Lifestyle of Hypertensive Patients in the Coastal Area of Indonesia

A Systematic Review

Nurul Khusnul Khotimah, Kusnanto and Harmayetty

Faculty of Nursing Universitas Airlangga,Kampus C Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia

Keywords: Hypertension, Lifestyle, Coastal area.

Abstract: Lifestyles for eating such as eating fish, preserving food with salt and high consumption of salt are

characteristic of coastal communities in Indonesia. This lifestyle causes the risk of hypertension.

Hypertension if it does not immediately treat, it will lead to 7 times greater chance of stroke, 6 times greater

congestive heart failure and 3 times more affected by heart attack. The purpose of this systematic review is

to reveal the unhealthy lifestyles of coastal communities that cause hypertension. The method used is

electronic data base from journal which have been published through google scholer got 10 journals but

according to the inclusion criteria just 9 journal stated that environment have a role to the happening of

hypertension so that life style related to hypertension in coastal area is consumption of food high salt, sea

fish, physical activity, smoking, obesity and stress and 1 journal stating that food consumption has no

relationship in the incidence of hypertension in coastal areas. The conclusion that unhealthy lifestyles in

coastal areas causes hypertension.

1 INTRODUCTION

Coastal communites in Indoensia have a life style

that is classified as a risk to the occurrence of

hypertention such habits as preserving food using

salt, fish consumtion, smoking habits and lack of

activity. Blood pressure commonly called

hypertension has become a global health issue

because it is the leading cause of death and

disability. In developing countries the prevalence of

hypertension is growing rapidly (Organization WH.,

2013).

Indonesia became one of the world's 4th highest

hypertension contributors after China, India and

Russia based on data from 1990-2015 (Forouzanfar

et al., 2017). According to data Sample Registration

System (SRS) Indonesia 2014, hypertension with

complications (5.3%) is the cause of death number 5

(five) at all age (Kemenkes.RI, 2017). In Research

conducted Chobanian et al. (2003) revealed that

uncontrolled hypertension caused a 7 times greater

chance of stroke, 6 times greater congestive heart

failure and 3 times more heart attack. Hypertension

is a disease that can be sufferred by anyone from

different age groups and socioeconomic groups

(Arifin 2016). Lifestyle is one cause of the

occurrence of hypertension. Based on the study that

coastal communities have an unhealthy lifestyle so

that people with hypertension in coastal areas is

higher than mountainous areas (Rusliafa, Jusniar,

Amiruddin, Ridwan, Noor, 2014). There have been

many studies that reveal about factors causing

hypertension in coastal areas so that researchers

interested in conducting systematic review.

2 METHODS

The process used to perform systematic reviews is a

reviewer looking for several research journal articles

published through an electronic data base. The

electronic data base used are: google schooler.

Keywords (keywords) used is for journals in the

indoneisa language is "hypertension in coastal

areas". Search results found on. Journals found to be

specified based on the inclusion criteria are 1)

articles published officially both ISBN accreditation

and in junal universities and in indonesian, 2)

articles published in 2010-2018 timeframes, 3)

quantitative research types and 4) articles that have

content primary hypertension in coastal areas.

Khotimah, N., Kusnanto, . and Harmayetty, .

Lifestyle of Hypertensive Patients in the Coastal Area of Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0008326304350437

In Proceedings of the 9th International Nursing Conference (INC 2018), pages 435-437

ISBN: 978-989-758-336-0

435

Articles appearing 7030 and that fit the inclusion

criteria are as many as 10 journals.

3 RESULTS

The results of Nelli's research (2016) showed

experiment result that there were 3 risk factors

which related to hypertension event that was

physical activity (p = 0,000; OR = 13,47; 95% CI =

3.52-51,58), obecity (p = 0,002; OR = 6,46; 95% CI

= 1,95-21,47) and stress (p = 0,016; OR = 0,196;

95% CI = 0,05-0,74). (Masengi, Palar and Rotty,

2013) revealed that the incidence of hypertension in

the Malalayang Dua community is 6.3%, the most

commonly consumed sea food commodity is the

fish, especially the skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis),

and there is a significant relationship (p = 0.001)

between seafood consumption and decreased

incidence of hypertension in Malalayang Dua. This

affects the rate of hypertension in this area ie, 6.3%.

Other research results (Saputra and Anam, 2015) did

not show the relationship pattern of consumption

with the incidence of hypertension of young age in

coastal lamongan. The average respondents

consumed potassium and kallium in deficit, coffee

consumption, activity load and exercise habits.

