Coaching Improving Self-efficacy to Perform Salat (Muslim Prayer)

Among Muslim Patients in Hospital

Hamdan Hariawan

, Oedojo Soedirham

and Abu Bakar

Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Jl. Mulyorejo Surabaya, Indonesia

Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia

Keywords: Coaching, Self-efficacy, Salat (muslim prayer).

Abstract: Background: Hospitalization and weakness, attached medical equipment and lack of konowledge can

decrease patients self efficacy to perform salat (muslim prayer) as spiritual needs. The purpose of this study

was to determine the effect of individual coaching in improving self effecacy to perform salat among

muslims patient in hospital. Methods: This study was used quasy experiment method. The samples were 36

hospitalized muslim patients. Data were collected by self-constructed questionnaire based on Prayer-based

self eficacy scale. Data were analysed using Independent t-test with α ≤ 0.05. Results: Before giving the

intervention, the means of pretest self-efficacy score in both groups were 24,72+2,67 and 25,06+2,34. There

is no significant difference of self efficacy scores between two groups before intervention (P=0,693). After

giving intervention, these scores have changed to 28,11+2,93 and 24,94+1,83, and there is higher

significance of self efficacy scores after giving intervention (P=0,000). Conclusions: Coaching is suitable

methode to increase patients ability and self efficacy to perform salat. It was recommended to nurses in

hospital to do coaching as nursing intervention to increase patients self efficacy to perform salat as spiritual

needs of muslim patients.

1 BACKGROUND

Hospitalized patients tend to have an unstable

psychic condition and feel unmet spiritual needs

during the treatment. Since 1998, psychic and

spiritual needs are in the second place in the

National Inpatient Priority Index (Gallison et al.

2013). One of patient’s spiritual needs is how they

are able to carry out religious practice (Kurniawati

2017). Salat is an obligatory worship for every

Muslim. Salat (muslim prayer) must be performed

five times every days in both sick and healthy

conditions (Mohamed et al. 2015).

Salat is a religious practice which is performed

by moving certain limbs. Movements in salat is

certain movements in accordance with the guidelines

for Muslims. Before performing salat, a Muslim

should perform ablution first. Ablution is washing

parts of particular body with water. In addition to

obtain a valid salat, the body and clothing as well as

the place of salat should be clean and sacred (Akgül

and Karadaǧ 2016).

Patient in a poor conditions and attached medical

devices lead to doubts and inability to perform salat

(Al-Obaidi et al., 2012; Akgül and Karadaǧ, 2016).

In addition, patients sense in an unholy condition so

they unable to perform salat can be a lesser form of

self-efficacy. Hospitalized patients with physical

weakness will experience a decrease in self-efficacy,

such as the physical weakness after surgery. Patients

who have low self-efficacy levels cause themselves

to consider they are not able to do something useful

or feel less productive due to illness. The failure of

self-efficacy has been shown to influence an

individual's decision to conduct self-care behavior.

A change of behavior will only occur if there is a

change in the individual's self-efficacy (D’Souza et

al. 2017).

According to Aris et al., (2017) research, there

are more than half patients (53.6%) had low

knowledge about how to perform salat in hospital

during illness. Low knowledge can also be the cause

of lack of self-efficacy. Provision of education as a

form of verbal persuasion by explaining how to pray

during illness can be a solution of self-efficacy

improvement. Salat has a specific way to be

performed in a certain conditions called rukhsoh,

such as salat by sitting if unable to stand or lie down

442

Hariawan, H., Soedirham, O. and Bakar, A.

Coaching Improving Self-efﬁcacy to Perform Salat (Muslim Prayer) Among Muslim Patients in Hospital.

DOI: 10.5220/0008326504420445

In Proceedings of the 9th International Nursing Conference (INC 2018), pages 442-445

ISBN: 978-989-758-336-0

if unable to sit. The movement in salat can be

performed according to the patient's ability and can

be performed in certain unavoidable conditions such

as the place of salat is not clean (Hafiz J et al. 2016).

