with p value
0.006 for dairy food consumption and 0.037 for BMI. Conclusions: The implication of this research is
expected the society to be more concern about that BMI and do more sport and always check the health
status at the nearest Medical Center so that the risk of Elevated Blood Pressure can be reduced.
1 INTRODUCTION
EBP is defined as the persistent elevation of systolic
BP 140 mmHg or more and diastolic BP 90 mmHg
or more (Black & Hawks, 2014). Food selection is
based on sensory, social, psychological, emotional,
cultural, health, economic, food preparation methods
and other factors (Arora, 2007). The habit of
consuming smoked food, or preserved with salt like
salted fish, low consumption of fresh fruits and
vegetables, and the habit of smoking in the
population of the Coastal Region of Surabaya is a
trigger factor of EBP. Patients with hypertension
rapidly increase blood pressure if not treated,
causing death within 1 or 2 years (Vinay Kumar,
Ramzi S. Cotran, 2013). Excessive levels of sodium
and water will increase total volume and blood
pressure (Black & Hawks, 2014).
Data World Health Organization (WHO), in
2008 about 40% of adults over 25 years have been
diagnosed with hypertension around the world. The
highest prevalence of EBP in the area of Africa 46%
of adults aged over 25 years, while the lowest
prevalence of 35% was found in the United States.
Overall, high-income countries have a lower
prevalence of hypertension (World Health
Organization, 2013).
Data of Riset Kesehatan Dasar by Health
Ministry of Republic Indonesia in 2007 and 2013
showed that the prevalence of hypertension aged 18
years and over in 2007 in Indonesia was 31.7% and
decreased in 2013 by 5.9% (from 31.7% to 25.8%).
In 2013, the prevalence of hypertensive women
(31.9%) was higher than males (28.8%)
(kementerian kesehatan RI, 2014). Assessment of
individual diet conducted by researchers in coastal
Surabaya in December 2016 showed that of 192
people there were 93 (5.67%) who suffer from
hypertension, the consumption of side dish was high
compared with vegetable consumption, that is 343
(81,09%) for side dish consumption and 223
(52,72%) for consumption of vegetables.
(Aaronson & Ward, 2010) states that consuming
foods with high salt can lead to impaired sodium
excretion in the kidneys, the resulting sodium
retention increases blood volume, and further
increases CO and Arterial Blood Pressure (ABP).
This condition will result in increased blood
pressure. Hypertension is commonly referred to as a
'silent killer' and can not be ignored simply because
Satya R, D. and Susanti, A.
Dairy Food Consumption, BMI, and Their Relation with Evelated Blood Pressure (EBP) in Middle Adulthood.
DOI: 10.5220/0008329406010604
In Proceedings of the 9th International Nursing Conference (INC 2018), pages 601-604
ISBN: 978-989-758-336-0
Copyright
c
2018 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
601
it can increase the likelihood of complications such
as stroke, heart failure, diabetes mellitus and kidney
failure.
The pattern of food consumption among the
coastal population of Surabaya should be
appropriate to the needs. By knowing the symptoms
and risk factors for the occurrence of hypertension
patients are expected to do prevention and
management with diet or lifestyle modifications or
drugs so that complications can be avoided. the
purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship
between diet and physical activity with the incidence
of hypertension in middle adulthood population in
coastal areas in Surabaya.
2 METHODS
The design of this study was observational analytic
with cross sectional approach in which the
dependent and independent variables examined in
the same time. The research was conducted in
February - April 2017 in Coastal Area of Surabaya
City. Population in this research were middle
adulthood with EBP in Coastal Area of Surabaya
City which amount to 93 people. The sample in this
study amounted to 46 respondents taken randomly
using simple random sampling so that samples in
this study have the same opportunity to be selected
as a sample. Data were analyzed using Spearman
Rho test.
The diet in this study was measured using a Food
Frequency (FFQ) Questionnaire. Researchers
determine the value of each category of diet with the
following conditions (Nadimin, 2011): Good : ≥
skor X
̅
FFQ, Less : < skor X
̅
FFQ.
The evaluation criteria for hypertension
(Aaronson & Ward, 2010) with the following
conditions: Mild hypertension: 140-159/90-99
mmHg, Moderate hypertension: 160-179/100-109
mmHg and High hypertension: 180-210/110-119
mmHg.
3 RESULT
In this section described about the results from data
collection on the relationship dairy food
consumption and BMI with elevated blood pressure.
Table 1 showed that form a total of 46 responden
there were 32 (69.6%) female respondents and male
respondents were 14 (30.4%).
Table 2 showed that form a total of 46 responden
whom aged between 46-60 years as many as 26
(56.5%) respondents, age over 60 years as many as
11 (23.9%) respondents and age between 30-45
years as many as 9 (19.6%) respondents.
Table 3 showed that 31 (67.4%) respondents
consumed vegetables and 9 (19.6%) respondents
rarely consume fruits, and 6 (13%) did not consume
vegetables.
Table 4 showed that 19 people (41.3%) Normal,
17 people (37%) obese, 7 people (15.2%) Obesity
Level 1, 2 people (4.3%) Obesity Level 2, and 1
person (2.2% ) skinny.
Table 1: Characteristics of respondents by sex in
middle adulthood.
Sex
Frequency
Percentage
(%)
Male
Female
14
32
30.4
69.6
Total
46
100
Table 2: Characteristics of respondents by age in
middle adulthood.