Azhri research (2017) revealed that the results of

this study obtained by using Ordinal Regression Test

that there is influence of physical activity on the

occurrence of hypertension with p value of 0.007

(p0.05). The conclusion in this research is physical

activity on the respondent in RW 02 Kedung Cowek

Surabaya Village have influence to hypertension

incident whereas Body Mass Index (IMT) has no

effect. Other research (Rusliafa, Jusniar, Amiruddin,

Ridwan, Noor, 2014) result of bivariate research

shows that there are differences of hypertension

occurrence in coastal areas and mountains ie diet

(intake of sodium p = 0,026), alcohol consumption p

= 0,009, = 0.004, obesity p = 0.049, stress p = 0.046.

Multivariate anaisis shows a family history (OR =

4.018; 95% CI = 1,813 - 8,906) most likely to have

an incidence of hypertension. The result of statistical

test showed that there was no significant relationship

between risky food consumption behavior and

hypertension (p = 0.079), there was no correlation

between alcohol consumption and hypertension (p =

785). There is a relationship between stress with the

incidence of hypertension (p = 0.001). Research

from Kartikasari dkk 2012 The results of statistical

tests indicate a risk factor for hypertension in the

community of Kabongan Kidul village, Rembang

Regency is the (p = 0,0026; OR = 11,340 and 95%

CI = 1,346 - 95,553), family history (p = 0.000, OR

= 14,378 and 95% CI = 4,027 - 51,332), smoking (p

= 0,010; OR = 9,537 and 95% CI = 1,728 - 52,634),

and obesity (p = 0,007; OR = 9,051 and 95% CI =

1,804 - 45,420), while the consumption of gender,

salt consumption, fat consumption, and activity

factor has no effect. Mubarik 2011. The results

showed that the prevalence of primary hypertension

in Port Jepara was 24.5%. Based on the analysis,

there was an association between Body Mass Index

(BMI) and the incidence of primary hypertension (p

= 0.0001), there was a correlation between smoking

habit and the incidence of primary hypertension (p =

0,02). there was a relationship between the rate of

income and the incidence of primary hypertension (p

= 0.0001), there was a relationship between

caffeinated drinking habits and the incidence of

primary hypertension (p = 0.0001), there was an

association of alcohol consumption with the

incidence of primary hypertension (p = 0, 0001).

4 DISCUSSION

The results of several research articles analyzed

emphasize that hypertensive patients present in

coastal areas are strongly influenced by lifestyle and

environmental factors. Bad lifestyle if left

unchecked will adversely affect the health condition

itself. There are differences in hypertension in

coastal and mountainous areas. Where lifestyle in

coastal region is very risk of hypertension compared

wiayah mountains. Lifestyle seen from physical

activity, diet, smoking. Lifestyle of hypertension

triggers such as high consumption of sodium,

activity, obesity, stress, consumption of marine fish,

alcohol consumption (nelli 2016, maski S 2013,

Bariah 2009, Noer B 2014, Raihan NL 2014,

sihotang U 2013, kartikasari 2012, mubarok 2011 )

and a study that is from non-existent BMI,

consumption of salt, coffee, activity with

hypertension. (jesicca j 2017).

5 CONCLUSIONS

Number of articles reviewed 10 articles. From the 10

articles there are 9 articles that get results that

hypertension in coastal areas related degan lifestyle

that includes Lifestyle seen from physical activity,

diet, smoking. Lifestyle of hypertension triggers

such as high consumption of sodium, activity,

obesity, stress, consumption of marine fish, alcohol

INC 2018 - The 9th International Nursing Conference: Nurses at The Forefront Transforming Care, Science and Research

436

consumption (nelli 2016, maski S 2013, Bariah

2009, Noer B 2014, Raihan NL 2014, sihotang U

2013, kartikasari 2012, mubarok 2011 ) and 1 study

which states that there is no correlation between

hypertension occurrence and coastal lifestyle such as

BMI, salt consumption, coffee, activity with

hypertension (Jesicca j 2017).

REFERENCES

Arifin, M. H. B. M. (2016) ‘Faktor-Faktor Yang

Berhubungan Dengan Hipertensi’, E-Jurnal Medika,

5(7).

Chobanian, A. V. et al. (2003) ‘Seventh report of the Joint

National Committee on Prevention, Detection,

Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure’,

Hypertension, 42(6), pp. 1206–1252.

doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2.

Forouzanfar, M. H. et al. (2017) ‘Global Burden of

Hypertension and Systolic Blood Pressure of at Least

110 to 115 mm Hg, 1990-2015’, Jama, 317(2), p. 165.

doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.19043.

Kemenkes.RI (2017) Sebagian Besar Penderita Hipertensi

Tidak Menyadarinya,

http://www.depkes.go.id/article/print/17051800002/.

Masengi, S., Palar, S. and Rotty, L. (2013) ‘Pengaruh

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Available at:

https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/ebiomedik/articl

e/viewFile/4626/4154.

Organization WH. (2013) A global brief on Hypertension:

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