One form of education that can be given is

coaching. Coaching not only exposes the material,

but also teaches and do practices so the patient can

immediately practice the prayer movement in their

ability. The results of the study on the use of

coaching in some previous researches may address

existing clinical and community problems by

improving patient self-efficacy, affecting adherence,

increasing knowledge of health and self care

behavior, and improving quality of life (Bennett et

al., 2009; Vanacker et al., 2017; Wagner et al.,

2017). The purpose of this study was to determine

the effect of individual coaching in improving self

efficacy to perform salat among muslims patient in

hospital.

2 METHODS

This study was used quasy experiment method with

pre-post with control group design. The samples

were 36 hospitalized muslim patients and sample is

selected and divided in intervention and control

groups by simple random sampling. The size of both

groups are same. The independent variable was

individual coaching, while the dependent variable

was self efficacy. Coaching in this research consists

of 5 stages. The first, fourth and fifth stages

including assessmant, personal support and

evaluation are given by nurse, while the second and

third stage are provision of education and practice of

performing salat during illness are given by the

hospital's guidance counselor.

Data were collected by self-developed

questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed

based on prayer-based self efficacy which is

consisting preparation for salat, performance of

ablution, and performance of salat. The reliability of

this questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach

Alpha value of 0,557. Data were analysed by using

Independent t test with α ≤ 0.05. This study was

approved by Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Provinsi

NTB Ethical Committee number 070/01/KEP/2018.

3 RESULTS

Table 1 shows that both groups have more male

respondents than female. The ages of respondents

are varies, but most respondents are 36-45 years old.

Last education of respondents also varies.

Based on Table 2, there are 94,44% respondents

in intervention group had strong self efficacy and

5,56% had very strong self efficacy, all respondents

in control group had strong self efficacy before

intervention given to them. After respondents being

given coaching, self efficacy in intervention group

Table 1: Distribution of respondents.

Characteristics

Intervention

Group

Control

Group



Gender

Male

77,8

66,7

Female

22,2

33,3

Total

100

Age

26-35 years old

22,2

5,6

36-45 years old

44,4

46-55 years old

5,6

33,3

55-65 years old

27,8

16,7

Total

100

Last Education

Elementary

School

27,8

38,9

Junior High

School

33,3

Senior High

School

33,3

22,2

Bachelor

5,6

Total

100

Table 2: Self-efficacy before and after

intervention.

Self efficacy

Groups

Intervention

Control



Pre

test

Strong

94,44

100

Very

strong

5,56

Total

100

Post

test

Strong

83,33

100

Very

strong

16,67

Total

100

Table 3: Score of Self-efficacy in both groups.

Variable

Groups

Pre

Post

Self

Efficacy

Intervention

24,7

+2,6

28,11+2,93

Control

25,1

+2,3

24,95+1,83

Coaching Improving Self-efﬁcacy to Perform Salat (Muslim Prayer) Among Muslim Patients in Hospital

443

became strong by 83,33% and 16,67% were in very

strong self efficacy, there is no change in control

group.

Table 3 shows the average score of self efficacy

in both groups. Before get intervention, control

group had higher mean (24,7) of self efficacy score

than intervention group (25,1). After get

intervention, the mean score of self efficacy higher

(28,11) than before (24,7), and also higher (28,11)

than control group (24,95).

Results of statistical tests using independent t-

test in both groups before giving intervention was

p=0,693, and after giving intervention was p=0,000.

Based on test result after giving intervention, there

was difference of self-efficacy in both groups. The

defference indicated that coaching affecting self-

efficacy to perform salat.

4 DISCUSSION

In this research, self-efficacy score based on gender

and age on each respondent are varies. This is not in

line with the theory of Bandura (1997) which states

that olders tend to have more time and experience in

overcoming something that happens when compared

with younger individuals. It can be caused by last

education of respondents. In this study the most last

education of respondents are high schools and the

average category of respondent’s self-efficacy are in

a strong category. Self-efficacy can be formed

through the learning process and formal education is

one of ways in learning process. The individual has

a high self-efficacy according their length in

learning.