Age
Frequency
Percentage
(%)
30-45 th
46-60 th
> 60 th
9
26
11
19.6
56.5
23.9
Total
46
100
Table 3: Characteristics of respondents by consumption
of fruits and vegetables in middle adulthood.
Frequency
Percentage
(%)
31
9
6
67.4
19.6
13
46
100
Table 4: Characteristics of respondents based on body
mass index in middle adulthood
BMI
Frekuensi (f)
Persentase
(%)
Very thin
0
0
Skinny
1
2,2
Normal
19
41,3
Obes
17
37
Obesitas Level I
7
15,2
Obesitas Level II
2
4,3
Obesitas Level
III
0
0
Total
46
100%
INC 2018 - The 9th International Nursing Conference: Nurses at The Forefront Transforming Care, Science and Research
602
Table 5 showed that of 28 respondents with low
EBP rate there were 16 (57.1%) with good diet. of
10 respondents with moderate hypertension rate
were 8. (80%) who had less diet, of 7 respondents
with high EBP level there are 6 (85.7%) who have
less diet and respondents who had extremely high
hypertension levels all had less diet. Spearman
correlation test results show the value of ρ = 0.006.
it’s means that there were correlation between dairy
food consumption with EBP in middle adulthood.
Table 6 showed that respondents who had
normal BMI were 12 (63.1%) with mild
hypertension status, while respondents with obesitas
level 2 all of them suffer from severe hypertension.
Spearman correlation test results show the value of ρ
= 0.037. it’s means that there were correlation
between BMI with elevated blood pressure in middle
adulthood.
4 DISCUSSION
4.1 Dairy Food Consumption with
Elevated Blood Pressure in Middle
Adulthood
Based on the table 5 showed that of 28 respondents
with low hypertension rate there were 16 (57.1%)
with good diet. of 10 respondents with moderate
hypertension rate were 8 (80%) who had less diet, of
7 respondents with high hypertension level there are
6 (85.7%) who have less diet and respondents who
had extremely high hypertension levels all had less
diet. This shows that the better the diet, the lighter
category of hypertension experienced. Factors that
affect blood pressure include, overweight, lack of
exercise, consuming high salt foods, consuming less
fresh fruits and vegetable s, drinking too much
alcohol and smoking (Palmer, 2007).
The results of interviews conducted by
researchers found that respondents often consume
side dishes such as fresh fish, salted fish, smoked
fish, chicken meat and rarely consume vegetables
and fruits every day. Respondents only consume
fruit 3-5 times a month, whereas according to dietary
guidelines in the prevention of EBP recommend to
consume 4-5 servings with serving size 1 medium
fruit. Researcher assume that the habit of consuming
high processed sodium side dishes and the lack of
consumption of fruits is one of the factors that
contribute to the increase in blood pressure. This is
in accordance with the research conducted by (D.
Rose Ewald, Sarah Howle Bond, & Lauren A.
Haldeman, 2017) that excessive sodium intake is a
risk factor for higher blood pressure. Sodium intake
that attracts fluid from intracellular and retains water
in extracellular, if not controlled causes blood
volume to increase so that heart will work harder in
pumping blood to blood vessels (Aaronson & Ward,
2010).
4.2 Body Mass Index with Elevated
Blood Pressure in Middle
Adulthood
The results of cross-tabulation between BMI with
blood pressure showed that in 19 respondents with
normal BMI, 12 (63.2%) respondents with mild EBP
and EBP 5 (26.3%) respondents with moderate EBP.
In 17 respondents with fat BMI there were 11
(64.7%) respondents with mild EBP and 4 (23.5%)
respondents with moderate EBP. This is in
accordance with the results of research conducted by
Rahajeng and Tuminah (2009) which shows that
people with obesity nutritional status at risk 2.79
times exposed to EBP.
Obesity is also often associated with the
development of hypertension (Ardiansyah, 2012).
Obesity could potentially cause increased levels of
insulin which results in increased blood volume.
Changes in hormone levels affect blood pressure
regulation. Production of cortisol by increased
adipose tissue, leptin and angiotensinogen released
from adipose tissue leads to direct hypertension
effects (Barasi, 2007). Researchers assume that
nutritional status can affect blood pressure because it
is associated with increased amount of fat in the
body that can affect cardiac output and blood
circulation volume. Lifestyle modification is very
important in preventing obesity (Xiaohui Hou,
Table 5: The relationship between dairy food consumption and EBP in middle adulthood.
Diary food consum-ption
EPB
Mild
Moderate
High
Total
f
%
f
%
f
%
f
%
Good
16
84.2
2
10.5
1
5.3
19
100
Less
12
44.4
8
29.6
7
25.9
27
100
Total
28
60.9
10
21.7
8
17.4
46
100
Spearman Rho test 𝜌 = 0,006
Dairy Food Consumption, BMI, and Their Relation with Evelated Blood Pressure (EBP) in Middle Adulthood
603
2008). Changing lifestyles in adults is very difficult
therefore, it’s needed full support (Ewald &
Haldeman, 2016).
5 CONCLUSIONS
Diary food consumption and Boddy Mass Index has
a relationship with hypertension in Middle
Adulthood. Respondent are expected to be more
concern about their dairy food consumption, BMI
and do more sport and always check the health status
at the nearest Medical Center so that the risk of
Elevated Blood Pressure can be reduced.
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