Before the intervention, the average score of

intervention group was 24.72 with 17 respondents

had strong self-efficacy and 1 respondent had very

strong self-efficacy. This can be seen from the

average of answers “confident” and “very confident”

of respondents to their ability to perform salat in a

sitting or lying position, and there are some still

confident the obligation to perform salat during

illness. Some respondents also answer “confident”

that family can help them in performing salat. This

can be influenced by the information gained on how

to perform salat during illness that obtained from

religious studies or religious community. It can also

be obtained from the experience of others and the

support of family members during hospitalization.

After the intervention, the average score of the

intervention group was 28.11 with 15 respondents

had a strong self-efficacy and 3 respondents had

very strong self-efficacy. Increased self-efficacy can

occur due to increased confidence in the obligation

to perform salat in every condition and increased

confidence in the ability to perform salat as their

ability. While in the control group, there was no

increase in self-efficacy. All control groups had an

average self-efficacy score was 24.72 with a strong

self-efficacy.

Based on the statistical test, it can be stated that

the provision of coaching can improve self-efficacy

significantly. Coaching in this research consists of 5

stages. The second and third stage are provision of

education and practice of performing salat during

illness are given by the hospital's guidance

counselor. the results of this study are in line with

several other studies such as the study of health

coaching on self efficacy and the study of wellness

coaching in improving self efficacy (Eom and Lee

2017; Dejesus et al. 2018)

The research of the effect of health coaching

program on self-efficacy, health behavior and

quality of life in hypertensive people in poverty

resulted in a significant effect on improving self-

efficacy. Eom and Lee (2017) stated in his research

that health coaching is the right strategy to improve

patient’s self-efficacy to continue maintaining their

health behavior. The results of this study are also in

line with research conducted by Dejesus et al.

(2018) that wellness coaching can improve self-

efficacy. Self-efficacy can be improved because

coaching enhances positive motivation and patient

beliefs about their abilities. In addition, coaching

also makes patients and coaches have regular

schedule to meet and provide materials and training

that can improve the motivation and ability of

patients.

See et al. (2014) in his research stated that

education which is provided personally to

hospitalized patients with the right material can

improve the patient’s self-efficacy to be able to

recognize and report symptoms of adverse

conditions that can be experienced by patients.

Education is part of health coaching that can meet

the verbal persuasion in order to improve self-

efficacy. Bandura (1997) states that the individuals

can gain influence or suggestion so they are able to

overcome the problems they faced. Verbal

persuasion can be given by influential people such

as family and experts such in this research is the

religious leaders so that patients will be more

confident about salat. A person who is always given

the belief and drive to succeed, then will show the

behavior to achieve that success. The focus of

coaching includes factors that influence motivation,

overcome obstacles, limit the disability of the

INC 2018 - The 9th International Nursing Conference: Nurses at The Forefront Transforming Care, Science and Research

444

patient, influence patients to not limit themselves,

produce solutions, support, build self-efficacy, and

how patients become more involved in decision

making (Macadam 2013).

Increased self-efficacy after given intervention

can occur due to increased patients confidence in the

obligation to perform prayers and increased patients

confidence in their ability to perform prayers even in

sick condition. This can be achieved due by

individual coaching, because coaching which was

given including providing information, training

patients to perform prayers during hospitalization,

helping patients to overcome barriers in performing

salat, and motivating patients.

5 CONCLUSIONS

There was an improvement of self-efficacy to

perform salat in illness condition after given

individual coaching. Coaching not only emphasizes

the cognitive aspects of the patient, but also on the

affective and psychomotor aspects and it is suitable

methode to increase their ability and self-efficacy to

perform salat. It was recommended to nurses in

hospital to do coaching as nursing intervention to

increase patients self-efficacy to perform salat as

spiritual needs of muslim patients

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